RATE OF REACTION

Definition : Speed at which reactants are converted into products in a chemical reaction. Fast reaction : time taken is _____________ so, the reactants are _________________ converted to products. thus, the rate of reaction is ________________

Slow reaction : time taken is _____________ so, the reactants are _____________ converted to products. thus, the rate of reaction is ______________

What is the relation between rate of reaction with time? When the time taken is ___________, the rate of reaction is ________________, When the time taken is ___________, the rate of reaction is ________________, Rate of reaction is ____________________ proportional with __________ Rate of reaction is ____________________ proportional with __________

Measuring the rate of reaction

Rate of reaction

Changes in selected quantity =

________________________________

Time taken

Suitable changes; volume of gas liberated precipitate formation change in mass during the reaction colour changes temperature changes pressure changes
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Any other observable changes?

Average rate of reaction :

The average value of the rate of reaction within a specified period of time.

Average rate of reaction

= _______________________________
Time taken

Changes in selected quantity

Example : 50cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 HCl reacts with excess zinc powder. The volume of hydrogen gas produced is measured at every 30 seconds. Time / s Volume of gas / cm3 i) 0 0 30 5.50 60 8.20 90 12.10 120 15.90 150 17.30 180 20.40 210 20.40 240 20.40

Calculate the average rate of reaction.

ii)

Calculate the rate of reaction at first minute.

iii)

Calculate the rate of reaction at second minute.

Instantaneous rate of reaction

Rate of reaction at given time, or the actual rate of reaction at that instant.

Instantaneous rate of reaction

= Gradient of the tangent of curve at that instant

i. The average rate of reaction in the first 90 seconds from graph plotted? ii. The rate of reaction at 90th seconds? (Instantaneous rate of reaction)

Collision Theory
During a chemical reaction, the particles of the reactants must collide with each other, for bond breaking and then bond formation to occur to produce product. Bond breaking Bond formation : absorb heat energy : release heat energy

Effective collisions are those collisions which achieved a minimum activation energy and with the correct orientation that will result in a reaction. Activation Energy is the energy barrier that must be overcome by the colliding particles of the reactants in order for reaction to occur If the particles collide with less energy than activation energy or with wrong orientation, it will not result in reaction, is called ineffective collisions.

Energy Profile Diagrams

Energy

Activation Energy

Reactants Heat changes

Products

Reaction path

Exothermic Reaction
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Total Energy content Heat Energy during reaction

Reactants Higher Energy absorbed during bond breaking is lower

Product Lower Energy released during bond formation is higher

Energy

Activation Energy
Products Reactants

Reaction path

Endothermic Reaction
Reactants Lower Energy absorbed during bond breaking is higher Product Higher Energy released during bond formation is lower

Total Energy content Heat Energy during reaction

Activation energy is the difference in energy between the energy in reactants and the energy at the peak of curve Conclusion A chemical reaction occurs when reactants particles ; a. b. Possess energy equivalent or more than activation energy Collides in a correct orientation

Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction a) Total surface area of solid reactant b) Concentration of reactant c) Temperature of reactant d) Use of catalyst e) Pressure of gaseous reactant 1 Effect of surface area/size
SMALLER size solid reactant, Larger total surface area per volume Higher frequency of effective collision Higher rate of reaction
V Volume of gas / cm3 I II

BIGGER size solid reactant, Smaller total surface area per volume Lower frequency of effective collision Lower rate of reaction

t1 I : Small marble II : Large marble

t2

Time / min

Explanation Graph I is more steeper than graph II Thus, the gradient of graph I is higher than graph II Hence, the rate of reaction for the experiment I is higher than experimen II

Question: Why the total volume of gas is same for both exp I and II? Answer: the number of mole of reactant is same When the size of fixed mass of solid reactant (name the reactant, CaCO3) is smaller, The total surface area per volume exposed to collision with other reactant (name the reactant) particles is bigger. 5

Thus, the number of collision among the reacting particles at the surface of the solid reactants increases. Frequency of collission is higher.. This lead to an increase in the FREQUENCY of EFFECTIVE COLLISION. Resulting in a higher rate of reaction

Effect of Concentration When the concentration of the solution of a reactant increases; The number of particles ______________________ of the solution of the reactant also increases. Thus, the number of collision among the reacting particles increases. Frequency of collission is higher. This leads to an increase in the frequency of _______________________ Hence, a higher rate of reaction is obtained.

Effect of Temperature When the temperature of a reactant increases; The ____________________ of reacting particles will increase, so the particles moves faster. Thus, the number of collision among the reacting particles increases. Frequency of collission is higher. This lead to an increase in the frequency of effective collision. Hence, a higher rate of reaction is achieved.

Effect of Catalyst Catalyst: a substance which alters the rate of chemical reaction while it remains chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction. 6

Properties of catalyst; i. __________________________________________________________________________________ ii __________________________________________________________________________________ iii __________________________________________________________________________________ iv __________________________________________________________________________________ v ___________________________________________________________________________________

Energy Ea

Reaction without catalyst Reaction with catalyst Ea : Activation energy without catalyst Ec : Activation Energy with catalyst
Product Reaction path

Ec
Reactant

In the presence of a catalyst The catalyst allows the reactian to take place through an alternative pathway which requires a ____________ activation energy. Thus, more colliding reactant particles are able to achieve the mininum activation energy. This increases the number of collision achieved the activation energy to become effective collision is also increases. This leads to an increase in the frequency of effective collision. Hence, a higher rate of reaction is obtained. 7

Effect of Pressure When the pressure of gaseous reactants increases; The number of particles per unit volume of the gas of the reactant also increases. Thus, the number of collision among the reacting particles increases. The frequency of collision is increase. Thus, the number of collision achieved the activation energy to become effective collision is also increases. This lead to an increase in the frequency of effective collision. Hence increases the rate of reaction.

Graphs (i) Concentration of solution against time (ii) Concentration of solution against 1/time

Concentration of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) / mol dm-3

Concentration of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) / mol dm-3

____ 1 /s-1 time

Rate of reaction is directly proportional to _____________________

Time / s
(iii) Temperature against time (iv) Temperature against 1/time
Suhu / oC
Temperature / oC

_____ 1 /s-1 time

time /s

Rate of reaction is directly proportional to ____________________________

All the experiments are carried out using the same size and mass of catalyst and at same temperature. Account for the differences in the graphs.

Volume of gas / cm3 V I V/2

IV

II
III

t1

t2

Time / min

The experiments are conducted using the same type of catalyst. The volume, concentration and temperature of the reactants remains the same. Account for differences in the initial rate of reaction shown?

V Volume of the gas / cm3 I II III

t1

t2 Time / min

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The size of catalyst in exp I is smaller compare to exp II and III. Or The mass of catalyst in Exp I is more than exp II and III. Or The size of reactant in exp I is smaller than exp II and III
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5.2 Exercise: An experiment is carried out between 10 g of magnesium with 20 cm3 hydrochloric acid 0.5 mol dm-3. The reaction is completed in 8 minutes. [Relatif atomic mass: H, 1; Cl, 35 ; Mg, 24; Molar volume of gas is 24 dm3 at room condition] a) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction. b) Calculate the maximum volume of the gas liberated at room condition. c) Calculate the average rate of reaction within 8 minutes. d) Calculate the mass of the magnesium used in the reaction. e) Sketch the graph of volume against time for these experiment
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The formula: IF REACTANT IS SOLID Number of mole = . mass Ar or Mr .

IF REACTANT IS SOLUTION Number of moles = Molarity Volume 1000 VOLUME OF THE GAS AT ROOM CONDITION Volume of = Number of moles 24 dm3 the gas
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Solution: a. Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 0.01 b. Number of moles of Mg = mass Mg Ar = 10 24 = 0.42 mol (EXCESSBERLEBIHAN Number of moles of hydrochloric acid = Concentration Volume 1000 = MV 1000 = 0.5 x 20
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1000 = 0.01 mol Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 0.42 (0.01) FBCE; 2 mol HCl produce 1 mol H2 0.01 mol HCl produce x 0.01 mol H2 Thus; The no. of mole of H2 = 0.005 mol (1 mol of gas = 24 dm3 in room condition) Volume of H2 = 0.005 X 24 dm3 H2 = 0.12 dm3 = 120 cm3

c. Average reaction in 8 minute = 120 / 8 cm3 min-1 = 15 cm3 min-1

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d. FBCE; 2 mol HCl reacts with 1 mol Mg 0.01 mol HCl reacts with x 0.01 mol Mg Thus; The no. of mole of Mg = 0.005 mol (1 mol of Mg = 24 g) Mass of Mg = 0.005 X 24 g = 0.12 g HW: pg. 28-29 RQ obj.Q no. 1-8 (copy-paste) pg. 29 Sub.Q no. 1 pg. 30 Ess.Q no. 2 2. An experiment is carried out between 2 g of magnesium carbonate with 20 cm3 hydrochloric acid 0.2 mol dm-3 .
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(RAM: H, 1; C, 12; O, 16; Mg, 24; Molar volume of gas is 22.4 dm3 at s.t.p) a) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction. b) Calculate the maximum volume of the gas liberated at s.t.p. c) Draw a labbeled apparatus for experimet. d) How to test and confirm the gas liberated Solution; a) MgCO3 + 2HCl MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O b) No. mol of HCl = MV/1000 = 0.2 x 20 / 1000 = 0.004 mol FBCE; HCl 2 mol 0.004 mol CO2 1mol 0.002 mol
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No. of mol CO2 = 0.002 mol Volume of CO2 = 0.002 x 22.4 dm3 = 0.0448 dm3 = 0.0448 x 1000 cm3 = 44.8 cm3

d) Add 20 cm3 lime water into a test tube, and passed through the gas into the test tube. The lime water turns cloudy/chalky.

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