1.

Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy of an object with examples

1.1. Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy of an object can be defined as the energy of object which is appropriates due to its motion. The amount of kinetic energy of a moving object is equals the amount of work has to done to stop it. Kinetic energy of an object can easily be converted into potential energy. For an example kinetic energy of a ball tossed upward converts into potential energy as the height increases. For the examples of Kinetic Energy is a moving billiard ball has kinetic energy because it can hit another ball and change its motion.

Figure 1.1-1 Moving Billiard Ball

1.2. Potential Energy

Potential Energy of an object can be defined as an energy which is deposited of an object due to its position. Potential Energy can easily be converted in to the Kinetic Energy. For an example a block above a table has potential energy and when it released the force of gravity moves the block down with some velocity. For an example, a stretched or compressed spring has potential energy called Elastic Potential Energy and when it released, the spring will use this energy to move itself back to its original length

Figure 1.2-1 Stretched or Compressed Spring

2. Difference between Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy

Kinetic Energy of an object is relative to environment of the object and Potential energy is not relative to the environment of an object. Kinetic energy can be transferred from one moving object to another moving or stable object by collisions and Potential energy cannot be transferred from one object to another object.

3. First Law and Second Law of Thermodynamics

3.1. First Law of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics basically states that energy if an isolated system is constant and it cannot be created or destroyed and the energy just changed from one form to another form or redistributed. When a system go through a thermodynamic cyclic process, then the net heat supplied to the system from the surroundings is equal to the net work done by the system on its surrounding Any change in the internal energy (U) of an isolated system is equal to the sum of the heat (Q) that flows across its boundaries and the work (W) done on the system by the surroundings.

Figure 3.1-1 Pistons If heat (Q) flows into the system or the surroundings to do work (W) on the system then the internal energy increases and the sign of the heat (Q) and the work (W) is positive (+). If heat flow out of the system or work done by the system will be reduces the internal energy of the system and therefore the sign of the heat (Q) and the work (W) is be negative (-).

3.2. Second Law of Thermodynamics

According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics it is impossible to build a system which is taken heat from some heat reservoir and do a useful work at hundredth present efficiency. But in the heat engines extract an amount of heat (QH) from a hot reservoir and use to do work (W) and while some amount of heat QC must be exhausted to a cold reservoir and this phenomenon is called as the Kelvin-Planck statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

Figure 3.2-1 Heat Engine Also it is not possible to build a system for heat to flow from a colder body to a warmer body without any work having been done to accomplish this flow. Heat will not flow naturally from a

low temperature object to a higher temperature object and this this phenomenon is called as the Clausius statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

Figure 3.2-2 Refrigerates According to this statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, the entropy of an isolated system which is not in equilibrium always increases.

4. Types of Heat Transfer

4.1. Conduction
Conduction is a one of heat transferring type and the heat is transfer within the material from molecule to molecule by direct contact and the molecules without changes its position and due to molecules vibration and collisions with each other and due to this reason the gains and losses of kinetic energy of molecules will result the changes in temperature within the material. For an example of the conduction is the one end of a metal rod is heated, then the heat will be transferred through the metal rod toward the colder end because the molecules of the material conducts the heat from hottest end to coldest end without changing its position.

Figure 4.1-1 Conduction

4.2. Convection

Conduction is a one of heat transferring type and the heat is transfer within a gas or liquid (fluid) due to actual flow of warm and cool molecules itself of the fluid. The molecules flow occurs as a result of density difference of the molecules due to the temperature defiance of the molecules. In this case the lower dense molecules rise up with the heat and when heat is transferred they sink down. This phenomenon is known as the convection. For an example of the convection is when heating water in a vessel, the water at the bottom is heated first. It rises to the top and the cooler water flows down to be heated. This continues and heat is transferred throughout the fluid.

Figure 4.2-1 Convection

4.3. Radiation
Radiation is a one of heat transferring type and the heat is transfer in the form of waves through the space. For an example of the radiation is the sun radiation. Heat of the sun cannot transfer conduction because or convection. But the heat and light of the sun we get as a result of radiation.

3 Figure 4.-1 Radiation

5. Reference

1.

First Law of Thermodynamics. 2013. First Law of Thermodynamics. [ONLINE] Available at: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/firlaw.html#c1.[Accessed 2013]. 09 September

2.

Second Law of Thermodynamics. 2013. Second Law of Thermodynamics. [ONLINE] Available at: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/seclaw.html#c1. [Accessed 09 September 2013].