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Research Scholar, E-mail: anurag.srmcem007@gmail.com Associate Professor, E- mail:amardee@rediffmail.com Department of Electrical Engineering, MMM Engineering College, Gorakhpur-273010
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IJBSTR REVIEW PAPER VOL 1 [ISSUE 6] JUNE 2013 varied using the pulse width modulation (PWM) technique. In Digital Signal Processor, the speed control of brushless dc motor drive employing PWM technique using TMS320F240 digital signal processor. BLDC is widely used because of its high mechanical power density, simplicity and cost effectiveness. The complete controller for BLDC is developed using TMS 320F240 digital signal processor, which has the special features for digital motor control. New adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Controller (NFC) is used speed control of Brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives. it requires less calculation as compared with the conventional fuzzy and/or neural networks, used for electrical drive applications. The proposed controller is used for speed and/or torque control of a BLDC motor drive. In order to demonstrate the NFC ability to follow the reference speed and to reject undesired disturbances, PI controller for speed control of BLDC motor. The controller uses three fuzzy logic controllers and three PI controllers. The output of the PI controllers is summed and is given as the input to the current controller. The current controller uses P controller. The fuzzy logic control is learned continuously and gradually becomes the main effective control. In this paper controlling of speed in BLDC motor using controllers are presented. PRINCIPLES OF THE BLDC MOTOR Mathematical Model of BLDC Motors Modeling of a BLDC motor can be developed in the similar manner as a three-phase synchronous machine. Since its rotor is mounted with a permanent magnet, some dynamic characteristics are different. Flux linkage from the rotor is dependent upon the magnet. Therefore, saturation of magnetic flux linkage is typical for this kind of motors. As any typical three-phase motors, one structure of the BLDC motor is fed by a three-phase voltage source as shown in Fig. 1. The source is not necessary to be sinusoidal. Square wave or other wave shape can be applied as long as the peak voltage is not exceeded the maximum voltage limit of the motor. Similarly, the model of the armature winding for the BLDC motor is expressed as follows. = + + + = + + Or in the compact matrix form as follows. = + + = 0 0 0 + 0 0 + 0 + Where La = Lb = La =L=Ls M La is the armature self-inductance M is the mutual inductance Armature resistance R a = R b = R c =R , , terminal phase voltage [V] , , , : motor input current [A] , , : motor back emf [V] p in the matrix represents
Figure 1- BLDC motor schematics Figure.1 shows the overall system congurations of the three phase BLDC motor drive. The three phase inverter topology is a six-switch voltage-source congurations with constant dclink voltage (Vdc), which is identical with the induction motor drives and the permanent magnet ac motor drives. The analysis is based on the following assumption for simplIcation. METHODS FOR CONTROLLING SPEED OF BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR Different methods for controlling the speed of brushless DC motor are: i) Sensors based control method ii) Sensor less control method iii) Digital control method iv) Genetic based proportional control.
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IJBSTR REVIEW PAPER VOL 1 [ISSUE 6] JUNE 2013 A. Sensors based control method for brushless DC motor:
Figure 3: Hall Sensor Control of BLDC motor Problem related to speed control of brushless D.C. motor drive using sensors. 1. Low-cost Hall-effect sensors are usually used. 2. Electromagnetic variable reluctance (VR) sensors 3. Accelerometers have been extensively applied to measure motor position and speed. B. Sensorless control of BLDC motor: Brushless dc (BLDC) motors, with their trapezoidal electromotive force (EMF) profile, requires six discrete rotors to position information for the inverter operation. These are typically generated by Halleffect switch sensors placed within the motor. However, it is a well-known fact that these sensors have a number of drawbacks. They increase the cost of the motor and need special mechanical arrangements to be mounted. Further, Hall sensors are temperature sensitive, and hence limit the operation of the motor. They could reduce system reliability because of the extra components and wiring. so sensor less method is the reliable method used in harsh environments. There are three independent methods for determining the Hall configuration. The selection of which method to use will depend on the information provided. 1. Hall Based Commutation Sequence Provided 2. Back emf waveforms
These kinds of devices are based on Hall-effect theory, which states that if an electric current- carrying conductor is kept in a magnetic field, the magnetic field exerts a transverse force on the moving charge carriers that tends to push them to one side of the conductor. A build-up of charge at the sides of the conductors will balance this magnetic influence producing a measurable voltage between the two sides of the conductor. To rotate the BLDC motor the stator windings should be energized in a sequence. It is important to know the rotor position in order to understand which winding will be energized following the energizing sequence. Rotor position is sensed using Hall-effect sensors embedded into the stator The connecting principle between the brushless motor and this sensor is reminiscent of the miniaturized magnetic angular encoder based on 3-D Hall sensors. A permanent magnet is fixed at the end of a rotary shaft and the magnetic sensor is placed below, and the magnet creates a magnetic field parallel to the sensor surface. This surface corresponds to the sensitive directions of the magnetic sensor. Three-phase brushless motors need three signals with a phase shift of 120 for control, so a closed-loop regulation may be used to improve the motor performance.
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ISSN 2320 6020 2. The quasi square wave armatures current are mainly characterized through their maximum amplitude value, which directly controls the machine torque. 3. The inverter performance is very much reliable because there are natural dead times for each transistor. D. Genetic based proportional control method: To regulate the motor speed at the desired level, a speed regulation scheme is proposed. Although disturbances can be caused by several events, e.g. supply change, sudden load change, etc, in this paper the speed regulation under mechanical load disturbances is only our particular study. To regulate the speed level, the proportional control scheme is employed and can be summarized as shown in the block
Figure 4 Sensor less Driven system. C. Digital control of BLDC motor drive: The drive consists of speed controller, reference current generator, PWM current controller, position sensor, the motor and IGBT. The speed of the motor is compared with its reference value and the speed error is processed in proportional integral (PI) speed controller. The output of this controller is considered as the reference torque. The BLDC motor is characterized by a two phase ON operation to control the inverter. In this control scheme, torque production follows the principle that current should flow in only two of the three phases at a time and that there should be no torque production in the region of Back EMF zero crossings. The following figure describes the electrical waveforms in the BLDC motor in the two phases ON operation. Commutation provides the creation of a rotation field. As explained, it is necessary to keep the angle between stator and rotor flux close to 90 for a BLDC motor to operate properly. Six-step control creates a total of six possible stator flux vectors. The stator flux vector must be changed at a certain rotor position. Hall sensors usually sense the rotor position. The Hall sensors generate three signals that also comprise six states. Indeed the drive characteristic and control methods are very similar for the trapezoidal and sinusoidal machines and in both cases the motor must be energized with controlled currents that are synchronized with rotor position. In this paper presented a simple and efficient modulation control system, which allows having good current waveform. To fulfil these objectives, a BDCM is used because of following advantages: 1 .The position sensor system for the shaft needs only to deliver six digital signals for commanding the transistor of the inverter.
Figure 5 Closed-loop speed regulation scheme. To demonstrate the proposed speed regulation scheme, the proportional control (P-controller) is introduced. As obviously found in other controller design problems, the proportional gain (k) is the key to accomplish this regulation. From Fig. 4the Proportional controller output is assigned by (19). To find an appropriate value of k, some efficient search algorithm such as genetic algorithms, is employed. c = k p Where c is proportional controller output kp is gain of proportional controller is the speed error There exist many different approaches to tune controller parameters. The GAs is well-known [6] there exist a hundred of works employing the GAs technique to design the controller in various forms. The GAs is a stochastic search technique that leads a set of population in solution space evolved using the principles of genetic evolution and natural selection, called genetic operators e.g. crossover, mutation, etc. The GAs is selected to build up an algorithm to tune kp parameters. The procedure to perform the proposed parameter tuning is described as follows. First, time-domain results of the motor speed obtained by simulating the BLDC motor system in MATLAB [9] are collected.
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IJBSTR REVIEW PAPER VOL 1 [ISSUE 6] JUNE 2013 Second, the Genetic Algorithms (GADS TOOLBOX in MATLAB) [9]is employed to gene rate a set of initial random parameters. With the searching process, the parameters are adjusted to give response best fitting close to the desired response in the abc reference signals. To perform the searching properly, its objective function is the key. In this paper, the objective function is defined by using the power loss function.
ISSN 2320 6020 REFERENCES 1. Bose, B. K., Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives, Prentice-Hall, N.J., 2002 2. Becerra, R.C.; Ehsani, M. High-Speed Torque Control of Brushless Permanent Magnet Motors. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 1988, 35, 402-406. 3. Hubik, V.; Sveda, M.; Singule, V. On the Development of BLDC Motor Control Run-Up Algorithms for Aerospace Application. In Proceedings of the 13th Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE-PEMC 2008), Poznan, Poland, September 2008; pp. 1620-1624. 4. T.J.E. Miller, "Brushless permanent magnet and reluctance motor drive", Oxford, 1989. 5. Bianchi, N.; Bolognani, S.; Jang, J.H.; Sul, S.K. Comparison of PM Motor Structures and Sensor less Control Techniques for Zero-Speed Rotor Position Detection. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2007, 22, 2466-2475. 6. Su, G.J.; McKeever, J.W. Low-Cost Sensor less Control of Brushless DC Motors with Improved Speed Range.IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2004, 19, 296302. 7. Damodharan, P.; Vasudevan, K. Indirect Back-EMF Zero Crossing Detection for Sensor less BLDC Motor Operation. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems (PEDS 2005), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, November 2008; pp. 1107-1111. 8. J.S. Mayer, student or O. Wasynezuk, senior member. Analysis and modelling of a single-phase brushless D.C. motor drive system, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 4, No. 3, September 1989. 9. P. Pillay and R. Krishnan, Modeling, simulation, and analysis of permanent-magnet motor drives, part II: the brushless DC motor drive, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 274279, March/April 1989. 10. R. Carlson, M. Lajoie-Mazenc, and C. dos S. Fagundes, Analysis of torque ripple due to phase commutation in brushless DC machines, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 632638, May/June 1992. 11. P. D. Evans and D. Brown, Simulation of brushless DC drives, Proc. of the IEEE, vol. 137, no. 5, pp. 299308, September 1990. 12. S. K. Safi, P. P. Acarnley, and A. G. Jack, Analysis and simulation of the high-speed torque performance of brushless DC motor drives, Proc. of the IEE, vol. 142, no. 3, pp. 191200, May 1995.
Figure 6 Hall-Effect Sensors CONCLUSIONS This paper presents a review based on application on different control strategies using different controllers for the speed control of BLDC motors. Here the first controller is superior to the second one in the sense the reduced cost and easily realized for industrial application for simple algorithm. In a digital control system specialised hardware peripherals provide efficient motor control with limited support circuitry, reducing the cost and complexity of the motor control hardware. In genetic base control the load torque disturbance applied to the BLDC motor operation, the rotor speed can be regulated to operate within 5% speed error band.
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IJBSTR REVIEW PAPER VOL 1 [ISSUE 6] JUNE 2013 13. N. Matsui, Sensor less PM brushless DC motor drives, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 300-308, 1996. 14. K. Xin, Q. Zhan, and J. Luo, A new simple sensor less control method for switched reluctance motor drives KIEE J. Electr. Eng. Technol., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 52-57, 2006. 15. S. Ogasawara and H. Akagi, An approach to position sensor less drive for brushless DC motors, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 928-933, 1991. 16. J. C. Moreira, Indirect sensing for rotor flux position of permanent magnet AC motors operating over a wide speed range, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. 32, no. 6, pp., 1394-1401, 1996. 17. J. X. Shen, Z. Q. Zhu, and D. Howe, Sensor less flux-weakening control of permanent-magnet brushless machines using third harmonic back EMF, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1629-1636, 2004. 18. T. M. Jahns, R. C. Becerra, and M. Ehsani, Integrated current regulation for a brushless ECM drive, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 118-126, 1991. 19. H. R. Andersen and J. K. Pedersen, Sensor less ELBERFELD control of brushless DC motors for energy-optimized variable-speed house hold refrigerators, EPE Conf. Rec., vol. 1, pp. 314-318, 1997. 20. G. J. Su and J. W. Mckeever, Low cost sensor less control of brushless DC motors with improved speed range, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 19, pp. 296-302, 2004. 21. Joon-Ho Lee, Tae-Sung Kim, and Dong-Seok Hyun, A study for Improved of Speed Response Characteristic in Four-Switch Three-Phase BLDC Motor, Industrial Electronics Society, 2004. IECON 2004. 30thAnnual Conference of IEEE, vol. 2, pp. 1339-1343, November 2004. 22. Quan Jiang, Chao Bi, and Abdullah, An Effective Approach to Predict Performances of High Speed BLDC Motor in Hard Disk Drives, Industrial Electronics Society, 2003. IECON '03. The 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE, vol.3, pp. 21202125, November 2003. 23. S. O. Orero and M.R. Irving, Economic dispatch of generators with prohibited operating zones: a genetic algorithm approach, Generation Transmission and
ISSN 2320 6020 Distribution, IEE Proceedings, Volume 143, Nov. 1996, pp.529-534. 24. Miller, TJE 1989, Brushless permanent-magnet and reluctant Motor drives, vol. 21, Monographs in electrical and electronic engineering; Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press, Oxford: New York. 25. Krishnan, R 2010, Permanent magnet synchronous and brushless DC motor drives, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton.
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