Equivalent Forces - Dynamics

4.
5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems
4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 1, page 1 of 1

1. Replace the force at A by an equivalent force and couple moment at point O. y A 6m 2 4m x 0 3 1 Express the force in rectangular components. y y 6m 4 5 A 136 Nm x 0 ns. 4m 0 x 20 N 3 Display the equivalent force and couple moment at point O. Calculate the moment about O. MO = (16 N)(4 m) + (12 N)(6 m) = 136 Nm
4 3 20 N 5
(20 N) 4 = 16 N 5 A 4 3 20 N (20 N) 3 = 12 N 5 5

2. The 60-N force acts at point A on the lever as shown. Replace the force at A by a force and couple moment acting at point O that will have an equivalent effect. O
Calculate the moment about O. MO = (60 N)(200 mm) cos 60 = 6000 Nmm = 6 Nm
60
A 200 mm 60 N O (200 mm) cos 60

60
200 mm
A 60 N 2 Display the equivalent force and couple moment at point O.
60 N 6Nm
O ns. A

3. Replace the 2-lb force acting on the end of the bottle opener by an equivalent force and couple moment acting on the underside of the bottle cap at A. Use your results to explain how a bottle opener works.
3 in. 1 B 2 lb 2 Calculate the couple moment about point A. MA = (2 lb)(3 in.) = 6 lbin. Display the equivalent force and couple moment at point A. 6 lbin. ns.
B 2 lb
The bottle opener works by pulling (with a 2-lb force) on the edge of the cap while simultaneously twisting (with a 6 lbin. moment) the entire cap away from the top of the bottle.
ns.

4. Replace the given forces and couple moment by a resultant force and couple moment at A. 260 lb 12 13 5 120 lb 800 lbft A
2 ft
4 ft
7 ft 2 Calculate the resultant force Rx = Fx: Rx = 100 lb
Express the inclined force in rectangular components. 12 (260 lb) = 240 lb 13 120 lb
Ry = Fy: Ry = 240 lb = 360 lb = 360 lb
20 lb
12 13 5 5 (260 lb) = 100 lb 13 2 ft 4 ft
800 lbft A
Calculate the resultant couple moment about A. MR A = MA = (240 lb) (2 ft + 4 ft + 7 ft) + (120 lb) (4 ft + 7 ft) 800 lbft
7 ft
= 3640 lbft

4 Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force. 100 lb R = (360)2 + (100)2 = 374 lb = tan-1 360 = 74.5 100 ns. ns.
360 lb
Display the equivalent force and couple moment at A. 374 lb 74.5 A ns. 3640 lbft

5. Replace the force F = 3 kN acting on corner A of the block by an equivalent force and couple moment acting at the center C of the block. y F = 3 kN
A C x
150 mm 150 mm 100 mm 100 mm

y F = 3 kN 1 A C Calculate the couple moment about C.
rCA
x
MC = rCA
= {100i = 100(
F
150k}mm 3j}kN
150(
j k
z =k = i
= { 450i
150 mm 150 mm 100 mm 100 mm
300k}kNmm 300k}N m Ans.
= { 450i

2 Display the equivalent force and couple moment at C.
F = { 3j}kN MC = { 450i
300k}Nm A C x
Ans.
150 mm 150 mm 100 mm 100 mm

6. Replace the forces acting on the ice auger by an equivalent force and couple moment acting at A. y
4 lb C
B 7 lb
6 in. 48 in.

y
4 lb C
B 7 lb
Calculate the resultant force Rx = Fx: Rx = 0 Ry = Fy: Ry = 4 lb
6 in. 48 in.
Rz = Fz: Rz = 7 lb

y 2 4 lb C Calculate the resultant couple moment about A.
MAR = MA
= rAC { 4j} lb + rAB {7k} lb
B 7 lb
rAC
= 0, because rAC and { 4j} are parallel, or, what amounts to the same thing, the line of action of the { 4j} lb force passes throughout point A. = 0 + { 6i + 48j} in. = 6(7)i {7k} lb
rAB
k + 48(7)j
= j =i
j k
6 in.
48 in.
= {336i + 42j} lbin.

y C
MAR = {336i + 42j} lbin.

A x ns.
R={
j + 7k} lb

7. Replace the forces and couple moment by a single force and specify where it acts. 3 kip 4 kip
A 20 kipft
40
2 ft
8 ft
4 ft
3 ft

(4 kip) cos 40 = 3.064 kip 3 kip y A 20 kip ft 40 2 ft 2 Calculate the resultant force Rx = Fx: Rx = 3.064 kip = 3.064 kip Ry = Fy: Ry = 3 kip R= (3.064) + (5.571)
2 2
4 kip B C
(4 kip) sin 40 = 2.571 kip
D 1 Resolve the inclined force into rectangular components.
8 ft
4 ft
3 ft
3 3.064 kip R
2.571 kip = 5.571 kip
= tan-1 5.571 = 61.2 3.064
ns.
= 6.358 kip
ns.
5.571 kip

3 kip 3.064 kip 4 kip 20 kipft A B C 3.064 kip 2.571 kip D A d C 5.571 kip D
40 2 ft 4 8 ft 4 ft 3 ft 5
This is the original force-couple moment system.
R = 6.358 kip This is a new force-couple system that we want to make equivalent to the original force-couple system. We already know that the forces are equivalent because R is the resultant of the forces in the original system. Now we have to make sure that the moment is also equivalent. We do this by placing R at some unknown distance d from the left end and then choosing d so that the moment of this new system is the same as that of the original system.
= 61.2
We equate the moment of the new system, about point A, to the moment of the original force-couple system (The choice of point A for summing moments is arbitrary; any other point would work as well, except that we must use the same point for both the original system and the new system.)
MAR = MA or, (5.571 kip)d = 20 kipft Solving gives d = 2.10 ft Ans. (3 kip)(2 ft) (2.571 kip)(2 ft + 8 ft)

8. Replace the forces acting on the frame by a single force and specify where its line of action intersects a) member BCD and b) member AB. y
400 N 600 N B C 300 N D 2m 800 N 2m A 4m 4m 800 N 1300 N R= (800)2 + (1300)2 = 1526 N Ans. Ans. E x = 1300 N 1 Determine the resultant force. Rx = Fx: Rx = 800 N = 800 N Ry = Fy: Ry = 400 N = 1300 N 600 N 300 N
= tan-1 1300 = 58.4 800

d B 800 N 58.4 C 1300 N R = 1526 N A 2 E A Part a) To determine where the line of action of the resultant force intersects member BCD, place the force on BCD, an unknown distance d from point B. 4m 4m E 800 N 2m x D B C D 2m 400 N 600 N 300 N
Choose d so that the moment about B of the resultant force equals the moment of the original force system. (The choice of point B was arbitrary.) MBR = MB or (1300 N)d = (600 N)(4 m) Solving gives d = 4.92 m Ans. (300 N)(4 m + 4 m) (800 N)(2 m)

B d' 800 N 58.4 1300 N A R = 1526 N 800 N 4 Part b) To determine where the line of action of the resultant force intersects member AB, place the force a distance d' from point B. A 4m 4m E 2m x E B D 400 N C 600 N D 2m 300 N
Choose d' so that the moment about B of the resultant force equals the moment of the original force system.
MBR = MB or (800 N)d' = (600 N)(4 m) Solving gives d' = 8.0 m Ans. (300 N)(4 m + 4 m) (800 N)(2 m)

B D
4m d' = 8 m A E
800 N 58.4 1300 N
R = 1526 N
The intersection of the line of action with a line drawn through A and B occurs below point B.

7 Alternative solution for part b. Once we know where the line of action intersects member BCD, we can use geometry to find the intersection with AB. B d = 4.92 m C D
58.4 d'
1300 N E
From triangle CBG, tan 58.4 = d' 4.92
line of action of resultant force
Solving gives, d' = 8.0 m (same result as before)

9. Determine the value of force P such that the line of action of the resultant of the forces acting on the truss passes through the support at H. Also determine the magnitude of the resultant. 30 260 lb P
160 lb
200 lb
180 lb
A 8 ft F 6 ft G
H 6 ft 6 ft
I 6 ft

160 lb (260 lb) sin 30 = 130 lb (260 lb) cos 30 = 225.2 lb 8 ft F 260 lb G 6 ft 6 ft H 6 ft I 6 ft J A B 30 C D E P 200 lb 180 lb
Determine the resultant force. Rx = Fx: Rx = 130 lb P 160 lb 200 lb 180 lb
Ry = Fy: Ry = 225.2 lb = 765.2 lb = 765.2 lb
(2)

160 lb 130 lb 225.2 lb A B 8 ft F 6 ft G 6 ft H 6 ft I 6 ft J C D E P 200 lb 180 lb 2
Choose force P so that the moment about H of the resultant force equals the moment of the original force system about H. Any other point besides H could be used, but H has the advantage that the moment of the resultant R is zero, since R is known (as part of the statement of the problem) to pass through H.
MHR = MH : 0 = (225.2 lb)(6 ft + 6 ft) + (160 lb)(6 ft) (130 lb)(8 ft)
(180 lb)(6 ft) + P(8)
G Ry = 765.2 lb Resultant R
I Rx = 130 lb = 130 lb = 322.8 lb P
Solving gives P = 192.8 lb = 192.8 lb ns. ns.
( 192.8 lb)

4 Magnitude of resultant. From Eqs. 1 and 2, R= (322.8)2 + ( 765.2)2 = 831 lb ns.

10. A machine part is loaded as shown. The part is to be attached to a supporting structure by a single bolt. Determine the equation of the line defining possible positions of the bolt for which the given loading would not cause the part to rotate. Also, determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force. y 80 N 60 90 Nm 0.3 m 60 N
0.5 m O 0.4 m 0.6 m
20 Nm

y (80 N) cos 60 = 40 N 90 Nm 60 N
60 80 N (80 N) sin 60 = 69.28 N
Determine the resultant force. Rx = Fx: Rx = 40 N = 40 N Ry = Fy: Ry = 69.28 N 60 N
20 Nm
= 129.28 N = 129.28 N 40 N R= (40)2 + (129.28)2 = 135.33 N Ans. Ans.
= tan-1 129.28 = 72.8 40 129.28 N

y 40 N 60 N y
90 Nm 60 80 N 69.28 N 0.5 m O 0.4 m 2 0.6 m 3 Rotation is caused by moment. If the given force-couple system is replaced by a single equivalent force (the resultant) and a specified line of action, then the moment would be zero about any point on the line of action. So the line of action is the line on which the bolt should be placed to prevent rotation. y 0.3 m 72.8 40 N (x, y) R 129.28 N
20 Nm
O x
To find the equation of the line of action, place the resultant at a general point (x, y). Then equate moments about, say, point O for the resultant (the figure on the right) and the original loading (the figure on the left): MOR = MO or (40 N)y (129.28 N)x = 90 Nm 20 Nm + (40 N)(0.3 m + 0.5 m) (69.28 N)(0.4 m) (60 N)(0.4 m + 0.6 m)

4 Solving for y gives the equation of a line y = 3.232 x + 0.357 Ans. 5 All points at the top of the machine part have a y coordinate of y = 0.3 m + 0.5 m = 0.8 m. Substituting y = 0.8 m into the equation of the line for the bolt locations, 0.133 m y = 3.32 x + 0.357 and solving for x gives y x = 0.133 m
This line defines the possible locations of the bolt.
0.3 m
0.5 m 0.357 m 0 x 0.4 m 0.6 m

11. The rectangular foundation mat supports the four column loads shown. Determine the magnitude, direction, and point of application of a single force that would be equivalent to the given system of forces. y 30 kip 15 kip A 20 kip B z 10 ft 5 ft C D 3 ft 8 ft 1 Determine the resultant. Ry = Fy: Ry = 30 kip = 76 kip = 76 kip 15 kip 20 kip 11 kip x 11 kip

y 30 kip 15 kip 2 To make the resultant force R equivalent to the original system of forces, place R at the point (x, 0, z) and then determine values of x and z such that R z produces the same moments about the x and z axes as the given forces produce. 3 ft 5 ft 8 ft 3 x First, equate moments about the x axis. We can use either the scalar definition of moment, M = Fd, or the vector product definition. Let's use the scalar definition. R = 76 kip C, B z z View from positive x axis 4 MxR = Fd: (76 kip)z = (20 kip)(8 ft + 3 ft) + (15 kip)(8 ft + 3 ft) + (11 kip)(3 ft ) + (30 kip)(0) D y x, A y R = 76 kip x B (x, 0, z) C A
A 20 kip 11 kip
z D x
B z 10 ft C D
20 kip 11 kip 15 kip z C, B 8 ft D 3 ft
y 30 kip x, A
(1)

y 30 kip 15 kip A 20 kip B z 10 ft 5 ft y 30 kip 20 kip 11 kip y R = 76 kip C D 3 ft 8 ft 6 Use two-dimensional views. x 11 kip z 5 Solving Eq. 1 gives z = 5.5 ft Ans. y A R = 76 kip z (x, 0, z) C D x
Next, equate moments about the z axis. x B
15 kip
z, B, A 10 ft
C 5 ft
z, B, A x View from positive z axis (11 kip)(10 ft + 5 ft) (2)
MzR = Fd:
(76 kip)x = (20 kip)(10 ft)

8 Solving Eq. 2 gives x = 4.80 ft Ans.

12. Three signs are supported by an arch over a highway and are acted upon by the wind forces shown. Replace the forces by an equivalent force and specify its point of application. y 300 N A 850 N 3.5 m
O
B C 400 N 4m 6m x 5m 4m
1m
Determine the resultant. Rz = Fz: Rz = 300 N = 1550 N = 1.55 kN Ans. 850 N 400 N

2 Place the resultant R at the arbitrary point (x, y, 0) and then determine values of x and y such that R produces the same moments about the x and y axes as the given forces produce. y 300 N A 850 N 3.5 m
O
y (x, y, 0)
B C 400 N 4m 6m x 5m 4m z y B C A 4m 3.5 m x,O 4 MxR = Fd: (1550 N)y = (850 N)(6 m) View from the positive x axis y z x,O R = 1550 N y B C A y
O
1550 N x x
z 3
1m First equate moments about the x axis. 850 N 400 N 300 N 6m
(400 N)(4 m)
(300 N)(3.5 m)
(1)

5 Solving Eq. 1 gives y = 5.0 m 6 Ans.
Next, equate moments about the y axis.
y,O A 300 N 5m 1m B 850 N 4m C 400 N
x = View from the positive y axis
y, O
R = 1550 N x
MxR = Fd: (1550 N)x = (300 N)(1 m) + (850 N)(1 m + 5 m) + (400 N)(1 m + 5 m + 4 m) Solving gives x = 6.06 m Ans.

13. Three forces act on the pipe assembly. Determine the magnitude of forces P and Q if the resultant of all three forces is to act on point A. Also determine the magnitude of the resultant. y
O P B
z 3m
A 200 N 2m D
Q C 1.5 m 1m x
1 Express the resultant R in terms of P and Q. R = Fy: R = P + Q + 200 N (1)

2 Place the resultant R at point A and then determine values of P and Q such that R produces the same moment about the x and z axes as the given forces, P, Q, and 200 N, produce. y 3 O P We can use either the scalar definition of moment M = Fd, or the vector definition, M = r F. Let's use the vector definition and calculate moments with respect to point O.
rOB rOC rOD

z 3m 200 N 2m D 4 1m A Q x C 1.5 m O B
R=( P
200 N)j
rOA
Introduce position vectors, all with tails at point O. z 3m C 1.5 m A x
rOB = {3i} m rOC = {5i + 1.5k} m rOD = {5i + 2.5k} m rOA = {3i + 1.5k} m

5 For equivalence, equate the moment of the resultant R about point O to the moment of the given forces about O.
MOR = MO: rOA

or {3i + 1.5k} 3( P Q ( P 200)i
R = rOB
{ Pj} + rOC
{ Qj} + rOD
{ 200j}
j
Q 200)j = {3i} Q { Pj} + {5i + 1.5k} 200)k { Qj} + {5i + 2.5k} { 200j}
k j + 2.5( 200)k j
j + 1.5( P
j = 3( P)i
j + 5( Q)i
j + 1.5( Q)k
j + 5( 200)i
=k
= i
=k
=k
= i
=k
= i
Collecting coefficients of i, j, and k gives 1.5(P + Q + 200)i 3(P + Q + 200)k = (1.5Q + 500)i + ( 3P Equating coefficients of i gives 1.5(P + Q + 200) = 1.5Q + 500 Equating coefficients of k gives 3(P + Q + 200) = 3P 5Q 1000 (3) (2) 5Q 1000)k

7 Solving Eqs. 2 and 3 gives, P = 133.3 N Q = 200 N = 200 N Using these values in Eq. 1 gives 8 P and Q were defined as downward directed forces. R = P + Q + 200 N 133.3 = 133.3 N 200 ns. ns. ns.

9 Alternative solution: the computation are simplified somewhat if we sum moments about point A instead of point O. y O O P y
rAB
z 3m
B A Q x
rAC
200 N
C C
rAD
2m
1.5 m D 10 Introduce position vectors, all with tails at point A.
1m
rAB = { 1.5k} m rAC = {2i} m

11 Equate the moment of R about point A to the moment of the given forces about A.
rAD = {2i + k} m

MAR =
12 Because R passes through point A, the moment is zero. or
MA: 0 = rAB
{ Pj} + rAC
{ Qj} + rAD
{ 200j}
0 = { 1.5k} 0 =
5( P)k
{ Pj} + {2i}
{ Qj} + {2i + k}
{ 200j}
j j + 2( Q)i
=k 400)k
j + 2( 200)i
=k
j + ( 200)k
= i
j k
= i
0i + 0j = ( 1.5P + 200)i + ( 2Q Equating coefficients of i gives 0 = 1.5P + 200 Equating coefficients of k gives 0 = 2Q 400
(4)
(5)
Solving Eqs. 4 and 5 gives, P= Q= N
Same result as before.

14. The end plate of a pressurized tank is held in place by forces from three bolts. Determine the required value of bolt-force P and angle if the resultant of the three bolt forces is to act through the center of the plate at O.
700 N
0.5 m
O C P z 500 N B x 40

1 Place the resultant, R, at point O and then equate the moment of R about O (which is zero because R passes through O) to the moment of the given forces about O. y
700 N
rOA
0.5 m
O
0.5 m
x
rOC
C P z
rOB
500 N
40 C B 2 Introduce position vectors, all with tails at point O. rOA = {0.5j} m z
R
B
rOB = {0.5 cos 40i rOC = { 0.5 cos i
0.5 sin 40j} m = {0.3830i 0.5 sin j} m
0.3214j} m

3 Equate moments about O.
MOR = MO: 0 = rOA
{ 700k} N + rOB
{ 500k} N + rOC
{ Pk} N
j k
R passes through O, so produces zero moment. or
0 = {0.5j}
{ 700k} + {0.3830i
0.3214j}
{ 500k} +
{ 0.5 cos
0.5 sin
j}
{ Pk } ( P)j =i
0 = 0.5( 700)j
k + 0.3830( 500)i
=i
0.3214( 500)j =i
0.5 cos
( P)i
0.5 sin
= j
= j
Collecting coefficients of i and j gives 0i + 0j = [0.5( 700) 0.3214( 500) 0.5 sin ( P)]i + [0.3830(500) 0.5 cos (P)]j (1)
Equating coefficients of i gives 0 = [0.5( 700) 0.3214( 500) 0.5 sin ( P)]
or, after some arithmetic, P sin = 378.6 (2)

5 Equating coefficients of j in Eq. 1 gives 0 = 0.3830(500) or, after some arithmetic, P cos = 383.0 (3) 0.5 cos (P)
Eqs. 2 and 3 are best solved by using a calculator capable of solving simultaneous nonlinear equations. Alternatively, dividing Eq. 2 by Eq. 3 gives P sin P cos tan Solving for gives, ns. in Eq. 3 gives, = 378.6 383.0
= 44.7 Substituting for P cos
= 383.0 44.7
Solving gives P = 539 N ns.

15. Replace the system of forces by a wrench. Determine the pitch and axis of the wrench. y B
12 m 140 N O A 6m 60 N z 40 N 4m x

1 Express the 140-N force in terms of rectangular components. First introduce a position vector rABfrom A to B. y B
rAB
{4i + 12j
6k } m
rAB
2 Thus the vector form of the 140-N force is
12 m
FAB = (140 N)
= (140 N)
rAB rAB
4i + 12j 6k 14 (1)
140 N 40 N 4m A 60 N z 4 Forces along x and z axes 6m x
42 + 122 + ( 6)2 = {40i + 120j 3 60k} N
The resultant of all three forces is
F
{40i + 120j 120j 60k} N
{40i} N + {60k} N (2)

6 Moment arm is zero. (40 N force passes through O) y D 5 Moment resultant about O:
R MO
rOA
(6k) 6(40) k
FAB + rOA
(40i +120j
(60k) + 0
( 40i) (60k)
C 12 m
60k) + (6k)
i + 6(120) k j
j + 6( 60) k i
k + 6(60) k 0
k 0 FAB
A 6m 60 N z
O 40 N
{ 720i + 240j} N m
rOA
{6k} m

7
R Express MO in terms of components parallel M|| and perpendicular M to R.
M || {240j} N m R
{120j} N
R MO
{ 720i +240j} N m
M = { 720i} N m
z 8 By definition, pitch of wrench, p,
M|| R
240 120
2m
Ans.

9 Now move R to a new line of action such that in the new location R will produce a moment (about O) equal to M . Equate the moment of R in the new position to M Old line of action of R y Old position of R New position of R
10
M = { 720i} N m R
O
rOP
or
{120j} N
{xi + zk} x(120) i
{120j}
720i
rOP j + z(120) k j k i
720i z rOP P(x, 0, z) (Intersection of new line of action with x-z plane) {xi + zk} m
(120z)i + (120x)k
720i + 0k
Equating coefficients of i gives 120z = 720 z = 720 = 6 m 120 Equating coefficients of k gives 120x = 0 x=0 New line of action of R

11 The axis of the wrench is a vertical line (same direction as R {120j}) passing through the point (0, 0, 6 m) Ans.
M|| {240j} N m
O 12 Because a couple moment has the same value about all points it can be moved to the new line of action of R to form the wrench. 6m Ans.
{120j} N z

16. In a machining operation, holes are simultaneously drilled at points A and B of the wedge. The drill at A produces a force and couple moment perpendicular to the planar surface at A. The force and couple moment at B are similarly perpendicular to the planar surface at B. Replace the forces and couple moments by a wrench. Determine a) the magnitude R of the resultant force, b) the pitch of the wrench, c) the axis of the wrench, and d) the point where the axis intersects the x-z plane. y
E M1 60 lb in. F1 4 lb B D
1.5 in. M2 80 lb in. x
A 3 in. C 4 in. 4 in.
30 6 in.
F2 1 in.
6 lb

1 Express the forces and couple moments in rectangular components. M2 60 lb in.
2 Geometry
y 60 E F1 4 lb
E 60
90 Equal z
30
60 30 30 A z x, D View from positive x axis C
x, D
F1
(4 lb) sin 60j { 3.464j 2k} lb
(4 lb) cos 60k (1) (60 lb in.) cos 60k (2)
M1
(60 lb in.) sin 60j { 51.962j
30k} lb in.

y
M2
80 lb in.
B F2 6 lb x
F2 M2
{ 6i} lb { 80i} lb in.
(3) (4)

5 Next, determine the coordinates of points A and B. y
E 6 B x y A 7 C 4 in. z 8 Ax Bx 4 in. 4 in. + 4 in. 8 in. (3 in.) cos 30 2.598 in. z C 30 6 in. x, D 4 in. E 3 in. A 1.5 in. B 1 in. By Bz 1.5 in. 1 in. 4.402 in. Ay (3 in.) sin 30 Az 1.5 in. 2.598 in.
(6 in. + 1 in.)

9 Introduce position vectors from O, the origin of coordinates, to A and B. y
10
rOA
Axi + Ayj + Azk {4i + 1.5j + 4.402k} in. (5)
B O A x
11 rOB
Bxi + Byj + Bzk {8i + 1.5j + k} in. (6)

12 Resultant force
F: R
{ 3.464j { 6i
2k} + { 6i} 2k} lb (7)
3.464j
13 Resultant moment about point O

R MO R MO: MO
rOA k
4.402 2
F1 + rOB
F2 i j
1.5 0
i
R MO =
j
1.5 3.464
k
1 0
4 0
8 6
Carrying out the cross products and simplifying gives

R MO
{12.249i + 2j
4.856k}
(8)

R with respect to the xyz axes. 14 Display R and MO
R MO
{12.249i + 2j
4.856k}
R
z
{ 6i
3.464j
2k} lb

R 15 Two intersecting vectors define a plane. Display the plane defined by R and MO .
R
R MO

R in terms of components 16 Express MO parallel M || and perpendicular M to R.
17 Unit vector in R direction R u R By Eq. 7 for R,
M R
Thus
R MO
( 6)2 + ( 3.464)2 + ( 2)2 7.211 lb Ans. 6i 3.464j 7.211 2k (10) (9)
u
O
R R
0.832i
M||
18 M || S 19 In vector form, since M|| lies in the direction of the unit vector u, R
R MO u
0.480j
0.277k
R component of MO in direction of u
{12.249i + 2j
4.856k}{ 0.832i
0.480j
0.277k}
M||
M|| u ( 9.806){ 0.832i 0.480j 0.277k} (12) M|| 9.806 lb in.
Performing the multiplications and then simplifying gives (11)
{8.159i + 4.707j + 2.716k} lb in.

R 20 The component of MO perpendicular to R can now be computed by starting with the vector sum
R MO
M ||
and rearranging to get

R M = MO
M||
by Eq.12
by Eq.8
{12.249i + 2j {4.090i
4.856k}
{8.159i + 4.707j + 2.716k} (13)
2.707j
7.572k} lb in.

21 Now we move the force R to a new line of action such that R will produce a moment about O exactly equal to M
Old position of R P Q
M R
O Old line of action of R
M||
S R Parallel
O New position of R (below plane SPQR)
New line of action of R

22 View in terms of xyz axes y Old line of action of R
New line of action of R O Old position of R x
rOP
23 Because the force R, in its new position, is to create a moment about O equal to M , we can write O
z Parallel
rOP
or,
by Eq. 13
by Eq.7 {xi + zk} { 6i 3.464j 2k} 4.090i 2.707j 7.572k
New position of R Performing the multiplications and simplifying gives P(x, 0, z)-intersection of new line of action with the x-z plane 3.464zi + (2x 6z)j 3.464xk 4.090i 2.707j 7.572k

24 Equating coefficients of i gives 3.464z 4.090 (14)
Similarly for j and k 2x 6z 2.707 7.572 (15) (16)
3.464x
These are three equations in only two unknowns, but the equations are not all independent. Eqs 14 and 16 imply z x 4.090 1.181 3.464 7.572 2.186 3.464 (17) (18)
Substituting these values into the left hand side of Eq.15 gives 2x 6z 2(2.186) 6(1.181) 2.714
Thus Eq.15 is satisfied (Round-off, error leads to 2.714 rather than 2.707).

y 26 The axis of the wrench is a line passing through the point (2.186 in., 0, 1.181 in.) with direction, by Eq. 10, Ans.
0.832i
0.480j
0.277k
2.186 in. x P M|| M || u by Eq. 11 ( 9.805 lb in.)u 27 Pitch of wrench M || R 9.806 lb in. 7.211 lb 1.360 in. Ans.
1.181 in. z
Ru
by Eq. 9
(7.211 lb)u 25 Because a couple moment is the same about all points, we can move M || to point P. Similarly we can slide R to P along R's line of action, by the principle of transmissibility.
28 Summary: The effect of the drilling operations on the two surfaces of the wedge is to push the wedge down the wrench axis (direction of u) while simultaneously causing the wedge to tend to rotate counterclockwise (as viewed from a position above the x-z plane) about the wrench axis.

Equivalent Forces - Dynamics

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Equivalent Forces - Dynamics

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4.

5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 1, page 1 of 1

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 2, page 1 of 1

A 200 mm 60 N O (200 mm) cos 60

A 60 N 2 Display the equivalent force and couple moment at point O.

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 3, page 1 of 1

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 4, page 1 of 2

7 ft 2 Calculate the resultant force Rx = Fx: Rx = 100 lb

Ry = Fy: Ry = 240 lb = 360 lb = 360 lb

12 13 5 5 (260 lb) = 100 lb 13 2 ft 4 ft

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 4, page 2 of 2

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 5, page 1 of 3

150 mm 150 mm 100 mm 100 mm

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 5, page 2 of 3

300k}kNmm 300k}N m Ans.

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 5, page 3 of 3

150 mm 150 mm 100 mm 100 mm

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 6, page 1 of 4

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 6, page 2 of 4

Calculate the resultant force Rx = Fx: Rx = 0 Ry = Fy: Ry = 4 lb

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 6, page 3 of 4

= {336i + 42j} lbin.

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 6, page 4 of 4

MAR = {336i + 42j} lbin.

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 7, page 1 of 3

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 7, page 2 of 3

(4 kip) sin 40 = 2.571 kip

D 1 Resolve the inclined force into rectangular components.

2.571 kip = 5.571 kip

= tan-1 5.571 = 61.2 3.064

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 7, page 3 of 3

This is the original force-couple moment system.

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 8, page 1 of 5

= tan-1 1300 = 58.4 800

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 8, page 2 of 5

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 8, page 3 of 5

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 8, page 4 of 5

800 N 58.4 1300 N

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 8, page 5 of 5

From triangle CBG, tan 58.4 = d' 4.92

line of action of resultant force

Solving gives, d' = 8.0 m (same result as before)

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 9, page 1 of 4

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 9, page 2 of 4

Determine the resultant force. Rx = Fx: Rx = 130 lb P 160 lb 200 lb 180 lb

Ry = Fy: Ry = 225.2 lb = 765.2 lb = 765.2 lb

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 9, page 3 of 4

(180 lb)(6 ft) + P(8)

I Rx = 130 lb = 130 lb = 322.8 lb P

Solving gives P = 192.8 lb = 192.8 lb ns. ns.

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 9, page 4 of 4

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 10, page 1 of 4

0.5 m O 0.4 m 0.6 m

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 10, page 2 of 4

60 80 N (80 N) sin 60 = 69.28 N

Determine the resultant force. Rx = Fx: Rx = 40 N = 40 N Ry = Fy: Ry = 69.28 N 60 N

= 129.28 N = 129.28 N 40 N R= (40)2 + (129.28)2 = 135.33 N Ans. Ans.

= tan-1 129.28 = 72.8 40 129.28 N

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 10, page 3 of 4

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 10, page 4 of 4

This line defines the possible locations of the bolt.

0.5 m 0.357 m 0 x 0.4 m 0.6 m