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This section of the report will enumerate more on what was carried on in each section of the project. The project has been divided in the following sections; Power supply and conversion Clock Programming Microcontroller Photo sensing Display
This circuit converts the AC to DC. The DC out or commonly referred to as the Rectified DC is still of not much use to us as its keeps on varying in voltage while we require a constant supply of voltage. To get this we need to pass the Rectified DC through a circuit containing a large capacitor connected in parallel with a resistor called the Smoothing circuit.
The output after passing through the two circuits looks like below. This output (referred to as Ripple voltage) is now more feasible to be used to power our clock and charge the battery.
Parts needed:
4 Diodes 1 Capacitor (very high capacitance) 1 Resistor
These parts do not need to be ordered but available from our labs (prices depend on values). Note that the values of the parts depend on the previous circuitry (if we are using a step-down transformer and what the outputs will be).
References: Fig 1:
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/substation_equipment/r ectifiers.html
Fig 2:
http://www.antonineeducation.co.uk/Physics_A2/options/Module_9/Topic_3/capacitative_sm oothing.htm Fig 3: http://www.antonineeducation.co.uk/Physics_A2/options/Module_9/Topic_3/capacitative_sm oothing.htm
The rectified dc voltage will be used to charge a lithium battery when the connection to the mains supply is established. This will charge the battery and stops charging when its fully charged. The voltage regulator included in this design. A voltage regulator is a device that converts varying input voltages and produces a constant regulated output voltage. The main reason why a charged battery is needed in this project is so that the clock doesnt lose its date and time settings when its been unplugged from the main. There are many different typed of voltage regulators designed to drive different currents or to hold different voltages. Prices of voltage regulators can range from 0.50p to 35 but for the purpose of this project a maximum of 2.50 should be enough to buy a suitable voltage regulator. An example of a voltage regulator is shown below;
The programme will follow the steps below; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Initialise the PIC and set all digits to zero. Start the timer interrupts to count the seconds elapsed. When seconds reach 60 increment minutes and reset seconds. When minutes reach 60 increment hours and reset minutes. When hours reach 24 increment days and reset hours. When days reach 28 or more increment months and reset days to 1. This is dependent on the current month. 7. When months reach 13 increment years and reset months to 1. 8. When the first button is pressed stop updating the clock, reset all digits to apart from the hours. If the button is pressed again set hours to and display the minutes. Each press moves through the digits. The next press after year displays all digits and restarts the clock. 9. After the first button has been pressed the second button increments the number on the digits. When the digit reaches its intended maximum it returns back to its lowest value. For example, hours range from 00 to 23. 10. When the digit increments to 24 it returns to 00.
Programming
The programming will be done in a variant of C language. The micro controller that will be used is the Arduino atmega128 board
Microcontroller
The microcontroller used in this project is the Arduino atmega128 controller which will be used to take of functions like; Clock conversion from BCD to Decimal Date and time settings Motion sensing and Temperature readings Power supply switching
Microcontroller specification Powered by a 7.5V 500mA power supply Operating voltage of 4.5 - 5.5V EEPROM 512 bytes with a specified life of 100000 write/erase cycles. SRAM 1024 bytes
53 Programmable I/O Lines Flash 16k bytes while 2k is used for the boot loader Speed grade of 0 - 16 MHz
Display The display will be a 16x4 LCD display. It will be able to display alphanumeric characters. Its application for this project will be to display the time and date settings, the ambient temperature reading and also the backlight functionality through photo sensing. Below is a typical 16x4 alphanumeric LCD;
http://www.tradeeasy.com/supplier/632502/products/p1099345/character-lcd16x1-16x2-16x4-20x1-20x2-20x4-8x2-40x2-40x4-monochrome-alphanumericlcd-panel.html
Photo sensing
RISK RESPONSE MATRIX Risk Event Interfacing components C programming errors Reduce Response Contingenc y Plan Trigger Who is Responsibl e
Work around Not resolved A Adebayo until help withing 24hrs comes
Keep trying , Error get help form persistent programming after 3hrs support
Reduce
M Rashid
Transfer Reduce
Get a Replacement F Latif different one doesnt work Order a different match Wait till its fixed Not solved within 24 hours Call for technician after 30 minutes J MCcaul
Reduce
D Springer
Display
Reduce
A Adebayo
RISK ASSESSMENT FORM RISK EVENT Interfacing components C programming errors Equipment malfunctions Component mismatch Power loss Laboratory technician LIKELIHOOD 3 2 IMPACT 4 4 Detection Difficulty 4 4 When Building circuit Microcontrolle r programming Testing and Programming During linkage Testing Circuit design
2 3 1 1
5 5 5 4
5 4 5 4
RISK SEVERITY MATRIX On power point slide (risk severity matrix) RISK ANALYSIS MATRIX The table depicts the threats most likely to impact the project and its components management. The specific threats that are represented by (XX) are considered the most likely to occur within the project PROBABILITY OF THREATS Probability of Occurrence: Unavailability of components Technician off sick/unavailable Under-spec PC Bomb Threats Lab unavailability Cold / Frost / Snow Timescale Scope Earthquakes Fire Flooding / Water Damage Nuclear Mishaps Power Loss / Outage Storms / Hurricanes X X X X X X X X XX X High Medium XX X X X Low
PROJECT CONSTRAINT Technical constraints (e.g. Laboratory technician, Laboratory ) Resources constraints (e.g. components, computer, software, Laboratory) Physical constraints (e.g. environmental)
Technical constraints
Code
Test
Implemen t
Computer
Design
Implementati on
Physical Constraints
Design
Fire
Implementati on