WDM/DWDM is a fiber-optic transmission technique where multiple optical signals are transmitted on a single fiber using different wavelengths.

The Different optical signals are multiplexed in Wavelength Domain. Classification of WDM: When channel spacing > 100 GHz called WDM When channel spacing < 100 GHz called DWDM When channel spacing < 25 GHz called UDWDM 0.8 nm =100 GHz What is multiplexing? Multiplexing is a process of putting all the signals into a common channel in different ways and the component is called multiplexer. What is de-multiplexing? De-multiplexing is a process, which separates out all the multiplexed signals and the component is called de-multiplexer. Time division Multiplexing 1. Combines traffic from multiple inputs onto one common high capacity O/p 2. Allows high flexibility in managing traffic; fixed bandwidth 3. Requires electrical mux/demux function

Difference Between TDM & WDM

TDM - (Time Division Multiplexing)
Type of multiplexing in which different signals are multiplexed in different time slots. In TDM each time slots is fixed for different signals sequentially. If there is any vacant time slot that can be utilized for other signal, by using STDM -(Statistical Time Division Multiplexing).

WDM-Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Type of multiplexing in which different signals are multiplexed at different wavelengths for full time slots. When each wavelength is multiplexed from different TDM signals then the multiplexing is called TDM over WDM.

Challenges To Be Faced
Increased service needs due to Internet and Intranet Fiber exhaust Layered bandwidth management

Solutions
1. Laying more fiber Economic solution where cost of fiber laying is minimal. May not be able to provide new services or utilize bandwidth management capability of a unifying optical layer 2. Time division multiplexing (TDM) 3. DWDM Assigns incoming optical signals to specific frequencies (wavelength, ) within a designated frequency band. Multiplexes the resulting signals out onto one fiber. Incoming signals are never terminated in the optical layer .

Increased Network Capacity DWDM

1. 2. 3. 4. Merges optical traffic onto one common fiber. Allows high flexibility in expanding bandwidth. Reduces costly mux/demux function, reuse existing optical signals. Individual channels use original OAM&P.

Issues Of Optical Networking

Dispersion management Polarization mode dispersion Non-linear effects Optical Test and Measurement Scaling the Optical Network Error-Correcting Code

Generations Of WDM Networks

1. First Generation: Dense WDM networks with linear architecture used in point-to-point link, as a high bandwidth pipes between two network elements. These systems are integrated with optical amplifiers and electronic regenerators.

2. Second Generation: WDM networks with ring and mesh architectures. These systems are integrated with optical amplifiers, OADMs, Dispersion compensators, OXCs and electronic regenerators. 3. Third Generation: DWDM and OTDM networks (All-optical networks) with linear, ring and mesh architectures. These systems are integrated with optical 3R regeneration, OADM, OXC (which supports Photonic packet switching)

Recent WDM Records

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

140 G up to 65 km (Alcatel98) PMD Limited. 32 5 G to 9300 km (1998) 64 5 G to 7200 km (Lucent97) 10010 G to 400 km (Lucent97) 1610 G to 6000 km (1998) 13220 G to 120 km (NEC96) 7020 G to 600 km (NTT97) 1022 Wavelengths on one fiber (Lucent 99)

Layers of Typical Networks

Typical Optical Core Network

Salient Features
1. The interface can be bit-rate and format independent 2. Can be easily integrated with existing equipment in the network (SONET/SDH). 3.

Access gained to the untapped capacity in the embedded fiber 4. High Cost Saving as Laying Cost of the Fiber is 70% of the Total OFC Network Cost.
5. Combines multiple optical signals combined together as a group can be amplified

and transported over a single fiber to increase capacity.

6. Allows expanding the Network Capacity in Multifold by changing the End

Equipments.
7. Provides the flexibility to expand capacity in any portion of the network. 8. Grand Cost Reduction in Time to Market and BW Provisioning. 9. The systems number of wavelengths and bit rate are upgradeable. 10. Standard Transaction Language 1 (TL-1) interfaces are widely available for

DWDM systems to provide a maintenance interface. 11. Service providers can I. Lease individual wavelengthsas opposed to an entire fiberto their highuse business customers. II. Increases the distances between network elements

Open Data Networks with DWDM

Systems.

Today core DWDM system uses Proprietary Mux and management

ITUT defines standard wavelength Grid but still many aspects of DWDM systems are implemented in different ways by different vendors.

Factors To be Thought For Standardization

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Optical Spectrum Used Wave Grid Spacing Power and Amplification schemes Mechanisms for Optical Amp Gain Adjustment Methods of Forward Error Correction Systems Engineering Aspects

Wavelength Routing Protocol (WaRP)

1. WaRP Views Network as a Bandwidth Pool and Provides for point and click auto provisioning of wavelength paths. 2. WaRP Solution enables the creation of Optical Network with efficiencies of the mesh architectures and the speed of the SONET / SDH rings.

Managed Wavelength Services

Classification:
Long haul
Nortel Ciena Lucent Alcatel NEC Others

1. One or More wavelengths are leased on a DWDM system. 2. This wavelength can be a point-to-point or meshed based intelligent optical network Metro

Nortel ONI Ciena Cisco Sorrento Others

Sparse and Dense WDM

10Mbps Ethernet (10Base-F) uses 850 nm 100 Mbps Ethernet (100Base-FX) + FDDI use 1310 nm Some telecommunication lines use 1550 nm WDM: 850nm + 1310nm or 1310nm + 1550nm Dense Closely spaced 1nm separation

All Optical Semiconductor Wavelength Converter

Optical Modulator

Development Milestones in Optical Components

Splitters/Combiners

Larger switches can be built out of 2 2 building block