TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE These formulae are very useful for solving trigonometric equations.

In a question, usually more than one formula is used. Hence, the format for this section is different from the usual style. All the formulae stand for both degrees and radians. Reciprocal identities

Pythagorean Identities

Quotient Identities

Addition Formula (Sine) The addition formula for the sine function is the basis of all the formulas in this section. It can also be used to prove the supplementary and complementary angles identities. We will provide a geometric proof of the formula.

sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B sin (A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B

Proof of the Addition Formula

c = a cos B + b cos A apply trigonometric ratios to the two right angled triangles that c borders. r = 1/2 take the diameter as 1. r is the radius.

sin E = (c/2)/(1/2) = c sin A = a, sin B = b sine rule; since sin E = c, c/sin E = 1

Hence, c = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

- (A +B)] = sin E =c

supplementary angles

= sin A cos B + cos A sin B

Addition Formula (Cosine) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

Proof of the Addition Formula

The formula can be proved geometrically. However, since we have proved the formula for the sine function, we can make use of it to prove the cosine function. cos (A + B) = sin [90o - (A + B)] = sin [(90o - A) - B] = sin (90 - A) cos B - cos (90 - A) sin B = cos A cos B - sin A sin B
o o

complementary angles regrouping of terms addition formula for sine complementary angles

Replacing B by (-B), cos (A - B) = cos A cos (-B) - sin A sin (-B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B negative angles

Addition Formula (Tangent)

This formula can be derived from the addition formula for sine and cosine.

Double Angle Formulae The double angle formulae can be easily derived from the addition formulae, by replacing (A + B) with (A + A).

sin2A = 2 sinA cosA

Proof:

sin2A = sinA cosA + cosA sinA = 2 sin A cos A cos2A = cos2A - sin2A = 2 cos2A - 1 = 1 - 2 sin2A

Proof:

cos2A = cosA cosA - sinA sinA = cos2A - sin2A Replacing sin2A = 1 - cos2A, cos2A = cos2A - (1 - cos2A) = 2 cos2A - 1 Replacing cos2A = 1 - sin2A, cos2A = (1 - sin2A) - sin2A = 1 - 2 sin2A

Proof:

Factor Formulae

The factor formulae are used to convert the product of two trigonometric functions into a sum or difference, and vice versa. They are very useful, especially when dealing with multiple angles such as sin5A or cos7A.

Product Formulae

2 sinA cosB = sin (A + B) + sin (A - B) 2 cosA sinB = sin (A + B) - sin (A - B) 2 cosA cosB = cos (A + B) + cos (A - B) 2 sinA sinB = -cos (A + B) + cos (A - B)

These formulae can be derived from applying addition formulae to the R.H.S. of the identity: sin (A + B) + sin (A - B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB + sinA cosB - cosA sinB = 2 sinA cosB

The rest can be proved similarly. Do it yourself as an exercise. It will reinforce your understanding of addition formulae as well.

Sum Formulae

This set of formulae are derived from the product formulae above, using the substitutions X = A + B and Y = A - B. We shall use the first one to prove.

Half Angle Formulae There are two sets of half angle formulae, one more commonly used than the other.

These formulae can easily be found by rearranging the double angle formula for the cosine function. Whether the function is positive or negative depends on the quadrant the half angle lies in.

The other set of half angle formulae are:

Given

Derivation:

From the double angle formula,

Drawing a right angled triangle,

The sine and cosine functions are derived from here.