STUDY GUIDE

Chapter 1: The Characteristics of Life all living organisms share certain characteristics. Know the 6 major characteristics shared by living things. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Levels of organization The ability to acquire materials and energy The ability to maintain homeostasis The ability to respond to stimuli The ability to reproduce and develop The ability to adapt and evolve to changing conditions

Evolution the process by which species have changed and diversified since life first arose. All things evolve. All of the different groups of organisms on earth are related to one another and are represented by branches on the same family tree of life. See Fig. 1.4 in text. Know the terms taxonomy, systematic and the importance/significance of the binomial name. taxonomy: the discipline of identifying and naming organisms according to certain rules systematic: classifies organisms according to their presumed evolutionary relationships Used to avoid confusion. Common names tend to overlap, and they often are in the languages of the people who use the names. But scientific names are based in Latin, a universal language that not too long ago was well known by most scholars. Learn the categories of classification: here is a mnemonic tool to help you remember Several Grey Foxes Overload the Courts Pending Kickoff Species, Genus, Family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain Know the 3 Domains and the 4 Kingdoms of the Domain Eukarya. Domains: domain Bacteria, domain Archaea, domain Eukarya Kingdoms: kingdom Protista, kingdom Fungi, kingdom Plantae Natural Selection successful traits that come into a population (behaviors, physiological changes, etc.) tend to be passed on to the next generation. These traits that are beneficial to the species will be naturally selected for. Ecosystems and the Biosphere know the terms: biosphere, population, community, ecosystem and biology.

 biosphere: the zone of air, land and water at the surface of the Earth where living organisms are found populations: all the members of a species within a particular area community: assemblage of populations interacting with one another in the same environment ecosystem: biological community together with the associated abiotic environment biology: the scientific study of life Learn the Scientific Method: observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion. We use Inductive Reasoning (creative thinking to solve problems) to form a hypothesis. A hypothesis is based on existing knowledge, so it is more than a guess. Know the terms: experiment, experimental design, variable, test group, control group, placebo, double-blind study, data and conclusion. experiment: a series of procedures designed to test a specific hypothesis experimental design: the manner in which a scientist intends to conduct an experiment variable: deliberately changed test group: in a controlled experiment, the group subjected to the experimental variable control group: in a controlled experiment, the group not subjected to the experimental variable placebo: a treatment that appears to be the same as that administered to the other two groups but actually contains no medication double-blind study: when neither the patient nor the technician is aware of the specific treatment Scientific Theories: accepted explanations for how the world works. Scientific theories are based on the best available science to date as time goes on and we learn more (more research data), these theories may be changed or modified. This is different than the term theory as it used in common language. That is basically just a guess and is not based on any science. Know the terms: technology, bioethics, biodiversity and extinction. technology: the application of scientific knowledge for a practical purpose bioethics: the branch that is concerned with the development and consequences of biological technology

 biodiversity: the variation of life on Earth extinction: the death of a species or a taxonomic group

Chapter 2: The Nature of Matter: Know the terms matter, elements and CHNOPS. matter: anything that takes up matter and space elements: a substance that cannot be broken down into another substance by ordinary chemical means CHNOPS: both the Earths crust and all organisms are made up of these elements: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur Atomic Structure: elements consist of tiny particles called atoms. Neutrons no electrical charge (in the nucleus of the atom). Protons have positive charge (in the nucleus of the atom). Electrons have negative charge and are located in orbital shells and move about the nucleus. It is the electrons that determine how elements react with each other to form molecules. Periodic Table: a way to display the elements according to similar chemical and physical characteristics. Isotopes: atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons. Arrangement of electrons in an atom: Go over this section thoroughly. It takes an increasing amount of energy to push electrons farther away from the nucleus. The first shell closest to the nucleus can contain two electrons; thereafter, each additional shell can contain 8 electrons. Octet rule: If an atom has two or more shells, the outer shell is most stable when it has 8 electrons Know the terms: molecule, compound, ionic bond and covalent bond. molecule: a group of atoms bonded together compound: when a molecule contains atoms of more than one element

ionic bond: forms when two atoms are held together by the attraction between opposite charges covalent bond: results when two atoms share electrons in order to have a completed outer shell Know what a chemical reaction is. WATER: is the simple most important molecule on earth. No water no life. All organisms are 70 90% water. The polarity (charges) of water molecules causes them to be attracted to one another called a Hydrogen Bond. Properties of Water: Know these. solvency, cohesion and adhesion, high surface tension, high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, and varying density If ice were more dense than water, it would sink and this would not be good for aquatic life in ponds, lakes and perhaps even the oceans. Aquatic organisms go to the bottom in colder weather to remain alive. Instead, bodies of water always freeze from the top down. When ice freezes on the surface, the ice acts as an insulator to prevent the water below it from freezing. Acids and Bases: Important because life and living things require certain pH levels to exist and function. Know the difference between acids and bases. Know the pH scale. Acids: substances that dissociat in water, realeasing hydrogenions (H+) Bases: substances that either take up hydrogen ions (H+) or realease hydrogen ions (OH-) PH Scale is on pg 32

Chapter 3: Organic Molecules An organic molecule is one that contains atoms of carbon and hydrogen. Carbon is the element of life. The term organic means carbon-based. Know the terms: organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, isomers, functional groups, hydrophobic and hydrophilic. organic chemistry: the study of organic molecules

 inorganic chemistry: study of inorganic molecules which are molecules that do not contain carbon isomers: molecules that have the same number and kinds of atoms but different chemical properties because the atoms occur in different arrangements functional groups: a specific combination of bonded atoms that atoms that always has the same chemical properties and therefore always reacts in the same way hydrophobic: not soluble in water hydrophilic: soluble in water The Biological Molecules of Cells: four categories Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic acids. Carbohydrates (sugars) used by organisms for energy. Read all about these and be familiar with the terms monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, glucose, starch and glycogen. Lipids fats and oils. Used for insulation and energy reserves. Read all about these and be familiar with the terms glycerol, fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, trans fats, omega 3 fatty acids steroids and cholesterol. Proteins the building blocks of life. Almost all of our structure and function is based on proteins. Know the 6 main functions of proteins. support, metabolism, transport, defense, regulation, motion Know the terms enzyme, hemoglobin, amino acids (20 of them), peptide bond, polypeptide and denatured. enzyme: usually a protein that speeds a reaction in cells due to its shape hemoglobin: a complex protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen amino acids: organic molecule composed of an amino group and an acid group peptide bond: the resulting covalent bond between two amino acids polypeptide: a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds denatured: broken down and inactivated The shape of proteins is important. Can be classified as fibrous or globular

 Fibrous proteins adopt a rod-like structure Nucleic Acids DNA, RNA and ATP. Very important molecules read about these. DNA stores genetic information. RNA is the molecule that aids in transcribing and translating DNA into proteins needed by the body. ATP is the energy molecule in living organisms. It can be described as the energy currency of cells when cells need energy, they spend the ATP.