Chapter 1b

Circuit switching Networks

1

Circuit Switching Networks

Chapter1a

Circuit switching Multiplexing

Chapter1b

Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET) Circuit Switches

Chapter1c

Telephone network: subscriber lines, digital subscriber lines (DSL) Signaling: telephone & SS7 Traffic Management

Chapter1d

Broadband circuit-based access networks:

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), Very High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL)

SONET/SDH
Digital

transmission standards for fiber-optic cable Independently developed in USA & Europe SONET(Synchronous Optical Network) by ANSI SDH(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) by ITU-T Synchronous network using synchronous TDM multiplexing All clocks in the system are locked to a master clock It contains the standards for fiber-optic equipments Very flexible to carry other transmission systems (DS0, DS-1, etc)

SONET/SDH Architecture

Architecture of a SONET system: signals, devices, and connections Signals: SONET(SDH) defines a hierarchy of electrical signaling levels called STSs(Synchronous Transport Signals, (STMs)). Corresponding optical signals are called OCs(Optical Carriers)

SONET/SDH Architecture
SONET

devices: STS multiplexer/demultiplexer, regenerator, add/drop multiplexer, terminals

SONET/SDH Architecture
Connections:

SONET devices are connected using sections, lines, and paths Section: optical link connecting two neighbor devices: mux to mux, mux to regenerator, or regenerator to regenerator Lines: portion of network between two multiplexers Paths: end-to-end portion of the network between two STS multiplexers

SONET Layers

SONET defines four layers: path, line, section, and photonic Path layer is responsible for the movement of a signal from its optical source to its optical destination Line layer is for the movement of a signal across a physical line Section layer is for the movement of a signal across a physical section, handling framing, scrambling, and error control Photonic layer corresponds to the physical layer of OSI model

Device-Layer Relationship in SONET

SONET Frames

Each synchronous transfer signal STS-n is composed of 8000 frames. Each frame is a two-dimensional matrix of bytes with 9 rows by 90 n columns.

A SONET STS-n signal is transmitted at 8000 frames per second Each byte in a SONET frame can carry a digitized voice channel

10

SONET Frames

In SONET, the data rate of an STS-n signal is n times the data rate of an STS-1 signal In SONET, the duration of any frame is 125 s

11

SONET Frames: STS-1

Section overhead () is recalculated for each SONET device

Line overhead ()

12

SONET Frames: SPE

SPE(Synchronous Payload Envelope) contains the user data and the overhead related to the user data (path overhead) Path overhead is only calculated for end-to-end at STS multiplexers

13

Overhead Summary

14

SPE Encapsulation
Offsetting of SPE related to frame boundary

Use of H1 and H2 pointers to show the start of an SPE in a frame

15

STS Multiplexing
STS multiplexing/demultiplexing and byte interleaving

16

An STS-3 Frame
Byte interleaving preserves the corresponding section and line overhead

17

Add/Drop Multiplexer
Only remove the corresponding bytes and replace them with the new bytes including the bytes in the section and line overhead

18

SONET Network

Point-to-point network

Multipoint network

19

Automatic Protection Switching

To create protection against failure in linear networks

20

Ring Network: UPSR

Unidirectional Path Switching Ring (UPSR)

21

Ring Network: BLSR

Bidirectional Line Switching Ring (BLSR)

22

Ring Network: Combination

Combination of UPSR and BLSR

23

Mesh Network
Ring network has the lack of scalability Mesh network has better performance

24

Virtual Tributaries

Partial payload that is inserted into an STS-1 frame Each component of subdivided SPE Provides backward compatibility with the current hierarchy Four types of VTs

VT1.5 : For DS-1(T-1: 1.544Mbps) VT2: For European CEPT-1(E-1: 2.048Mbps)

25

VT Types

26

Circuit Switching Networks

Chapter2a

Circuit switching Multiplexing

Chapter2b

Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET) Circuit Switches

Chapter2c

Telephone network: subscriber lines, digital subscriber lines (DSL) Signaling: telephone & SS7 Traffic Management

Chapter2d

Broadband circuit-based access networks:

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), Very High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL)

27

Circuit Switches
Physical

cable connection that allows information flow between inputs and outputs to the network Interconnection of switches (nodes) Function: transfer signal which arrives at given input to an appropriate output

28

(a) Network

Link

Switch User n

User 1

User n-1

(b) Switch 1 2 3

Control
1 2 3

Connection of inputs to outputs

N
Figure 4.21

29

Digital Switch Provide transparent signal path between devices Allow a full-duplex transmission Network Interface Represents the functions and hardware needed to connect digital devices Examples: data processing devices, digital telephones, analog telephones (optional) Control Unit Establish connections Generally done on demand Handle and acknowledge requests Determine if destination is free Construct a path through the switch Maintain connection Disconnect

Figure 9.3 Elements of a Circuit Switch Node

Blocking Issues
1. Blocking

30

Important characteristic of a circuit-switching device:

Occur when a network is unable to connect stations because all paths are in use A blocking network allows this Used on voice systems Short duration calls

2. Non-blocking

Permits all stations to connect (in pairs) at once

Used for some data connections

31

Two

Circuit Switching Technologies

Space

Division Switches Time Division Switches

32

Space-Division Switching
Originally developed for analog environment Separate physical paths (divided in space) Each connection requires the establishment of a physical path through the switch

Dedicated solely to the transfer of signals between 2 endpoints

Basic building block of the switch:
Metallic crosspoint/semiconductor gate that can be enabled and disable by control unit

Crossbar switch
Number of crosspoints grows as square of number of stations Loss of crosspoint prevents connection Inefficient use of crosspoints All stations connected, only a few crosspoints in use

Non-blocking

33

Space Division Switches

Originally

this technology was designed for the analog

network. Dedicated solely to the transfer of signals between two endpoints. Each connection requires the establishment of a physical path through the switch. Separate physical paths - The paths in the circuit are separated from each other spatially. Implemented in Crossbar Switches and Multistage Switches.

34

Crossbar Switches
Features Connects n input to m outputs in a grid. Cross points are n x m . Using electronic micro switches (transistors) at each cross point. Non-blocking Disadvantages Huge cross bar size The number of cross points grows with the square of the number of the attached input device (usually n=m) Inefficient utilization - In practical, less than 20% cross points are used at a given time.
To

overcome the above limitations, Multistage Switch is employed.

35

Crossbar Switches

36

Space-Division Switches
1 2

N
N-1 2 1 Crossbar switch N x N array of crosspoints It is a nonblocking switch

Requests never denied Only denied when line already engaged

Complexity is measured by number of crosspoints N2 Implementation difficulties for bigger inputs/outputs

E.g. 1000-input-by-1000-output switch requires 106 crosspoints

Figure 4.22

37

Multistage

Switches

Figure 8.3B - Multistage Switches

38

Multistage switches
2(N/n)nk + k (N/n)2 crosspoints

nxk
1

N/n x N/n
1

kxn
1

nxk N
inputs
2

kxn N/n x N/n

2

N
outputs

nxk
3

kxn
3

nxk
N/n

kxn
N/n

N/n x N/n
k

Multistage switch (with three smaller space-division switches) No necessarily nonblocking (if k < n)

Multistage Switches

39

Features Combine crossbar switches in several stages. Devices are linked to switches that, in return, are linked to a hierarchy of other switches. Design Depends on the number of stages and the number of switches required. Usually, middle stages have fewer switches than do the first and last stage. Provides several options for connecting each pair of linked devices. Advantage Reduce the number of cross points. Disadvantage More complex control Blocking occurs when a network is unable to connect stations because all path are in use. Blocking is usually during period of heavy traffic.

40

Clos Nonblocking Switching Fabric

nxk
1

N/n x N/n
1

kxn
1

Desired input

N/n x N/n n xk
j

n-1

Desired output

kxn N/n x N/n

m

n+1

N/n x N/n
2n-2

nxk
N/n

N/n x N/n
2n-1

kxn
N/n

Different intermediate switch A multistage switch is nonblocking if k = 2n - 1

41

3x5
1

7x7
1

5x3
1

3x5
2

5x3
2

3x5
3

7x7
2

5x3
3

Desired input

3x5
4

7x7
3

5x3
4

Desired output

3x5
5

5x3

7x7
4

3x5
6

5x3
6

3x5
21

7x7
5

5x3
7
21

A multistage switch is nonblocking if k = 2n - 1

42

Time Division Switches

Modern

digital systems rely on intelligent control of space and time division elements Use digital time division techniques to set up and maintain virtual circuits Partition low speed bit stream into pieces that share higher speed stream

43

Time-Division Switching
Virtually all modern circuit switches use this technique for establishing and maintaining circuits Partition low speed bit stream into pieces that share higher speed stream For example: TDM bus switching Based on synchronous time division multiplexing Each station connects through controlled gates to high speed bus (bus = line) Time slot allows small amount of data onto bus Another lines gate is enabled for output at the same time

Figure 9.6 TDM Bus Switching

44

Time-Division Switches
1 From 2 TDM DeMUX 24 24
Read slots in permuted order

23

24

23 1 2 To TDM MUX

24

Using single high-speed line Time-slot interchange (TSI), read and write into memory E.g. First pair assigned slots 1 and 23 (incoming). Need to route to slots 23 and 1 in the outgoing
Figure 4.25

45

Time Division Switches

Time Slot Interchanger (TSI) The ordinary TDM configuration:

Data from input device n go to output device n. Imagine if we want data from input device n go to output device m, how do we do this? Answer: Insert a device called Time Slot Interchange (TSI) into the link.

Figure 8.4A Time-division multiplexing, without and with a timeslot interchange

 Features

46

The TSI changes the ordering of the slots based on the desired connection. How does a TSI works?

A TSI consist of RAM with several memory locations. The size of each location is the same as the size of a single time slot. The number of location is the same as the number of inputs. The RAM fills up with the incoming data from the time slots in the order received. Slots are then sent out in an order based on the decisions of the Control Unit.

Figure 8.4B Time Slot Interchanger

47

TDM Bus The input and output lines are connected to a high speed bus through input and output gates (micro switches). Each input gate is closed during one of the four time slots. During the same time slot, only one output gate is closed. This pair of gates allows burst of data to be transferred from one specific input line to one specific output line using the bus. The Control Unit opens and closes the gates according to the switch need.

Figure 8.4C TDM Bus

48

Time-Space-Time Switches
nxk
1

N/n x N/n
1

kxn
1

N
inputs

nxk
2

input TDM frame with n slots

nxk
3

nxk
N/n

output TDM frame with k slots

TSI-crossbar-TSI

Figure 4.26

49

first slot

first slot

n xk
1

N/n x N/n
1

kx n
1

n xk
2

kxn
N/n x N/n
2 2

nxk
N/n

kxn N/n x N/n

kth slot
k N/n

kth slot
Figure 4.27

50

TSI Stage
TDM n slots

Space Stage
TDM k slots TDM k slots

TSI Stage

nxk
1

kx n
1

n slots

nxk
2

kx n
N/n x N/n
Time-Shared Space Switch
2

N
inputs
n slots

N
outputs

nxk
3

kx n
3

n slots

nxk
N/n

kx n
N/n

Figure 4.28

51

Example: A 4 x 4 Time-Space-Time Switch

B2 A2 B1 A1

2x3
1

B1 A1

C1 A1

3x2
1

A1 C1

D2 C2 D1 C1

2x3
2

D1 C1

D1 B1

3x2
2

B1 D1

Figure 4.29

52

A 4 x 4 Time-Space-Time Switch
B2 A2 B1 A1

2x3
1

B1 A1

C1 A1

3x2
1

A1 C1

D2 C2

D1 C1

2x3
2

D1 C1

D1 B1

3x2
2

B1 D1

A B

C A

Solution
C D D B

End of Chapter 1b
Question?

53