CHAPTER 2 MOTION

A. DEFINITION OF MOTION An object is said to be in motion if its position or location changes toward something which is considered at rest (as reference). An object is not always considered moving toward another object. Motions are defined relatively toward certain points of reference, and this point of reference are used to define how far the object move. A B C

The position of B is change toward A, the position of C is change toward A, but the position of B is not change toward C, so B is moving toward A, C is moving toward A, while B is not moving toward (rest) toward C. B. DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT Distance is the length of path which is covered by the object without considering its moving direction. Displacement is the length of the path which is covered by an object and its direction. Example: K A 50 m 50 m B L

Car K move 50 meters from A to B, and car L move 50 meters from B to A. Car K moved 50 meters to the right (A-B), and car L moved 50 meters to the left (B-A). An object traveling from P to Q to cover the distance 4 m then from Q to R to cover 3 m. P 4m Q 3m R
Chapter 2 - Motion

Based on figure beside, the distance from PQ-R = 4m + 3 m = 7 m Displacement = distance from P to R = 4 2 + 32 = 16 + 9 = 25 =5m

1. Speed The speed of an object is the result of the distance divided by the time required to cover the distance. It can be formulated: v = time required = t
distance

v = speed of an object (m/s) S = the distance of an object (m) t = time required( s)

The unit of speed in everyday practice common to use km/hour. Average Speed An average speed defined the total distance to be covered divided by the total time required to cover the distance. Mathematically can be written:
v=

S t

v = average speed (m/s)

S = total distance traveled ( m) t = amount of time required ( s) read "SIGMA the meaning of number/amount Examples: 1) A bus is traveling fast on a highway with speed of 54 km/hour. What is the speed in m/s unit? Given Asked Answer:
v= 54 km 54.000 m 15 m = = = 15 m/s 1 hour 3600 s s

: v = 54 km/h : v in m/s unit

2) Dina rides a motorcycle need 20 minutes to cover 12 kilometers. What is the speed of Dinas motorcycle? Given Asked Answer:
v= 12 km 12.000 m 10 m = = = 10 m/s 2 0 minutes 1200 s s

: S = 12 km : t = 20 minutes = 1.200 s

Chapter 2 - Motion

3) A motorcycle in 4 seconds traveling to cover the distance of 56 meters. The distance in the first and the second seconds is 4 meters, and 5 meters. At the third second is 3 meters, and the last seconds is 2 meters. Calculate the average speed of the motorcycle! What is the average speed of a motorcycle at 2 nd seconds? Given: t1 = 1 s t2 = 1 s t3 = 1 s t4 = 1 s S1 = 4 m S2 = 5 m S3 = 3 m S4 = 2 m
S = 14 m

=4s
Asked: a) v

b) v at t = 2 s Answer: a) v = = =

S t

S1 + S2 + S3 + S4 t1 + t 2 + t 3 + t 4
4m + 5m + 3m + 2m 14m m = 3,5 = 1s + 1s + 1s + 1s 4s s

Therefor the average speed of the motorcycle is 3,5 m/ s. b) v =

S1 + S2 t1 + t 2

4 m + 5 m 9m = = 4,5 m/s 1 s +1 s 2s

Therefor the average speed of a motorcycle on the second moment is 4,5 m/s. 2. Velocity Velocity is the speed of an object in a given direction. It can be formulated as follows: velocity =
displacement d = time interval t

v = velocity of an object (m/s) d = displacement of an object (m) t = time interval ( s) The unit of velocity in everyday practice common to use km/hour. Example:
Chapter 2 - Motion

Demak

Semarang

A car is traveling fast on the highway from Demak to Semarang to cover 36 kilometers need the time of 30 minutes. What is the velocity of a car? Given : d = 36 km = 36.000 m Asked : t = 30 minutes = 1800 s Answer:
v= 36.000 m to west 36.000 m to west 20 m to west = = = 20 m/s to Semarang 180 0 s 1800 s s

If the object does not move in a straight line (it change direction/to the opposite direction), the speed will not be the same as the velocity. The distance covered by the object is not the same as its displacement. Example: Handar walk 45 meters to the North in 30 seconds, and then changes his directions and walk 25 meters to the South in 20 second. Determine: a. Distance covered by Handar. b. Displacement performed by Handar. c. Average speed. d. Average velocity. Given: distance = 45 m P Asked: a. S b. d c. Average speed d. Average velocity Answer: a. S = 45 m + 25 m = 70 meters So, the distance covered by Handar is 70 meters. b. d = 45 m 25 m = 20 m So, the displacement covered by Handar is 20 meters. c. Average speed: S 70 m v= = = 1,8 m/s t 50 s
Chapter 2 - Motion

Q distance = 25 m

d. Average velocity:

v=

d 20 m = = 0,4 m/s to the right t 50 s

D. RECTILINEAR MOTION 1. Uniform Rectilinear Motion (URM) Uniform rectilinear motion is rectilinear motion with a constant speed, so the object covers the same distance in the same time interval. The magnitude of speed can be written by formula: v=
S ; t

v = speed of an object (m/s) d = distance that an object (m) t = time required( s)

In the International System (SI), speed expressed in units m/s, but in practical in everyday life, speed is often expressed in km/h. The graph correlation of velocity (v) with time (t) at uniform rectilinear motion is shown by the figures below. v (m/s)

t (s) The graph relationship between distance (S) and time (t) on uniform rectilinear motion to show bellow. S (meter)

t (s) Example: 1. A car drove up with the speed of 72 km/h. Conversion the unit of speed of the car in SI units!

Chapter 2 - Motion

Given: v = 72 km/h. Asked : v in unit m/s Answer: Answer: v = 72

km 72 km 72.000 m m = = = 20 h 1h 3.600 s s

2. A train moving at fixed speed. If a 10 second the distance of the train is 250 meters. What is the speed of the train? Given : t = 10 s S = 250 m Asked : v Answer : v= t
S

250 m m = 25 10 s s

2. Accelerated Uniform Rectilinear Motion (AURM) Accelerated Uniform Rectilinear Motion is rectilinear motion changes which have the speed all the time is always changing on a regular.

Accelerated a. Uniform accelerated motion

Decelerated

Uniform accelerated motion is the motion of a straight line up to have the speed all the time is always increased on a regular. Examples: ball rolling on inclined plane, and the fruit that falls from the tree. The graph correlation velocity (v) with time (t) at uniform accelerated motion to be show: v (m/s)

t (s) The graph relationship distance (S) with time (t) at uniform accelerated motion S (meter)

Chapter 2 - Motion

t (second) b. Uniform decelerated motion Uniform decelerated motion is a straight motion at any time always has the speed reduced (decrease) on a regular. Example: a ball is thrown vertically upward, bike or car moving and then be braked. Graphic correlation velocity (v) with time (t) at uniform decelerated motion. v (m/s)

t (s) Graphic relationship between distance (S) with time (t) at an uniform decelerated motion S (meter)

t (second) The formulas Uniform Accelerated Motion An object moving straight to a regular change of acceleration: a = t
v

or

a=

v v0 t

v0 = initial velocity; v = final velocity "read" DELTA its mean differences a = acceleration of an object (m/s2) v = velocity change (m/s) t = time required (s) Example: 1. A motorcycle moving with velocity 8 m/s, that it is accelerated so after 4 second moves with velocity 12 m/s. Calculate acceleration of motorcycle.
Chapter 2 - Motion

Given: v0 = 8 m/s v = 12 m/s Asked: a Answer: a=

v v0 12 m/s 8 m/s 4 m/s = = = 1 m/s2 t 4s 4s

2. A bus moving with speed 36 km/h, then in 4 seconds speed up become 72 km/hr. a. Account acceleration of a bus b. The distance bus during that time Given : v0 = 36 v = 72 t Asked : a) b) Answer: a) = 4s a d v = v0 + at or v0 + at = v at = v v0 a = v v0 = t 20
km 36 km 36.000 m m = = = 10 h 1h 3.600 s s km 72 km 72.000 m m = = = 20 h 1h 3.600 s s

m m m 10 10 s s = s = 2,5 m 4s 4s s2 m Therefor acceleration of bus is 2,5 2 s 2 b) d = v0 t + at m 1 m (4s) + (2,5 2 ) (4s) 2 = 10 s 2 s 1 m 2 = 40 m + (2,5 2 )(16s ) = 40 m + (40)m = 40 m + 20 m 2 s = 60 m

Chapter 2 - Motion