Management IS

Management Information Systems
IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
Learning Objectives
Define IT infrastructure and describe its components.
Identify and describe the stages of IT infrastructure evolution. Assess contemporary computer hardware platform trends. Assess contemporary software platform trends. Evaluate the challenges of managing IT infrastructure and management solutions.
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IT Infrastructure
IT Infrastructure
CONNECTION BETWEEN THE FIRM, IT INFRASTRUCTURE, AND BUSINESS CAPABILITIES
IT infrastructure:
Set of physical devices and software required to operate enterprise Set of firmwide services including:
Computing platforms providing computing services Telecommunications services Data management services Application software services Physical facilities management services IT management, standards, education, research and development services
Service platform perspective more accurate view of value of investments

FIGURE 5-1
The services a firm is capable of providing to its customers, suppliers, and employees are a direct function of its IT infrastructure. Ideally, this infrastructure should support the firms business and information systems strategy. New information technologies have a powerful impact on business and IT strategies, as well as the services that can be provided to customers. 4 Prentice Hall 2011


IT Infrastructure
IT Infrastructure
STAGES IN IT INFRASTRUCT URE EVOLUTION
Illustrated here are the typical computing configurations characterizing each of the five eras of IT infrastructure evolution.
Evolution of IT infrastructure
General-purpose mainframe & minicomputer era: 1959 to present 1958 IBM first mainframes introduced 1965 Less expensive DEC minicomputers introduced Personal computer era: 1981 to present 1981 Introduction of IBM PC Proliferation in 80s, 90s resulted in growth of personal software Client/server era: 1983 to present Desktop clients networked to servers, with processing work split between clients and servers Network may be two-tiered or multitiered (N-tiered) Various 5types of servers (network, application, Web) Prentice Hall 2011 Management Information Systems
FIGURE 5-2
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IT Infrastructure
A MULTITIERED CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK (N-TIER)
IT Infrastructure
Evolution of IT infrastructure (cont.)

Enterprise computing era: 1992 to present
Move toward integrating disparate networks, applications using Internet standards and enterprise applications It can link different types of computer hardware, including PCs, mobile phones, and other handheld devices. The enterprise infrastructure enable data to flow freely among different parts of the organisation.
FIGURE 5-3
In a multitiered client/server network, client requests for service are handled by different levels of servers.
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IT Infrastructure
Evolution of IT infrastructure (cont.)

Cloud Computing: 2000 to present
STAGES IN IT INFRASTRUCTURE EVOLUTION (cont.)
IT Infrastructure
Refers to a model of computing where firms and individuals obtain computing power and software applications over the Internet or other network Fastest growing form of computing with the global revenue expected to reach $89 billion in 2011 Thousands of computers are located in cloud data centers, where they can be accessed by desktop computers, mobile devices etc. IBM, HP, Dell and Amazon operate huge, scalable cloud computing centers that provide computing power, data storage and high-speed internet connections to firms
Illustrated here are the typical computing configurations characterizing each of the five eras of IT infrastructure evolution.
FIGURE 5-2
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What is Googles Cloud?
Infrastructure Components
What is Google's cloud? It's a network made of hundreds of thousands, or by some estimates 1 million, cheap servers, each not much more powerful than the PCs we have in our homes. It stores staggering amounts of data, including numerous copies of the World Wide Web. This makes search faster, helping ferret out answers to billions of queries in a fraction of a second. Unlike many traditional supercomputers, Google's system never ages. When its individual pieces die, usually after about three years, engineers pluck them out and replace them with new, faster boxes. This means the cloud regenerates as it grows, almost like a living thing. (Google and the Wisdom of Clouds, BusinessWeek, Dec 24, 2007)
IT Infrastructure has 7 main components

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Computer hardware platforms Operating system platforms Enterprise software applications Data management and storage Networking/telecommunications platforms Internet platforms Consulting system integration services
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IT Infrastructure
THE IT INFRASTRUCTURE ECOSYSTEM
There are seven major components that must be coordinated to provide the firm with a coherent IT infrastructure. Listed here are major technologies and suppliers for each component.
Computer hardware platforms

Client machines
Desktop PCs, mobile devices PDAs, laptops
Servers
Blade servers: ultrathin computers stored in racks
Mainframes:
IBM mainframe equivalent to thousands of blade servers
Top chip producers: AMD, Intel, IBM Top firms: IBM, HP, Dell, Sun Microsystems
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FIGURE 5-9
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Googles Chrome OS
Operating system platforms

Operating systems
Server level: 75% run Windows; 25% run Unix or Linux Client level: 90% run Microsoft Windows (XP, 2000, CE, etc.) Handheld device OSs (Android, iPhone OS) Cloud computing OSs Googles Chrome OS provides a lightweight OS for cloud computing using netbooks. Programs are not stored on the users PC but are used over the Internet and accessed through the Chrome Web browser.
Google Chrome OS is arriving just in time to take advantage of the perfect storm of cloud services, cheap hardware, and a new generation of platform-agnostic users. Unlike other Linux-based OSs, Chrome has brand recognition that even the biggest neophyte could get comfortable with. Chrome is also arriving just in time to take advantage of dirt-cheap hardware and super-broke consumers. The future for Chrome based netbooks is in the $200 and under space. At this price level, Microsoft would have to virtually give away Windows. Within a year or two, netbooks could hit the magical price of $99. For this price, people will happily purchase a computer that is nothing more than a simple and fast web-surfing device. While people might expect $300plus computers to have full-featured OSs they may be less critical when netbooks fall into the impulse buy price range, especially when paired with lightning-fast performance. (PC World, Google Chrome OS Could Be Pivotal in the Cloud Revolution Michael Scalisi, July 14, 2009)

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Enterprise software applications

Enterprise application providers: SAP and Oracle Middleware providers: BEA Integrating applications into seamless processes across the organization is the goal of enterprise software applications. These applications are becoming popular and more affordable for even small and medium-size business thanks to the proliferation of networks.
Data management and storage

Database software: IBM (DB2), Oracle, Microsoft (SQL Server), Sybase (Adaptive Server Enterprise), MySQL Physical data storage: EMC Corp (large-scale systems), Seagate, Maxtor, Western Digital Storage area networks (SANs): Connect multiple storage devices on dedicated network Create a large pool of storage that can be rapidly accessed and shared by multiple servers.
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Infrastructure Components Infrastructure Components
Internet platforms
Hardware, software, management services to support company Web sites, (including Web hosting services) intranets, extranets A web hosting service maintains a large Web server, or a series of servers and provides fee-paying subscribers with space to maintain their Web sites. Internet hardware server market: Dell, HP/Compaq, IBM Web development tools/suites: Microsoft (FrontPage, .NET) IBM (WebSphere) Sun (Java), independent software developers: Adobe, RealMedia
Networking/telecommunications platforms
Telecommunication services Telecommunications, cable, telephone company charges for voice lines and Internet access Network operating systems: Windows Server, Novell, Linux, Unix Network hardware providers: Cisco, Alcatel-Lucent, Nortel, Juniper Networks
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Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends
Consulting and system integration services

Even large firms do not have resources for a full range of support for new, complex infrastructure Software integration: ensuring new infrastructure works with legacy systems Legacy systems: older TPS created for mainframes that would be too costly to replace or redesign Accenture, IBM Global Services, EDS, Infosys, Wipro
The emerging mobile digital platform

Cell phones, smartphones (BlackBerry, iPhone) Have assumed data transmission, Web surfing, e-mail and IM duties Netbooks: Small, low-cost lightweight notebooks optimized for wireless communication and core computing tasks
Tablets (iPad) Networked e-book-readers (Kindle from Amazon.com)

Smartphones are getting smarter, and proving more reasons for users to migrate away from traditional desktop PC computing.


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Grid computing (contd) Grid computing

Connects geographically remote computers into a single network to combine processing power and create virtual supercomputer on the grid Takes advantage of the fact that most computers use their central processing units on average only 25% of the time for the work assigned, leaving these idle resources available for other processing tasks. Requires software programs to control and allocate resources on the grid. Client software communicates with a server software application. The server software breaks data and application code into chunks that are then parceled out to grids machines. The client machines perform their traditional tasks while running grid applications in the background. Three reasons why grid computing is appealing to companies include:
Cost savings Computational speed Computational agility
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Virtualization
It is the process of presenting a set of computing resources (such as computing power or data storage ) so that they can all be accessed in ways that are not restricted by physical configuration or geographical location. Allows single physical resource to act as multiple resources (i.e., run multiple instances of OS) It is the process of running multiple operating systems and application programs on one machine and increasing the overall utilization rates of the device. Instead of having ten servers running ten different applications, virtualization consolidates the programs onto one or two servers.
Virtualization (contd)
Also enables multiple physical resources (such as storage devices or servers) to appear as a single resource, as in grid computing. Makes it possible for a company to handle its computer processing and storage using computing resources housed in remote locations. VMware is the leading virtualization software vendor for Windows and Linux servers.
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Benefits of Virtualization It helps organisations increase equipment utilisation rates, conserving data center space and energy usage. Most servers run at just 15-20 % and virtualization can boost server utilisation to 70% or higher. Thus reducing hardware and power expenditures It allows businesses to run their legacy applications on older versions of an OS on the same server as newer applications. It facilitates centralization and consolidation of hardware administration
Cloud computing
On-demand (utility) computing services obtained over network
Cloud infrastructure as a service: Allows customers to process and store data, and use networking and other resources available from the cloud. Cloud platform as a service: The service provider offers infrastructure and programming tools to customers so they can develop and test applications. Cloud software as a service: The vendor provides software programs on a subscription fee basis.
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Cloud computing (contd)

Cloud can be public, private or hybrid
Public cloud: Owned and operated by external service providers; accessed through the Internet; available to anyone; generally used for non-sensitive data. Private cloud: Proprietary system owned and operated by a specific company; based on virtualization; available only to users inside the company; generally used for sensitive financial and personal data. Hybrid: A combination of public and private cloud
Green computing
Practices and technologies for manufacturing, using, disposing of computing and networking hardware to minimise impact on the environment. Data centers use more than 2 % of all U.S. electrical power in 2011. Cutting power consumption in data centers has become both a serious business and environmental challenge. IT is believed to contribute about 2% of the worlds greenhouse gases. A driver in minimizing the power consumption of computer processors is the proliferation of handheld devices; to reduce heat in the devices as well as lengthen time between battery charges.
Allows companies to minimize IT investments Drawbacks: Concerns of security, reliability (systems available 24/7)

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Autonomic computing
High performance, power-saving processors Multi-core processors

A multi-core processor is an integrated circuit to which two or more processor cores have been attached for enhanced performance, reduced power consumption, and more efficient simultaneous processing of multiple tasks. This technology enables two or more processing engines with reduced power requirements and heat dissipation to perform tasks faster than a resourcehungry chip with a single processing core.
Industry-wide effort to develop systems that can configure themselves, optimize and tune themselves, heal themselves when broken, and protect themselves from outside intruders and self-destruction Similar to self-updating antivirus software; Apple and Microsoft both use automatic updates
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Contemporary Software Platform Trends
Web Services
A set of loosely coupled software components that exchange information using Web standards and languages They can exchange information between two different systems regardless of the OS or programming languages on which the systems are based. They can be used to build open standard web-based applications linking systems of two different organizations. They can be used to create applications that link disparate systems within a single company. They are not tied to one OS or programming language and different applications use them to communicate with each other in a standard way without time-consuming custom coding.
Linux and open-source software
Open-source software: Produced by community of programmers, free and modifiable by user Linux: Open-source software OS Java:
Object-oriented programming language Operating system, processor-independent
Software for the Web
Ajax
Asynchronous JavaScript and XML Allows client and server to exchange small pieces of data without requiring the page to be reloaded
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Web Services (contd)

XML: Extensible Markup Language More powerful and flexible than HTML Can perform presentation, communication and storage of data Tagging allows computers to process data automatically SOAP: Simple Object Access Protocol Rules for structuring messages enabling applications to pass data and instructions WSDL: Web Services Description Language Framework for describing Web service and capabilities UDDI: Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration Directory for locating Web services
SOA: Service-oriented architecture

Set of self-contained services that communicate with each other to create a working software application Business tasks are accomplished by executing a series of these services. Software developers reuse these services in other combinations to assemble other applications as needed
Example: an invoice service to serve whole firm for calculating and sending printed invoices
Dollar Rent A Car

Uses Web services to link online booking system with Southwest Airlines Web site

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HOW DOLLAR RENT A CAR USES WEB SERVICES
Software outsourcing and cloud services

Three external sources for software:
1. Software packages and enterprise software 2. Software outsourcing (domestic or offshore) Domestic: Primarily for middleware, integration services, software support Offshore: Primarily for lower level maintenance, data entry, call centers, although outsourcing for new-program development is increasing
FIGURE 5-10
Dollar Rent A Car uses Web services to provide a standard intermediate layer of software to talk to other companies information systems. Dollar Rent A Car can use this set of Web services to link to other companies information systems without having to build a separate link to each firms systems. 37 Prentice Hall 2011 38 Prentice Hall 2011

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Three external sources for software (cont.)

3. Cloud-based software services Software as a service (SaaS) : Services for delivering and providing access to software remotely as a Web-based service Accessed with Web browser over Internet Ranges from free or low-cost services for individuals to business and enterprise software Users pay on subscription or per-transaction E.g. Salesforce.com Service Level Agreements (SLAs): formal agreement with service providers

CHANGING SOURCES OF FIRM SOFTWARE
In 2010, U.S. firms will spend over $265 billion on software. About 40 percent of that ($106 billion) will originate outside the firm, either from enterprise software vendors selling firmwide applications or individual application service providers leasing or selling software modules. Another 10 percent ($10 billion) will be provided by SaaS vendors as an online cloud-based service.
FIGURE 40 5-11
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Management Issues
Software outsourcing and cloud services (cont.)

Mashups Combinations of two or more online applications, such as combining mapping software (Google Maps) with local content Apps Small pieces of software that run on the Internet, on your computer, or on your cell phone iPhone, BlackBerry, Android Generally delivered over the Internet
Dealing with platform and infrastructure change

As firms shrink or grow, IT needs to be flexible and scalable Scalability: Ability to expand to serve larger numbers of users For mobile computing and cloud computing New policies and procedures for managing these new platforms Contractual agreements with firms running clouds and distributing software required
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Revision Questions
1. List and describe the components of IT infrastructure that firms need to manage. 2. Describe the evolving mobile platform, grid computing, and cloud computing. 3. Define and describe Web services and the role played by XML. 4. Name and describe the three external sources for software. 5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing?
References
Management Information Systems, Laudon & Laudon, 12th Edition

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Management Information Systems

IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

Define IT infrastructure and describe its components.

IT INFRASTRUCTURE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

Management Information Systems

Management Information Systems

Service platform perspective more accurate view of value of investments

Management Information Systems

Management Information Systems

Prentice Hall 2011

Management Information Systems

Evolution of IT infrastructure (cont.)

Prentice Hall 2011

Prentice Hall 2011

Management Information Systems

Management Information Systems

Evolution of IT infrastructure (cont.)

STAGES IN IT INFRASTRUCTURE EVOLUTION (cont.)

Prentice Hall 2011

Management Information Systems

What is Googles Cloud?

IT Infrastructure has 7 main components

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Management Information Systems

Management Information Systems

Computer hardware platforms

Management Information Systems

Management Information Systems

Operating system platforms

Management Information Systems

Management Information Systems

Enterprise software applications

Data management and storage

Management Information Systems

Management Information Systems

Infrastructure Components Infrastructure Components

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Management Information Systems

Management Information Systems

Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends

Consulting and system integration services

The emerging mobile digital platform

Tablets (iPad) Networked e-book-readers (Kindle from Amazon.com)

Management Information Systems

Management Information Systems

Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends

Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends

Grid computing (contd) Grid computing

Management Information Systems

Management Information Systems

Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends

Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends

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Management Information Systems

Management Information Systems

Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends

Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends

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Management Information Systems

Management Information Systems

Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends

Contemporary Hardware Platform Trends

Cloud computing (contd)