ELECTRICITY

Pg:-200 Question 1: Solution:-A continuous and closed path of an electric current is called an electric circuit. An electric circuit consists of electric devices, source of electricity and wires that are connected with the help of a switch. Question 2: Solution:-The unit of current is ampere (A). 1 Ampere is defined as the flow of 1 Coulomb of charge through a wire in 1 second. Question 3: Solution:-We know that the a electron have charge of 1.6 1019 C e =1.6 1019 C. , Total charge required 1Coulomb , q = 1C Since q=ne n =q/e n = 1/1.6 1019 6.251018 61018 electrons.

Pg:-202

Question 1: Solution:- Any source of electricity like battery, cell, power supply, etc. helps to maintain a potential difference across a conductor. Question 2: Solution:-When 1 Joule of work is done to move a charge of amount 1 Coulomb from one place to another, then it is said that the potential difference between the two points is 1 Volt (V). Question 3: Solution:-The energy given to each coulomb of charge is equal to the amount of work which is done in moving it. Now we know that Potential difference = Work done = Potential difference charge Where, Charge = 1 C and Potential difference = 6 V Work done = 61 = 6 Joule. Pg:-209 Question 1: Solution:- Factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends are: (a) Length of the conductor (b) Cross-sectional area of the conductor (c) Nature of the material of the conductor

Temperature Question 2: Solution:-Current will flow more easily through a thick wire because the resistance is inversely proportional to the area of cross-section of the

wire. Which means when the area of cross section of the wire increases then resistance decreases or vice versa. Question 3: Solution:-According to Ohms law V = IR I=V/R ---------- (1) Now Potential difference is decreased to half New potential difference V=V/2 Resistance remains constant So the new current I = V/R = (V/2)/R = (1/2) (V/R) = (1/2) I = I/2 Question 4: Solution:-Coils of electric toasters and electric irons made of an alloy rather than a pure metal because the resistivity of an alloy is higher than the pure metal. Also at high temperatures, the alloys do not melt easily. Question 5: Solution:-(a) In the said table we can see that the resistivity of mercury is more than that of iron. Therefore iron is a better conductor than mercury. (b) In the said table we can see that the resistivity of silver is the lowest among the all materials. Hence, it is the best conductor.

Pg:-213

Question 1: Solution:-Three cells of potential 2 V, each connected in series therefore the potential difference of the battery will be 2 V + 2 V + 2 V = 6V. The following circuit diagram shows three resistors of resistances 5 , 8 and 12 respectively connected in series and a battery of potential 6 V and a plug key which is closed means the current is flowing in the circuit.

Pg:-216
Question 1:

Question 3: Solution:-When the electric appliances are connected in parallel then each device get same potential difference also the total effective resistance is reduced.

Pg:-218
Question 1: Solution:-The heating element of the heater is made up of alloy which has very high resistance so when current flows through the heating element, it becomes too hot and glows red. But the resistance of cord which is usually of copper or aluminium is very law so it does not glow. Question 3: Solution:-Given that Resistance(R) = 20 , Electric current (I)= 5 A and time(t)= 30 s Now we know that H= I2Rt = 552030 = 15000J=1.5104J The heat developed in 30s

Pg:-220

Question 1: Solution:-The rate at which energy is delivered by a current is the power of the appliance. is 1.5104J

EXERCISES
Question 2: Answer (b) Power cannot be represented by IR2. Question 5: Solution:-A voltmeter must always be connected in parallel to measure -the potential difference between two points. Question 8: Solution:-We have potential difference (V) = 12V Electric current (I)=2.5 mA= 2.410-3 According to Ohms Law (V) = IR Or R = V/I Question 13: Solution:-Supply voltage, V = 220 V Here Resistance of one coil, R =24 (i) Coils are used separately According to Ohms law, V=I1R1 I1 is the current flowing through the coil I1=V/R1=220/24=9.166A current flow through the coil when used separately is 9.16 A. (ii) Coils are connected in series R2=24 +24 =48 According to Ohms law I2=V/R2=220/48=4.58A the current flowing through the series circuit is 4.58A (iii) Coils are connected in parallel

According to Ohms law I3=V/R3=220/12=18.33A the current flowing through the parallel circuit is 18.33A Question 14: Answer: (i) Potential difference (V) = 6 V Here 1 and 2 resistors are connected in series. equivalent resistance of the circuit (R) = 1 + 2 = 3 According to Ohms law V = IR Or I=V/R=6/3=2A the current through the circuit (I)=2A Now the power used in the 2 resistor we know that Power = I2R = 222=8W (ii) Potential difference, V = 4 V 12 and 2 resistors are connected in parallel. The voltage across each component of a parallel circuit remains the same. Hence, the voltage across 2 resistor will be 4 V. Power consumed by 2 resistor is given by

the power used by 2 resistor is 8 W. Question 15: Solution:-Both the bulbs are connected in parallel. Therefore, potential difference across each of them will be same that is 220 V, Current drawn by the bulb of rating 100 W is given by I=P/V =100/220=0.4545...A Similarly, current drawn by the bulb of rating 60 W is given by I=P/V =60/220=0.2727...A the total current drawn from the line =0.4545+0.2727=0.727A Question 16: Answer:-For T.V set Power (P) = 250w, Time (t) = 1hr=6060=3600s For Toaster Power (P) = 1200w, Time (t) = 10min=1060=600s

We know that Energy (E) = Pt Energy consumed by a TV set = 250 3600 = 9 105J Energy consumed by a toaster = 1200 600 = 7.2 105J the energy consumed by a 250 W TV set in 1 h is more than the energy consumed by a toaster of power 1200 W in 10 minutes.

Question 17: Answer:-Here Given that Resistance of the electric heater (R) = 8 Current drawn (I) = 15 A We know that P = I2R = 15158 = 1800w or J/s Heat is produced by the heater at the rate of 1800 J/s. Question 18: Answer:-(a) The melting point and of Tungsten is an alloy which has very high melting point and very high resistivity so does not burn easily at a high temperature. (b) The conductors of electric heating devices such as bread toasters and electric irons are made of alloy because resistivity of an alloy is more than that of metals which produces large amount of heat. (c) In series circuits voltage is divided. Each component of a series circuit receives a small voltage so the amount of current decreases and the device becomes hot and does not work properly. Hence, series arrangement is not used in domestic circuits. (d) Resistance (R) of a wire is inversely proportional to its area of cross-section (A), i.e. when area of cross section increases the resistance decreases or vice versa. (e) Copper and aluminium are good conductors of electricity also they have low resistivity. So they are usually used for electricity transmission.