Objective : Study of different types of Hand tools used in workshop

Introduction :

The technique of fitting parts together after fabrication or manufacturing the parts is called assembly work. To do so, it is necessary to some parts filling, threading, hammering or sawing jobs which are done on working bench or fitting table. Most jobs or fasteners would be useless without quick, easy means of installing and removing them. A good workman always selects the proper tool for the job and must be skilled in the use of numerous hand tools. In addition, the machinist must also know the various types of tools available to do a particular job, how to select the best type and the size for a given job and how to care for and store tools when not in use. The tools which are used by hand with physical labor or used for manual work are known as hand tools. The following three rules are important to get the best output from the tools, - Purchase only quality tools. - Keep tools in safe condition. - Use the right tools for the right job. Hand tools fall into two major groups: # Non-cutting Hand Tools. # Cutting Hand Tools.

Non-cutting hand tools: # Hammering tools:

Hammer Hammer is used to deliver a flat blow (force) or to shape and form metal. Hammer comes in many types, sizes and shapes. The size used depends on the work size and required force. Hammers are two types according to their materials: - Hard hammer. - Soft hammer Hard hammer are made of carbon steel. It is heat treated to make the striking faces hard. They are used for striking punches, cold chisels, steel letter and figures. It also used for forging hot metal, riveting, bending, straightening and swaging. Three types of hard hammer are used in machine and metal trades: - Ball-peen hammer. - Straight-peen hammer. - Cross-peen hammer.

Parts of a Ball-peen Hammer

Ball-peen hammer Straight-peen hammer Cross-peen hammer Soft hammers used in assemble and disassemble operation in place of steel hammer to protect machine surface or fragile parts. Soft hammers may have the entire head made of a soft metal such as: lead, Babbitt metal, copper and brass having striking surface made of plastic, rubber wood and rawhide etc.

Use:
# There is right way and wrong way to use a hammer, regardless of the type. # Always grips the hammer close to the end of the handle to increase leverage for a harder blow. # Whenever possible strike the object squarely with the full face of the head to prevent damage the hammer face and to the object. # Never strike a steel hammer on a machined surface or another hammer.

Fastening tools
- Screwdriver - Hand wrench Screwdriver is used to install and remove threaded fasteners. Common types of screwdrivers are: - Flat head screwdriver - Phillips-head or cross head screwdriver - Offset screwdriver

Flat head screwdriver Offset screwdriver

Phillips-head screwdriver

Use:
slot. 1. The worker should select a tip size that is almost the width and length of the screw 2. The tip of the blade should be flat so that it can be held firmly against the bottom of the slot. 3. Do not use a screwdriver as chisel.

Hand wrench:
There are many types of wrenches available, each intended for a special use.

Open end wrench

Adjustable open end wrench

Box wrench

Pipe wrench

Socket wrench with handle Allen wrench

Set screw or

Spanner

Torque wrench

Use:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Be sure that wrench correctly fits the nut or bolt. Always pulls in a wrench, dont push. If you must push, use the base of your palm and keep your hand open. Never use a pipe piece on a wrench. Never hammer on a wrench. - Bench vises - Clamps - Pliers

# Clamping tools

*Bench vises:
- Bench vise is a device to clamp work between their jaws. - Regular vise jaws are serrated (grooved) to provide a good gripping surface. - To prevent damage of machined parts some time protective jaw cover is used. . 1. Never use a hammer to tighten or loosen a vise, the weight of the body is sufficient. 2. Always uses a vise big enough for the parts or type of work to be held.

Use:

*Clamps:
Clamps are more portable and versatile than vises, but dont hold the complete work stationary. However, they are handy for fastening materials together, as while welding and grinding. Clamps are two types: - C-clamp. - Parallel clamp.

C-clamp

Parallel clamp

*Pliers:
- Pliers are used for gripping, turning and drawing, wire and small parts. - Cutting metal wires and pins. There are many types of pliers used in the workshop. Some of them are: *Combination pliers: - They are made of holding work; not for tightening or loosing nuts. - A slip joint permits the jaws to be opened wider. *Diagonal cutting pliers: - They are ideal for pulling cotter pins. Also be used for spreading the end of the cotter pins. - Never use diagonal pliers for cutting large gauge wire.

Combination pliers

Diagonal cutting pliers

*Side cutting pliers : Are used for service technician who cuts a lot of gauge wire. *Needle nose pliers : Are used primarily for handling small objects and for reaching into restricted areas. Never force them beyond their gripping capacity. *Snap ring pliers : Used to spread snap rings just the right amount as they are removed or installed. *Lock grip pliers : Used to clamp and hold a round object. One jaw is adjustable to fit different sizes of nuts, bolt heads and pipes or rod.

# Cutting and shaping hand tools Sawing tools

Hacksaw Hacksaw is mainly used for cutting of splitting metallic piece into parts. Main parts of hacksaw are frame and blade. Frame:1. Solid 2. Adjustable frame. Blade: Length-8, 10 & 12 Width-1/2 or mm Thickness- 0.025 or (0.6) Teeth TPI: 14 18 24 32 for for for for large section and mild materials. harder materials like tool steel, high carbon steel. structural iron, brass, copper, iron pipe and electrical conduit. cutting thins tubing and sheet metals.

Use:
-

Hacksaw Blade should be fastened sufficiently tight. Place blade in frame so teeth point away from handle. At first cutting should start with small number of teeth. Use sufficient pressure only on the forward stroke. For efficient cutting use 40 to 50 stroke/minute.

Chipping tools
*Chisel: - Are used for dividing and chipping. - Also used for breaking rivets and splitting nuts. Types of chisel: - Flat cold chisel; for general use. - Cape cold chisel; used for key way and groove cutting. - Round nose cold chisel; used for cutting semi circular grooves and chipping inside corners, which have a fillet or radius. - Diamond point cold chisel; for cutting V-groove and sharp corners.

Flat cold chisel

Cape cold chisel

Use:
- Always wears safety glasses while using a chisel. - Chisel will cut any metal softer than itself. - Always use a chisel that is big enough for the job and a hammer that is heavy enough for the size of chisel. - When grinding a chisel, never hold it against the grinding wheel for any long time.

# Filling tools
Files are extensively used to 1. Alter the shape of a part 2. Reduce the size. 3. Remove edges. 4. Finish surfaces that have tool marks.

Main parts of a file

Use:
Before attempting to use a file equip it with a tight fitting handle.

Normally push the file across the work. Never hammer on a file. Clean the file with a brush. Do not throw files around on the bench or into a drawer.

# Punching tool Hand punch

Use: To To To To make indentations. drive pins. align parts. punch holes.

Classification of punch:
# Starting punch. # Pin punch. # Center punch: Is used to make the location of hole that is to be drilled. The center punch has 60 to 90 included angels. # Aligns punch. # Prick punch: Is smaller than center punch and usually used for layout marking purpose. The included angle is 30 to 60.

Different types of punching tools

Measuring and layout tools:

One of the most important steps in the manufacture of any products is accurate measurement. The progress of mankind through the ages has been directly connected with the development of better ways to measure. There are many measuring and layout tools which are given below.

Scale
Steel scale: The most common measuring tool is a steel rule. Steel rules are measuring tools that depend largely on the users ability to read and line up the subdivisions mark on the rule. They are not intended for accuracy on terms of thousands of an inch.

Use:

Tri Scale:

- Work as layout. - Checking stock sizes. - Setting dividers and calipers

It is one kind of steel scale.

Tri Scale

Use: - Flatting a square on a work plane. Calipers

Outside Calipers A rule may be used to measure the diameter of the end of a bar. But it is not practical to measure diameter in between the ends as in the case of the detail in figure

Outside Calipers

Use: - Used to measure outside diameter Inside Calipers:

To measure the diameter of a whole, open the calipers to the approximate size, then hold one leg of the calipers against the whole and turn the adjusting screw until the other just touches the opposite side.

Inside Calipers

Use: - Used to measure inside diameters Dividers:

A divider consists of a pair of steel legs adjusted by a screw and nut and held together by a circular spring at one end, in which is inserted a handle.

Dividers

Use: Measuring distance between points.

For Scribing circles and arcs on metal.

Scriber:
A scriber is a sharp pointed steel tool used to scribe lines on metal.

Scriber

Use: To scribe line on metal Discussion

Hands tools play an important operation on operating machine. As an engineer we have to study this hand tools for the maintenance of the machine. A good skill on operating this hand tools will help us to take better step for analyzing and solving the systems error. Its our lacking for not having sufficient hand tools for us to know about them in the lab. But its our pleasure that lab operator is helpful to know about the tools. More-over we have to be enough cautious to handle the tools. Tools being used while we are working on a machine or at a bench should be kept within the reach of the operator and placed so they will not fall on the floor.

Conclusion
A skilled operator can operate the tools whenever he tries to solve the machines fault. So the study of hand tools will help us to solve the problem of machine. Its also necessary to know the actual name of the hand tools as well the local name.

Assignment

Q 1. Why should a hammer handle be gripped near the end?

Ans: A hammer handle should be near the grip because fall leverage may be gained when
using hammer. A solid blow is difficult to deliver when handle it too close. The amount of force which the hammer strikes depends in part on the length of the handle and the weight to get the more advantage it should be gripped near the end.

Q 2. What does draw filling mean? Ans: Drawing is the operation of pushing and pulling a file sidewise across the work. For the
purpose the file should be held firmly across one inch from the centre. Files are normally made to a longitudinal forward strokes , so a file with a shoot not be used for draw filling because of the possibility of scratching or scoring the work instead of shaving or shearing off the metal smoothly. When it is properly done, draw filling produces a surface with a finer finish.

Q 3. What does "mushroom head on a chisel mean? Why are mushroom head dangerous? Ans: A mushroom head on a chisel is a head that has been hammered until the end spreads
out to resemble a mushroom. A mushroom head should always to ground off and cutting edge -sharpened before using the chisel. The mushroom part of the head of the chisel may break off when struck by a hammer and the flying particles of steel may injure someone. The ragged edge may also injure the hand of the prison holding the chisel.