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Institusyong Teknolohikal ng Pilipinas

938 Aurora Blvd. Quezon City

Paano nabuo ang isang buhawi at mga lugar na tinamaan dito sa Pilipinas
Mananaliksik: Pacer, Klarence Medel C. ng ES12KA3

Ipinasa kay: G. Mark Madrona

DAHON NG PAGPAPATIBAY

Bilang pagtupad sa isa sa mga pangangailangan ng asignaturang Filipino 2, Pagbasa at Pagsulat Tungo sa Pananaliksik, ang pananaliksik na ito na pinamagatang Paano nabuo ang isang buhawi at mga lugar na tinamaan dito sa Pilipinas ay inihanda at iniharap mula sa kursong Batsilyer ng Siyensiya sa Ihinyerong Elektrikal para sa aking Guro. na si:

Mark Madrona

Tinanggap sa ngalan ng Kolehiyo ng Wika at Linggwistika, Institusyong Teknolohikal ng Pilipinas, bilang isa sa mga pangangailangan sa asignaturang Filipino 2, Pagbasa at Pagsulat Tungo sa Pananaliksik.

_________________________ G. MARK MADRONA Dalubguro

Petsa: _____________

PAHINA NG PAGPAPAKILALA

Ang pananaliksik na ito,pinamagatang Paano nabuo ang isang buhawi at mga lugar na

tinamaan dito sa Pilipinas,

ay inihanda ng isang persona, na nasa unang taon,kursong Batsilyer ng Siyensiya sa Ihinyerong Elektrikal

para sa aming Guro sa sekyong ES12KA3 na mapangasiwaan ni:

PACER, KLARENCE MEDEL C.

PASASALAMAT

Buong-puso namin pinasasalamatan ang mga sumusunod na indibidwal at tanggapan dahil sa pamamahagi ng kanilang suporta na naghantong sa matagumpay na pagbuo pamanahong-papel na ito: - kay G. Mark Madrona, an gaming propesor sa Filipino, sa paggabay sa bawat hakbang sa aming pag-aaral, sa pag-uudyok sa amin na mapaganda at mailathala ang aming papel, -sa mga kawani ng Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical Astronomical Services Administration at The National Library, para sa inyong walang-hintong obligasyon para magsilibi at tumulong sa mga
mananaliksik at sa mga mag-aaral, sa aming mga pangangailangan, mga libro, at impormasyon para makalikom ng mga bagong ideya.

- sa mga awtor, editor, at mananaliksik na aming pinaghanguan ng aming mahahalagang impormasyon - sa aking pamilya at mga kaibigan, na gumabay at sumuporta sa akin, sa pagpapahintulot sa akin makatapos nitong aking papel at higit sa lahat, - sa ating Diyos Amang Makapangyarihan, na kung hindi dahil sa kanya ay hindi kami maliliwanagan at hindi naming magagawa ang tamang mga hakbang upang matapos ang aming pinaghirapang trabaho. Muli, maraming-maraming salamat po sa inyong lahat.
AD OMNIA MAJOREM DEI GLORIAM!

-ANG MANANALIKSIK

Kabanata 1: Ang Suliranin at ang

Kaligiran nito

Panimula o Introduksyon Ang Buhawi ay isang bayolente, mapanganib, at umiikot na kolumna ng hangin na dumarapo o sumasayad kapwa sa kalatagan ng lupa ng daigdig at ng isang ulap na kumulonimbus, o sa hindi kadalasang pagkakataon, sa paanan ng isang ulap na kumulus. Dumarating ang mga

buhawi sa maraming mga sukat at laki ngunit

karaniwang nasa anyo ng isang nakikitang embudo ng kondensasyon, na

humihipo ang makipot na dulo sa lupa ng mundo, at kalimitang napapalibutan ng ulap o usok ng mga pinagguhuan o mga

nawasak at mga alikabok.Ang buhawi ay nabubuo sa ibabaw ng lupa samantalang and ipo-ipo naman ay nabubuo sa ibabaw ng tubig. Pero paano nga ba nabubuo ang isang buhawi? Dahil sa Supercell na tinatawag, ang Supercell ay isang higanteng thunderstorm na kinakikitaan ng presensya ng Mesocyclone, nagaganap ang mga ito, ang mahalumigmig at tuyong hangin ay nagsasama, tapos ang mahalumigmig na hangin ay babagsak at ang tuyong hangin ay aangat sa

atmospera, tapos ang tuyong hangin ay tatabingi at mamumuo ito ng anyong suso na ulap na parang imbudo ang itsura at pagkatapos ang kalangitan ay magiging madilim na berde at dito na magsisimula ang buhawi dadahang dahan itong tatama sa kalupaan.

Layunin ng Pag-aaral Ang layunin ko sa pag-aaral na ito ay para malaman kung paano ba nabubuo ang isang buhawi, tumama na ba ito sa ating bansa, at paano ito nalalaman ng mga experto sa atmospera, kaya ang malaking tanong dito ay Paano ba nagkakaroon ng buhawi? Tumama na ba ito sa Pilipinas? Kung tumama na, ilang beses na? At paano ba malalaman kung may buhawi na tatama sa ating bansa?

Kahalagahan ng Pag-aaral Itong pag-aaral ko na ito ay para sa mga tao na hindi pa nauunawaan at naliliwanagan tungkol sa buhawi, sapagkat may mga tao na hindi nila inaasahan na ito ay darating sa kanilang kinatitirikang lugar.

Saklaw at Limitasyon Ang pag-aaral ko na ito ay sumasaklaw lamang dito sa Pilipinas, lalo sa ang lugar na tinamaan ng buhawi.

Depinisyon ng Terminolohiya
1. A Supercell is a thunderstorm that is characterized by the presence of a Mesocyclone: a deep, persistently rotating updraft. For this reason, these storms are sometimes referred to as rotating thunderstorms. Of the four classifications of thunderstorms (Supercell, squall line, multi-cell, and single-cell), super cells are the overall least common and have the potential to be the most severe. Supercell are often isolated from other thunderstorms, and can dominate the local climate up to 32 kilometers (20 mi) away. 2. A Mesocyclone is a vortex of air, approximately 2 mi (3.2 km) to 50 mi (80 km) in diameter (the mesoscale of meteorology), within a convective storm. That is, it is air that rises and rotates around a vertical axis, usually in the same direction as low pressure systems in a given hemisphere. They are most often cyclonic, that is, associated with a localized low-pressure region within a severe thunderstorm. Such thunderstorms can feature strong surface winds and severe hail. Mesocyclones often occur together with updrafts in supercells, where tornadoes may form. Mesocyclones are believed to form when strong changes of wind speed and/or direction with height ("wind shear") sets parts of the lower part of the atmosphere spinning in invisible tube-like rolls. The convective updraft of a thunderstorm is then thought to draw up this spinning air, tilting the rolls' orientation upward (from parallel to the ground to perpendicular) and causing the entire updraft to rotate as a vertical column. Mesocyclones are normally relatively localized: they lie between the synoptic scale (hundreds of kilometers) and small scale (hundreds of meters). Radar imagery is used to identify these features. Mesoscale convective systems (MCS) can develop mesoscale convective vortexes which can spur later development of either another MCS or a tropical cyclone. 3. Wind shear, sometimes referred to as wind shear or wind gradient, is a difference in wind speed and direction over a relatively short distance in the atmosphere. Wind shear can be broken down into vertical and horizontal components, with horizontal wind shear seen across fronts and near

8 the coast, and vertical shear typically near the surface, though also at higher levels in the atmosphere near upper level jets and frontal zones aloft. Wind shear itself is a microscale meteorological phenomenon occurring over a very small distance, but it can be associated with mesoscale or synoptic scale weather features such as squall lines and cold fronts. It is commonly observed near microbursts and downbursts caused by thunderstorms, fronts, areas of locally higher low level winds referred to as low level jets, near mountains, radiation inversions that occur due to clear skies and calm winds, buildings, wind turbines, and sailboats. Wind shear has a significant effect during take-off and landing of aircraft due to its effects on control of the aircraft, and it has been a sole or contributing cause of many aircraft accidents. 4. An updraft or downdraft is the vertical movement of air as a weather related phenomenon. One of two forces causes the air to move. Localized regions of warm or cool air will exhibit vertical movement. A mass of warm air will typically be less dense than the surrounding region, and so will rise until it reaches air that is either warmer or less dense than itself. The converse will occur for a mass of cool air, and is known as subsidence. This movement of large volumes of air, especially when regions of hot, wet air rise, can create large clouds, and is the main cause of thunderstorms. Drafts can also be created by low or high pressure regions. A low pressure region will attract air from the surrounding area, which will move towards the center and then rise, creating an updraft. A high pressure region will then attract air from the surrounding area, which will move towards the center and sink, creating a downdraft.

Kabanata 2: Mga Kaugnay sa Pag-aaral at Literatura

Banyagang Pag-aaral A tornado is defined as a violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground. Significant advances in understanding tornadoes were made in the 1970s with the pioneering work of T.T. Fujita. Prime means of measurement for deducing the vortex structure of tornadoes in nature are photogrammetry, local and aerial surveys of damage. A notable outcome from the aerial surveys has been the development of the Fujita scale (F-scale) for classifying a tornado according to its damage potential (Fujita, 1981). In recent years mobile Doppler radars have been used to capture the velocity fields of real tornadoes for studying its flow features (Zrnic et.al 1985, Wurman et.al 1996, Wurman 2002, Bluestein et. al 2004, Lee and Wurman 2005). The availability of a combination of physical observation techniques and mobile radar techniques has paved way for better understating of tornadoes. (Natarajan et al. 2011)

Deadliest Tornadoes

Most tornadoes do not result in death, and of those that do, most claim only a few lives. Also, as a result of improved forecasting and early warning systems, the death toll from tornadoes has dropped significantly over the years, despite increasing populations in tornado-prone areas. Unfortunately, superviolent tornadoes are still documented, some with exceptional death tolls. Interestingly, a number of these devastating tornadoes have occurred outside of Tornado Alley, and several at times of day or year not normally associated with violent tornadoes. Although all of most deadly tornadoes occurred prior to the invention of the Fujita Scale, historical records of their damage have led them to be classified as either F4 or F5

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Rank 1

Date March 18, 1925 May 6, 1840

Estimated intensity* F5

State MO, IL, IN

Injuries (Deaths)

Remarks

Tri-State Tornado 2027 (695) Wikipedia Entry Tornado Project Page 109 (317) hit Nachez, MS NWS information Wikipedia Information Tornado Project Page

Unkn.

LA, MS

May 27, 1896

F4

MO, IL

The Great St. Louis Tornado Tornado Project Page The Great Cyclone. SIU 1000 (255) Press St. Louis American Local History Network 700 (216) hit Tupelo, MS NWS information Tornado Project Page

April 5, 1936 April 6, 1936 April 9, 1947 May 22, 2011 April 24, 1908 June 12, 1899 June 8, 1953

F5

MS

5 6 7 8 9 10

F4 F5 EF5 F4 F5 F5

GA TX, KS, OK MO LA, MS WI MI

hit Gainesville, GA 1600 (203) Tornado Project Page About N. Georgia 970 (181) 1,000 (158) 770 (143) 200 (117) 844 (116) Tornado Project Page Hit Joplin, MO NWS Summary hit Amite, LA and Purvis, MS Tornado Project Page hit New Richmond, WI Tornado Project Page

hit Flint, MI Tornado Project Page The ten deadliest documented tornado events

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Historical Records and Trends

One of the main difficulties with tornado records is that a tornado, or evidence of a tornado must have been observed. Unlike rainfall or temperature, which may be measured by a fixed instrument, tornadoes are ephemeral and very unpredictable. If a tornado occurs in a place with few or no people, it is not likely to be documented. Unfortunately, much of what we know as tornado alley was very sparsely populated until the 20th century, and so it is possible that many significant tornadoes may never have made it into the historical record. Much early work on tornado climatology in the U.S. was done by John Park Finley in his bookTornadoes, published in 1887. While some of Finley's safety guidelines have since been refuted as dangerous practices, the book itself remains a seminal work in tornado research. The University of Oklahoma has created a pdf copy of the entire book and made it accessible at: John Finley's 'Tornadoes' Today, nearly all of the United States is reasonably well populated, or at least covered by NOAA's Doppler weather radars. Even if a tornado is not actually observed, modern damage assessments by NWS personnel can discern if a tornado caused the damage, and if so, how strong the tornado may have been. This disparity between tornado records of the past and current records contributes a great deal of uncertainty regarding questions about the long-term behavior or patterns of tornado occurrence. Improved tornado observation practices have led to an increase in the number of reported weaker tornadoes, and in recent years the number ofEF-0 and EF-1 tornadoes have become more prevelant in the total number of reported tornadoes. In addition, even today many smaller tornadoes still may go undocumented in places with low populations or inconsistent communication facilities. With increased national Doppler radar coverage, increasing population, and greater attention to tornado reporting, there has been an increase in the number of tornado reports over the past several decades. This can create a misleading appearance of an increasing trend in tornado frequency. To better

12 understand the true variability and trend in tornado frequency in the U.S., the total number of strong to violent tornadoes (EF3 to EF5 category on the Enhanced Fujita scale) can be analyzed. These are the tornadoes that would have likely been reported even during the decades before Doppler radar use became widespread and practices resulted in increasing tornado reports. The bar chart below indicates there has been little trend in the frequency of the strongest tornadoes over the past 55 years. (NSSL NOAA, 2010) Ang mga impormasyon na ito ay galing sa National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration o NOAA, iyan ang ahensiya sa Estados Unidos kung saan sila ang tagapangasiwa sa pagbabantay sa ating atmospera, samakatuwid hindi lang ang NOAA ang nangangasiwa, pati rin ang National Severe Storms Laboratory o NSSL iyan ang ahensiya sa Estados Unidos na kung saan sila ang mga eksperto sa mga pinakabayolente at pinakamapinsalang Thunderstorms, Hails, Wind Winter at lalo na sa Buhawi. At ditto mo rin matatagpuan ang mga Storm Chasers kung silay tatawagin sapagakat sila ang mga kumukuha ng mga impormasyon sa o mga datos sa pagdating ng isang buhawi, sila ay merong mga sasakyan na may sariling radar, mga wind vane at aerovane para masukat ang bilis ng hangin ng isang buhawi.

Lokal na Pag-aaral
Ayon sa aking mga nasagap na impormasyon at sa aking palagay, dito sa Pilipinas wala pang nagtaya ng pag-aaral tungkol sa buhawi sapagkat bihira lamang dumaan ang isang buhawi sa ating bansa, paminsan minsan hindi natin namamalayan may dumating na pala, mga dalawampung segundo o isang minuto lamang nagtatagal ang isang buhawi at depende pa ito sa kanyang istruktura ng kanyang imbudo.

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Kabanata 4: Presentasyon at Interpretasyon ng mga Datos

Ang maraming katanungan ko sa pag-aaral na ito ay nakuha ko na ang mga kasagutan at ngayon, sisimulan ko ng ilahad lahat. Ang buhawi ay isang bayolente at mapanirang kolumna ng hangin na dumadapo o sumasayad kapwa sa kalagatan ng lupa ng daigdig at ng isang ulap na kumulonimbus o sa hindi kadalasang pagkakataon, sa paanan ng isang ulap na kumulus. Ito ay mapanganib sapagkat ang hangin nito ay sobrang lakas na umaabot sa 200-300 kilometro kada segundo na kayang kainin ang isang buong subdivision sa isang lugar, nakadepende ito sa kanyang istruktura kung malaki at malapad ito, kayang kaya niyang pulbusin ang isang village ng 30 segundo o 1 minuto. Nabubuo ito dahil sa pagsasanib ng mainit na tuyong hangin mula sa Golpo ng Mexico at mahalumigmig at basing hangin naman sa Hilagang Canada, kapag nagsanib na sila nag-iikutan silasa langit at ito ay tinatawag na updraft. Kapag tuloy tuloy ito parin sa pag-ikot ang dalawang hangin na ito, dito na nabubuo ang Mesocyclone, ang mesocyclone ay isang borteks na hangin na umaangat at umiikot sa patayong aksis, kadalasan kinakikitaan ito ng low pressure system sa kanyang kinatatayuan. Kapag tuloy tuloy ang proseso na ito ang Supercell naman ang nakikita, ito ay nabubuo sa pag-tuloy na pag-ikot ng updraft sa langit, kadalasan sa pagbuo nito may mga mapanganib na thunderstorms at precipitation ang nagaganap, lalo na ang mga kadalasang pagkidlat at pag-ulan ng yelo o Hail sa ingles. Kapag nangyari na ang lahat ng mga ito kakalas ang malamig na hangin papunta sa ibaba at ang mesocyclone ay dahang dahang bababa sa lupa at dito na nagkakaroon ng buhawi.

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At sa aking mga nakalap na impormasyon, eto ang listahan ng mga tumamang buhawi dito sa Pilipinas

Event
Macabebe Masantol, Philippines Southern Philippines Southern Philippines San Fernando, Pampanga Southern Philippines Los Baos, Laguna UP Diliman, Quezon City sSariaya, Quezon Perez, Quezon Can-avid, Eastern Samar Oton, Iloilo

Date
13 June 1968 14 June 1990 2 July 1994 16 October 1994 29 November 1994 14 August 2008 4 June 2009 14 June 2009 23 June 2009 23 June 2009 10 August 2009

Area
Philippines Southern Philippines Southern Philippines Philippines

Tornadoes
-

Casualties
12 fatalities 30 fatalities 2-13 fatalities 3 fatalities

Sources
-

Notes
-

Southern Philippines Los Baos, Laguna Philippines Quezon City, Philippines Sariaya, Quezon Province Perez, Quezon Province Can-avid, Eastern Samar Philippines Oton, Iloilo Philippines

14 fatalities

20 injured

Inquirer. net Inquirer. net Inquirer. net Inquirer. net Inquirer. Net 26 houses were damaged 12 shanties demolished 7 houses and a school were damaged

1 1 1 1

No reported deaths or injured At least 1 injured At least 4 dead -

20 elementary students were injured

Inquirer. 26 houses were damaged net

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_tornadoes_and_tornado_outbreaks

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At eto naman ang mapa ng pagtama ng mga buhawi sa Pilipinas ito ay naganap sa taong 1995-2012 (PAGASA, 2013)

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Kung ating papansinin natin ang unang pigura ng Kabanata 4, sa mga listahan 11 lamang ang tumama sa Pilipinas iyan ay ayon sa Wikipedia samantalang sa pangalawang pigura naman kung ating papansining maigi, sa loob ng 17 taon ay napakadami nang mga lalo na sa Southern Mindanao sa bandang Maguindanao, North Cotabato at South Cotabato Kung ating ipagkukumpara ang dalawang pigura na ito ay ang unang pigura ay hindi maaasahan sa kanyang reperensyang nakalap, ngunit sa pangalawang pigura ay ito ay nagmula pa sa ahensya ng PAGASA o Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical Astronomical Services Administration alam naman naten na ang mga ahensya na ito ay narito ang mga dalubhasa sa pagtukoy ng mga nagaganap sa ating atmospera kaya ang reperensyang ito ay maaasahan. Sa mga buhawi na tumama dito sa Pilipinas, ang iisa sa pinakamalakas ay naganap noong ika-14 ng Hunyo taong 1990, 30 ang namatay ngunit sa impormasyon na aking nakalap, walang naitala na kung ilang kabahayan o istruktura ang nasira, ito ay naganap sa Katimugang bahagi ng ating bansa. Sa aking pag-aaral na ito, hindi maiiwasang itanong ito, Saang lugar o probinsya sa Pilipinas ang delikado dito? eto lamang ang kasagutan dyan, kung papansinin natin ang mapa na ibinigay sa akin ni Dr. Nio Relos ng Climatology and Agrometeorology Division ng PAGASA, ay ang lugat na madalas na tinamaan ay ung Southern Mindanao lalo na sa North and South Cotabato dahil kung papansinin natin ang mapa ng mundo ang Southern Mindanao ay lumagpas na sa ekwador malapit na ito sa Tropika ng Cancer kung saan dito na ang lugar kung saan ang kanilang klima ay 4 at dito rin mararanasan ang mahalumigmig at basang hangin na mula sa Antartica, tapos ang mainit at tuyong hangin naman ay mula sa Northern Luzon kung saan tuwing tag-init ay doon nagaganap ang mainit at tuyong hangin.

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Ang mga buhawi ay maiiwasan at mapaghahandaan ang pagdating nito, ito ang mga payo ng mga eksperto tungkol dito. Ayon sa NOAA at NSSL ang pinakaunang dapat gawin ay laging umantabay sa telebisyon o sa Radio at kapag nag-anunsyo na ang lokal na weather bureau sa iyong lugar, agad na lumabas ng bahay at pumunta sa isang storm cellar. Ang storm cellar ay isang maliit na bahay ngunit itoy nasa ilalim ng lupa kung saan dito ang pinakaligtas na lugar kung darating man ang buhawi, kung walang storm cellar ang bahay mo, pumunta sa basement ng bahay na walang bintana sapagkat kapag may bintana ito pwedeng mabasag at pwedeng magkaroon ng aksidente. Kapag nasa loob na ng storm cellar o basement ng bahay, huwag na huwag lalabas hanggat hindi pa nahuhupa ang buhawi sa inyong lugar, at kapag nahupa na ang buhawi, lumabas at isalba ang iba pang gamit na pwede pang isalba.

Kabanata 5: Konklusyon at Rekomendasyon

Sa ngayon, dito na matatapos ang pamanahong papel na ito, sana maging daan ito sa atin para magkaroon ng bagong kaalaman tungkol sa iba pang mapanganib na meteorological events sa ating bansa, hindi lamang mga bagyo at mabibigat na ulan ang nagaganap sa ating atmospera kundi buhawi din. Inererekomenda ko na dapat lahat ng mga bahay ay merong storm cellar sa knilang likod bahay, at laging tandaan ang mga nagaganap sa ating atmospera ay hindi lahat.

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Apendiks History of Tornado Occurences (1995-2012)

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Tornado in Laguna

Tornado Map of the World

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The Tornado Alley

Tornado Diagram

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Dr. Nio Relos

Dr. Nio Alejandre Relos OIC of Climatology and Agrometeorology Division, He is a Central Luzon State University Graduate in the course of BSChe. He took a Masters in Public Administration and in 1998 He had a training in PAGASA. Now Hes currently in the position of a Senior Weather Specialist

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PAGASA Weather Branch in Agham Road, Quezon City