GEOPHYSICAL INSTRUMENTS FOR GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATIONS

- ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SOUNDING: SYSCAL equipment - ELECTRICAL RESISITIVITY IMAGING: SYSCAL Switch equipment - MAGNETIC RESONANCE SOUNDING: NUMIS equipment

IRIS Instruments: designer, manufacturer and seller of geophysical equipment for applied geology Orlans, France

THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHOD:

AN INDIRECT METHOD FOR DETECTING GROUNDWATER the Electrical Resistivity is a property of the ions of the salts dissolved in the groundwater

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHODS for groundwater investigations

THE ELECTRIC CURRENT FLOWS INTO THE GROUND THANKS TO THE IONS OF THE SALTS DISSOLVED IN THE WATER THE RESISTIVITY OF ROCKS DEPEND ON: - THE WATER CONTENT (porosity) - THE RESISTIVITY OF THE WATER - THE CLAY CONTENT - THE CONTENT IN METALLIC MINERALS VALUES OF RESISTIVITY OF ROCKS: 0.1 ohm.m 1 ohm.m 10 ohm.m 100 ohm.m 1 000 ohm.m 10 000 ohm.m SALTED WATER MASSIVE SULPHIDE CLAY SAND, MARL DRY SAND, LIMESTONE HARD GRANITE, BASALT

salt ions

+ _

+ ions: Na, Ca, K, - ions: Cl, SO4, NO3, ...

electric current

TYPE OF POROSITY

TYPE OF WATER

TYPE OF ROCK

matrix

free

sand, gravel limestone, sandstone clay

fracture

free

adhesion

bound

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHODS for groundwater investigations

whole rock
salt water

RESISTIVITY SCALE FOR WATERS AND ROCKS

fresh water 10 clay 100 sand altered rock 1 000 gravel hard rock 10 000 ohm m

water

sediment

ROCK RESISTIVITY = F x WATER RESISTIVITY F = Formation Factor = a / (porosity)N

(ARCHIE FORMULA for non-clayey formations)

resistivity (ohm.m) = Rho = K x VMN / IAB 1D RESISTIVITY SOUNDING

103 alluviums

Formation Factor (F)

30

F 1 / 1.5

( a = 1, N = 1.5)

Apparent resistivity (ohm.m)

limestones

clay

0%

10%

Porosity ()

10 1 102

AB/2 (m)

CLASSICAL RESISTIVITY AND MULTI-ELECTRODE RESISTIVITY

CLASSICAL RESISTIVITY 2 (A, B) electrodes : current transmission 2 (M, N ) electrodes : potential measurement MULTI-ELECTRODE RESISTIVITY "n" electrodes (n = 48, 72, 96, ) successively "current" or "potential" aim : to save time in the acquisition
1 2 3 n/2 n/2+1 n SYSCAL SWITCH A M N B SYSCAL

APPARENT RESISTIVITY = coefficient (A, B, M, N)

(M, N) potential
x

(A, B) current

THE SYSCAL RESISTIVITYMETER RANGE

SYSCAL power voltage channel electrode number type W V number (imaging mode) Kid Junior R1 Plus Pro 25 100 200 250 200 400 600 800 1 1 1 10 24 48, 72 48, 72 48, 72, 96 electrode spacing (imaging mode) 3m 5m 5, 10m 5, 10m

SYSCAL Kid

SYSCAL Junior / R1 Plus

SYSCAL Pro

FRACTURE DETECTION IN A BASEMENT

end user: Groundwater Supply & Drainage project: fresh water supply to population equipment: 5 units SYSCAL Junior electrode array: Schlumberger vertical electrical sounding (VES)
1000 apparent resistivity (ohm.m) SCHLUMBERGER RESISTIVITY SOUNDING 1
altered bedrock ANADAPHURA test site

SRI LANKA

COLOMBO
100 km

0.1

clayey & sandy soil

borehole data

theoretical slope (45) in case of non-fractured bedrock

100

depth (m)

rice culture 7m geophysical target 15m fractures 28m bedrock

10

10 1 10 AB/2 (m) 100

100 10 100 1000 interpreted resistivity bedrock = precambrian gneiss & migmatite

borehole yield: 42 m3/h

water conductivity: 800 S/cm (max accepted: 2 500 S/cm)

(aquifer resistivity= 80 .m) & (water resistivity= 12 .m) (equivalent porosity Ra / Rw = 38%)

MULTI-ELECTRODE RESISTIVITY IMAGING

multicore cable

Direct connection of cables to SYSCAL unit Seismic type of cables (reversible) 24, 48, 72, 96 electrodes with fixed spacing, + Switch Plus extension units

internal memory for the storage of the sequence file and of the data file

DEFINITION OF A READING SEQUENCE

A, B : electrodes for current transmission
# 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 . . . 37 38

A
1 1 1 1 1 2 2

B
2 2 2 2 2 3 3

M
3 4 5 6 7 4 5

N
4 5 6 7 8 5 6

M, N : electrodes for potential measurement

7 7

8 8

9 10

10 11

39
. . . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 88 9

11

12

10

11

12 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

SALT WATER INTRUSION WITHIN SEDIMENTS

Depth (m) INTRUSION OF SALT WATER

SALT WATER SAND

SAND / BASEMENT CONTACT SAND BASEMENT

SECOMA DATA

Resistivity in ohm.m

EQUIPMENT: SYSCAL R1 Plus SWITCH-48 CONFIGURATION: Schlumberger-Wenner NUMBER OF READINGS: 362 SPACING BETWEEN ELECTRODES: 4 m SITE: Spain GEOLOGY: Coastal sand DURATION OF MEASUREMENTS: 1 hour (system set-up + reading taking)
17th International Geophysical Meeting Ankara, Nov 2006

salt water sand: less than 1 ohm.m non satured zone: about 20 ohm.m

FAULT DETECTION WITHIN A BASEMENT

Apparent resistivity, ohm.m (for AB = 200m) 600
600 500

400
R en O hm .m

400

RESISTIVITY PROFILE (12 readings) DRILLHOLES proposed where the thickness of the fissured zone is maximum:

300

no water found
RESISTIVITY IMAGING (600 readings) DRILLHOLE proposed at the position of the fault inside the hard rock:
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 Distances en mtres

200

200

100

water yield = 1.1 m3/h ( 40-70m depth)

FISSURED AND FRACTURED ROCK HARD ROCK FAULTS DETECTED FROM THE RESISTIVITY IMAGE

EQUIPMENT: SYSCAL R1 Plus SWITCH 48 CONFIGURATION: Wenner-Schlumberger NUMBER OF READINGS: 600 SPACING BETWEEN ELECTRODES: 5 m

SITE: East part of CHAD, Ouadda area GEOLOGY: hard rock area with fissures, fractures and faults DATA: GEOGEOPHY / HYDROTECH

THE MAGNETIC RESONANCE METHOD (MRS):

A DIRECT METHOD FOR DETECTING GROUNDWATER the Magnetic Resonance is a property of H protons of H2O groundwater molecules

MAGNETIC RESONANCE METHOD (MRS): WATER EXCITATION

1) Natural equilibrium
H0
N

2) Wave transmission

3) Signal reception

At the equilibrium, water molecules are orientated towards the magnetic North

Waves transmitted at a specific frequency excite the water molecules

When the waves are stopped, the water transmits a magnetic signal recorded on the surface, during the come back to equilibrium

MAGNETIC RESONANCE METHOD (MRS): FIELD SET-UP

LOOP Tx / Rx

Energizing pulse

PMR MRS signal

Water layer

H protons

EARTH MAGNETIC FIELD: B0 (nT) EXCITATION FREQUENCY: F0 (Hz) = 0.04258 B0 (nT)

MAGNETIC RESONANCE METHOD (MRS): PRINCIPLE OF MEASUREMENT

energising pulse
i(t)= I0 cos(0t )
40 ms 5 - 450 A

MRS relaxation signal noise

10 - 10000 nV

e(t) = E0 exp(- t / T2*) sin(0t +0)

t
10 - 1000 nV

"dead time " about 35 ms

1 - 3 kHz

Larmor frequency

MAGNETIC RESONANCE METHOD (MRS): MEANING OF PARAMETERS

E0 : Initial amplitude (nV) Proportional to the water content (%)
t

T2* : Decay time constant (ms) Related to the mean pore size I.t : Pulse moment (A.ms) Related to the investigation depth

E0 I

T2*

time

MAGNETIC RESONANCE METHOD (MRS): THEORETICAL SOUDING CURVES

SHALLOW AQUIFER DEEP AQUIFER TWO AQUIFERS MEDIUM AQUIFER THICK AQUIFER MULTILAYER AQUIFER

signal

signal

signal

signal

signal

signal

Pulse moment

Pulse moment

Pulse moment

Pulse moment

Pulse moment

Pulse moment

MAGNETIC RESONANCE SOUNDINGS & HYDROGEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

POROSITY scale 0%: hard rock 1%: fractured rock Bearth
MRS

10%: sand, alteration 30%: gravel, alluvium PERMEABILITY scale 10-9 m/s: clay 10-6 m/s: low 10-3 m/s: high 100 m/s: extreme

BEarth

TRANSMISSIVITY:
permeability x thickness in m/s H thickness borehole

water yield, m3/h

WATER YIELD:
proportional to the transmissivity of the aquifer layer, in m3/h yield = k x transmissivity ex: 10 m3/h (or about 2.8 l/s)

aquifer

t ESTIMATION OF HYDROGEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS FROM MRS DATA I E0 T time

porosity E0 permeability E0 . T2 H20

transmissivity H . E0 . T2

GRAIN low permeability small pores quick decrease of energy short time PORE constant

THE NUMIS MAGNETIC RESONANCE EQUIPMENT RANGE

NUMIS type Lite Plus (1 converter) Plus (2 converters) current (A) 100 300 450 voltage (V) 1 500 3 000 4 000 maximum investigation depth (m) 50 100 150

NUMIS Lite

NUMIS Plus

MRS SOUNDING ON A SAND DUNE IN FRANCE

MRS SOUNDING ON A SAND DUNE IN FRANCE

MRS soundings for a 60m side square loop, at various elevations: station A (10m), station B (30m), station C (50m)

MRS SOUNDING ON A SAND DUNE IN FRANCE

MRS soundings with various loop shapes, at the same elevation (station B, 30m)

MRS SOUNDING IN SANDSTONES IN MAURITANIA

sand clay sand sandstone 40m to 100m water level clay AB / 2 Pulse moment sandstone with much water

DC RESISTIVITY
sandstone with very little water

MAGNETIC RESONANCE SIGNAL

with much water with very little water

clay

water resistivty = 100 ohm.m sand resistivity ~ Water resistivity / (porosity) = 2 500 ohm.m clay resistivity = 20 ohm.m

loop dimensions = 100 x 100 m signal amplitude = 200 nanoVolts porosity = 20% water depth = 40m water thickness ~ 60m

NO DISTINCTION DRY / WET

CLEAR DISTINCTION DRY / WET

DC Sounding

MR Sounding

MRS SOUNDING IN SANDSTONES IN MAURITANIA

MRS ref N19, located in the dry area

MRS ref N31, located in the aquifer area (Leetig site)

DC RESISTIVITY AND MRS SOUNDINGS IN THE DHAR NEMA AREA (MAURITANIA)

MRS SOUNDING IN SANDSTONES IN MAURITANIA

LEETIG SITE

0m sand 35m hard sandstones 75m coarse sandstones 95m finer sandstones 116m: end of hole
water level 75m

Borehole airlift yield: 14 m3/h MRS transmissivity: about 0.01 m/s (estimated before any calibration)

DC RESISTIVITY AND MRS SOUNDINGS IN THE DHAR NEMA AREA (MAURITANIA)

THE MAGNETIC RESONANCE METHOD (MRS): A NEW TOOL FOR GEOPHYSICISTS FOR DETECTING GROUNDWATER
SOME LIMITATIONS OF MRS: - SENSITIVITY TO EM NOISE (power lines, ) - DIFFICULTY TO APPLY IN MAGNETIC ROCKS (volcanics, ) - MAXIMUM DEPTH: about 150m

THE SUCCESS OF GEOPHYSICS REQUIRES TO USE EACH TIME THE METHOD(S) BEST SUITED TO THE SPECIFICITIES OF THE SITES TO INVESTIGATE