POTENTIAL ENERGY, .

The total potential energy of an elastic body , is defined as the sum of total strain energy (U) and the work potential (WP) . = U + WP

For linear elastic materials , the strain energy per unit volume in 1 the body is T
2

For elastic body total strain energy (U) is U = 1 T dv

2

WP = u fdV u Tds u Pi
. T . T V S T i i

The work potential is given by

The total potential energy for the general elastic body is

. . 1 T T T T = dv u fdV u Tds ui Pi V S 2 i

Principal of minimum potential energy

For conservative systems, of all the kinematically admissible displacement fields, those corresponding to equilibrium extremize the total potential energy . If the extremum condition is a minimum , the equilibrium state is stable

Example
1
1

K2` 2

K1` q2 K3 3

q1 q3 K4
3

4
Figure-1

Figure 1 ,shows a system of spring . The total potential energy is given by

where 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 are extensions of four spring . since 1 = q 1 - q 2 2 = q 2 3 = q 3 - q 2 4 = - q 3

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 = k11 + k2 2 + k3 3 + k4 42 F1q1 F3q3 2 2 2 2

we have
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 = k1 ( q1 q2 ) + k2 q2 + k3 ( q3 q2 ) + k4 q3 F1q1 F3 q3 2 2 2 2

where q 1 , q 2 , and q 3 are the displacements of nodes 1 , 2 and 3 respectively

 For equilibrium of this 3- DOF system , we need to minimize to with respect to q 1 , q 2 , and q 3 the three equations are given by

qi

=0

i = 1 ,2 ,3

which are

q1

= k1 (q 1 - q 2) - F1 = 0

q2

= -k1 (q 1 - q 2) + k2 q2 - k3 (q 3 - q 2) = 0

q3

= k3 (q 3 - q 2) + k4 q3 F3 = 0

Equilibrium equation can be put in the form of K q = F as follows

K1 -K1
0

-K1 K1+ K2+ K3 -K3

q1 q2 q3 =

F1 0 F3 .. .. 1 1

-K3 K3+ K4

If on the other hand , we proceed to write the equilibrium of the system by considering the equilibrium of each separate node as shown in figure 2 We can write K11 = F1 K22 - K11 - K33 = 0 K33 - K44 = F3 Which is precisely the set of equations represented in Eq-1

We see clearly that the set of equation 1 is obtained in a routine manner using the potential energy approach, without any reference to the free body diagrams . This make the potential energy approach attractive for large and complex problems .

RAYLEIGH-RITZ METHOD Rayleigh-Ritz method involves the construction of an assumed displacement field, say u = ai i ( x, y, z) v = aj j( x, y, z) w = ak k( x, y, z)
N > M > L

i = 1 to L j = L + 1 to M k = M + 1 to N Eq-1

The functions i are usually taken as polynomials. Displacements u, v, w must satisfy boundary conditions.

Introducing stress-strain and straindisplacement relation Substituting equation 1 in to (PE)

= ( a1, a2, a3, ... ar ) where r = no of independent unknowns the extremum with respect to ai,( i = 1 to r) yields the set of r equation

ai

=0

i = 1, 2, 3 ,r

Example

The potential energy of for the linear 1-D rod with body force is neglected , is

1 = 2

EA du dx
where u1= u

d x 2 u1

(x = 1)

E = 1, A= 1 X 2

let as consider a polynomial function u = a1 + a2x + a3x3 this must satisfy u = 0, at x = 0 u = 0 at x = 2 thus 0 = a1 0 = a1 +2 a2+ 4a3

Figure- 2

Hence a2 = -2a3 u = a3 (-2x + x2) u1 = -a3 then ,

l

du = 2a3 ( 1 + x ) dx

and

2 1 = EA du dx dx 2u1 20

2 = 2a + 2a3 3
2 3

we set

a3 Resulting in a3 = -0.75 u1 = - a3 = 0.75

=0

the stress in bar given by

du =E = 1.5 (1 x ) dx

exact solution is obtained if piecewise polynomial interpolation is used in the construction of u .

GALERKINS METHOD
Galerkins method uses the set of governing equations in the development of an integral form. It is usually presented as one of the weighted residual methods. Let us consider a general representation of a governing equation on a region V Lu = P Where , L as operator operating on u

For the one-dimensional rid considered in previous example Governing equation

( dx

EA du

=0 ) dx

We may consider L as operator, operating on u d EA d ( ) dx dx

 The exact solution needs to satisfy Lu=P at every point x . If we seek an approximate solution u , if introduces an error ( x ), called the residual

Lu P The approximate methods revolve around setting the residual relative to a weighting function Wi ,i = 0 to n

(x ) =

W ( Lu P ) dV = 0
i

The weighting function Wi are chosen from the basis functions used for constructing

u = Qi Gi
i =1

Here ,we choose the weighting function to be linear combination of the basis function Gi . Specifically ,consider an arbitrary function

Given by

i=1

iG

Where the coefficient i are arbitrary , except for requiring that satisfy boundary conditions were u is prescribed.

For elastic materials

x xy xz + [( + + f x ) x + ......]dV = 0 y x z V

dV = dV + nxdS x x V V S
T T T T ( ) dV fdV TdS P V S i

Example
let us consider the problem of the previous example and solve it by Galerkins approach. The equilibrium equation is

dx

EA du

dx

=0

u=0 at x=0 u=0 at x=0 Multiplying this differential equation by Integrating by pars, we get

Figure- 2

du EA
0

d dx dx

+ EA du

dx ) (
1 0

+ EA du

dx )

=0

Where

is zero at x = 0 and x = 2.
dx is the tension in the rod ,which

EA du

takes a jump of magnitude 2 at x = 1 , thus

EA du

d dx dx

+ 21 = 0

Now we use the same polynomial (basis ) for u and if u1 and are the value at x = 1 ,thus

u = ( 2 x x ) u1
2

= ( 2 x x ) 1
2

Substituting these and E = 1, A = 1 in the previous integral yields

2 2 u1 (2 2 x ) d x + 2 = 0 0

1 8 3 u1 + 2 = 0
This is to be satisfied for every 1 . We get

u1 = 0.75