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Apparent period
The apparent period of wave is the time interval between the passage of two successive crests relative to a shipborne observer. It is sometimes called period of encounter.
Synchronism
Occurs when rolling or pitching period is equal or nearly equal to the apparent period of wave. Synchronism may be synchronized rolling or synchronized pitching.
Panting
Tendency of the bow plating and to a lesser extent the stern plating to work in and out when the ship is pitching. Fore and aft regions of the vessel are extra strengthen by thicker plating, panting beams and stringers, reduced frame spacing in designed to withstand panting stress.
Backing
Veering
Following seas
Occurs when vessel running before the sea. Sea comes from the stern. The ship encounters various dangerous phenomena.
Quartering seas
Occurs when vessel running before the sea. Sea comes from the quarter. The ship encounters various dangerous phenomena.
Pooping
Surf riding
Broach to
Synchronous rolling
Parametric rolling
Pooping
Breaking of rising wave over the stern in poop deck area. Develops when bad weather is directly from stern. Vessels with less freeboard may suffer from popping. Occurs when a vessel falls into the trough of a wave and does not rise with it. It may occur if the vessel falls as the wave is rising. Causes following wave to break over the stern or poop deck areas. Result:
May cause considerable damage to stern area. Damage to propeller and rudder due to severe buffeting. Engine room can be flooded if the openings which face aft are not properly secured. Corrective actions:
Occurs when velocity of sea is equal to or greater than ship's speed. Alter course and head sea. back
Surf riding
Occurs when a ship situated on a stiff forefront of high wave in a following or quartering sea. Vessel and waves have equal velocities. Vessel may be accelerated. Vessel rides on advancing wave slope. This phenomenon is called surf riding. Result:
Vessel slewed violently (broach-to). Vessel heeled over and swamped. Action:
Critical speed for surf riding is considered (1.8L)/cos(180-) knots. Surf riding/broaching-to may occur when angle of encounter 135<<225. To avoid surf riding, speed/course or both to be taken outside the dangerous region. back
Broach to
May occur when a ship is surf ridden in a following or quartering sea. The vessel is slewed violently. Ship heels suddenly and unexpectedly to a large angle. Result:
Positive stability disappears to the existing angle of heel. Vessel may cause a vessel to capsize due to sudden change of heel and heading. Action:
Reduce speed below 1.8L knots. A marginal zone (1.4L to 1.8L) below critical speed may cause a large surging motion (broach to). Speed to be reduced below 1.4L in the case. back
Synchronous rolling
Large rolling motions may be excited when natural rolling period of a ship coincides with the encounter wave period. It may happen in following and quartering sea. It happens when natural roll period is longer due to marginal transverse stability. View more
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Parametric rolling
Occurs in a following or quartering sea. Occurs when period of encounter is approximately equal to the natural rolling period of the ship. Occurs particularly if initial metacentric height height is small and natural roll period is very long. Unstable and large amplitude roll motion takes place. May occur in head and bow seas. Result:
Cargo shift.
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Occurs when ship's speed component in the wave direction is nearly equal to the wave group velocity. It is equal to the half of phase velocity of the dominant wave component. The ship is attacked successively by high waves. Expectable maximum wave height can reach almost twice of observed wave height. May be evident when average wave length is larger than 0.8L, significant wave height is larger than 0.04L. Result:
Reduction of intact stability. Synchronous rolling. Parametric rolling. Combination of various dangerous phenomena. Vessel may capsize. Action:
Reduce ship speed to go out of dangerous zone. Combination of appropriate speed reduction with slight course change. back