ME 2301 THERMAL ENGINEERING 1. Define air standard efficiency of Diesel cycle.

. Air standard efficiency is defined as the ratio of work done by the cycle to the heat supplied to the cycle. 2. What is the significance of mean effective pressure? Mean effective pressure is the quantity related to operation of an IC engine and it is valuable measure of an engine capacity to do work that is independent of engine displacement.

3. Show that the efficiency of the Brayton cycle depends only on the pressure ratio.

The efficiency of the Brayton cycle is given by

Process 1-2 Isentropic compression process

Process 3-4 Isentropic expansion process

4. What does the area enclosed by the cycle represent on P V diagram? The area enclosed on P-V diagram represents the work done by the cycle. 5. A Diesel engine has a compression ratio of 14 and cut off takes place at 6% of the stroke. Find the air standard efficiency.

r=14 V1 = 14 V2 V2 + VS = 14 V2 VS = 13 V2 V3 = 0.06 VS V3 =0.06 x 13 V2 (1)

[ =54%

6. Draw actual P V Diagram for four stroke SI Engine.

7. Mention the various processes of Dual cycle. Process 1-2 Isentropic compression process Process 2-3 Constant volume heat addition process Process 3-4 Constant pressure heat addition process

Process 4-5 Isentropic expansion process Process 5-1 Constant volume heat rejection process

8. How does the change in compression ratio effect air standard efficiency of an ideal OTTO cycle?

When the compression ratio increases, the air standard efficiency of the OTTO cycle increases and vice versa. 9. Define mean effective pressure. Mean effective pressure is defined as the constant pressure acting on the piston during the working stroke. It is also defined as the ratio of work done to the stroke volume or piston displacement volume.

10. Give the expression for the mean effective pressure of Dual cycle.

11. Define Degree of reaction in a steam turbine. It is defined as the ratio of isentropic heat drop in the moving blades to isentropic heat drop in the entire stage of the reaction turbine.

12. What is the effect of friction on the flow through a steam nozzle? The expansion is no more isentropic and enthalpy drop is reduced. There by resulting in the lower exit velocity. The final fraction of the steam is increased as a part of kinetic energy gets converted into heat due to friction and absorbed by steam with in increases in enthalpy.

The specific volume of steam is increased as the steam becomes drier due to frictional reheating.

13. Give the working principle of an impulse turbine. The high velocity jet of steam which is obtained form the nozzle impinged on the blades fixed on a rotor. The blades change direction of steam flow without changing its pressure. This causes change in momentum and the force developed driver the turbine rotor.

14. Define nozzle efficiency. It is defined as the ratio of actual enthalpy drop to the isentropic enthalpy drop.

15. What is blading efficiency? It is defined as the ratio between work done on the blades and energy supplied to the blade.

16. What is the effect of friction on the flow through a steam turbines? The losses due to friction between fluid layers causing change in relative velocity at entry and exit.

17. What is critical pressure ratio of a steam nozzle? On the critical pressure ratio, it produces the maximum discharge.

18. What is the need for compounding in steam turbines? The steam is expanded from the boiler pressure to condenser pressure in one stage the speed of the rotor becomes tremendously high which crops up practical complicacies. The multiple system of rotor in series, keyed on common shaft and the steam pressure of jet velocity is absorbed in stages as the steam flows over the blades. This is known as compounding.

19. What do you mean by supersaturated flow? When the supersaturated steam expands in the nozzle, the condensation will occur in the nozzle. Since the steam has more velocity the condensation will not take place at the

expected rate. So the equilibrium between the liquid and vapor place is delayed and steam continues to expand in dry state. The steam is such set of condition is said to be supersaturated of metastable flow.

20. What is the function of governors in steam turbine? Maintaining the speed of the turbine is constant irrespective of variation of the load on the turbine known as governing of turbines. 21. What is the function of Camshaft and Crankshaft? Camshaft is used to convert rotary motion of the camshaft into linear motion of the follower or lifter.

Crankshaft is used to convert reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion. 22. List out the effects of Detonation? The impact of the engine components and structures may cause failure and creates undesirable noise The lack of control of combustion process leads to pre ignition and local overheating. Therefore, piston may be damaged by overheating

23. What are the various methods to determine the FHP of the engine? Williams method Morse test Motoring test Deceleration method

24. What re the basic requirement of the fuel injection system of a diesel engine? a) The beginning as well as end of injection should take place sharply b) Atomize the fuel to the required degree c) Distribute the fuel throughout the combustion chamber for better mixing. 25. What is meant by compensation in carburetor? The process of providing additional air of fuel when it requires and maintaining the correct air fuel mixture is called compensation in Carburetor. 26. List out the various circuits available in Solex Carburetor? a) Starting circuits b) Normal running circuits c) Acceleration circuits d) Idling and slow running circuits 27. Compare CI engine and SI engine? S. No. 1 2 It is operated by OTTO cycle Spark plug is required to ignite the fuel air mixture 3 Compression ratio varies from 6 to 8 It is operated by Diesel cycle Fuel is ignited automatically by high pressure & temperature air Compression ratio varies from 12 to 18 CI ENGINE SI ENGINE

28. Which is better efficient two stroke or four stroke engines? Four stroke engines are always efficient because the two stroke engines give lesser efficiency due to incomplete combustion and poor scavenging. 29. What do you mean by Scavenging in IC engines? The process of removing the burnt gases from the combustion chamber of engine cylinder is known as scavenging.

30. Define Mean effective pressure? It is defined as the algebraic sum of the mean pressure acting on the piston during one complete cycle. 31. Why clearance is necessary in reciprocating compressors? Clearance is necessary in reciprocating compressors to trap the gas after each stroke 32. Differentiate positive and non-positive displacement compressors? POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORS These compressors are smaller at a given flow rate. The air is compressed adiabatically but uncooled Pressure rise is either by back flow 3 of air or both by variation in the volume and back flow NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORS These compressors are bigger at a given flow rate. The air is not trapped in specific boundaries but it flows continuously and steadily though the machine. Pressure rise in primarily due to dynamic effects

S.NO.

33. Differentiate VCRS and VARS S.No. VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM 1 Electric power is needed to drive the system 2 Wear and tear is more because of moving components 3 4 5 6 7 Tonne capacity is low Charging of refrigerant is simple More chances for leakage of refrigerant Mechanical energy is supplied Performance at part load is poor Tonne capacity is high Charging of refrigerant is difficult There is no leakage of refrigerant Heat energy is supplied At part loads, the performance is not Wear and tear is less VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM No need of electric power

affected 8 9 Space requirement is more Energy requirement is low Space requirement is less Energy requirement is high

34. Mention the various processes of the Otto cycle i. ii. iii. iv. Isentropic Compression Constant volume heat supplied Isentropic expansion Constant volume heat rejection

35. Mention the various processes of the Diesel cycle i. ii. iii. iv. Isentropic Compression Constant pressure heat supplied Isentropic expansion Constant volume heat rejection

36. Mention the various processes of the Dual cycle a. Isentropic Compression b. Constant volume heat supplied c. Constant pressure heat supplied d. Isentropic expansion e. Constant volume heat rejection

37. Define Air Standard Efficiency Air standard efficiency is defined as the ratio of work done by the cycle to the heat supplied to the cycle. 38. Define: Compression Ratio Compression ratio is defined as the ratio between total cylinder volumes to clearance volume.

39. Define: Cut off ratio Cut off ratio is defined as the ratio of volume after the heat addition to volume before the heat addition

40. Define: Expansion ratio Expansion ratio is the ratio of volume after the expansion to the volume before expansion. 41. What are all the modifications are carried out in Brayton cycle? Why? In Brayton we incorporate Regenerator, reheater and intercooler, because of increasing thermal efficiency of the cycle.

42. When will the intercooler is provided between two compressors? When the pressure ratio is very high, then the intercooler is provided between compressors.

43. What are the effects of reheat cycle? Thermal efficiency is less since the heat supplied is more. Turbine output is increased fir same expansion ratio.

44. What is the function of mixing chamber? The mixing chamber has two butterfly valves. One is to allow air inti the mixing chamber and known as choke valve. The other is to allow air fuel mixture ti the engine and known as throttle valve.

45. What is meant by compensation in carburetor? The process of providing additional air or fuel when it requires maintaining the correct air fuel mixture is called compensation in carburetor.

46. What are the basic types of carburetor? a) Simple carburetor b) Solex carburettor

47. What is carburetion? The process of vaporizing the fuel and mixing it with air in a carburetor is called carburetion.

48. What are the different methods of fuel supply system? a. Gravity feed system b. Pressure or Pump feed system

49. What is a carburetor? A carburetor is a device which vaporizes the fuel and mixed it with the air

50. What are the different types of fuel pumps commonly used? a. Mechanical fuel pump b. Electrical fuel pump