Block I : Elementary aspects of drugs

Unit 1 : Brief History of medicinal plants, microbial products and synthetic drugs Unit 2 : Classification of drugs based on pharmacological activity: i) Chemotherapeutic Agents, ii) Pharmacodynamic agents. Structure Activity relationship

Block II : Drugs from plants, microbes and synthetic drugs

Unit 3 : Analgesics : Introduction Narcotic Analgesics, Non-Narcotic Analgesics, Antipyretics. Pyrazolone derivatives Antipyrine (Phenazone or Sedatine).Aspirin (Salicylates). Para aminophenol derivatives (Acetaminophen).AnalgesicsOxyphenbutazone (1-p-Hydroxyphenyl-2-phenyl-4-butyl-3, 5-dioxopyrazolidine). Analgin (Novalgin). Pethidine. Ibuprofen. Unit 4 : Hypnotics, Sedatives and Tranquilizers Sedatives and Hypnotics: Barbiturates. Preparation of Barbital (5, 5- Diethyl Barbituric acid).Tranquilizers: Diazepam. Unit 5: Antimalarials: Introduction. Natural Antimalarials. Synthetic Antimalarials: 1) 8-Aminoquinolines i) Synthesis of Pamaquin (plasmoquin).ii) Synthesis of 8-amino-6-methoxy quinoline.iii) Synthesis of 4chloro-N, N-diethyl pentylamine. 2) 4-aminoquinolines i) Synthesis of Chloroquin. ii)Synthesis of 4,7dichloroquinoline. iii) Synthesis of 4-N,N-diethylamino-1-methyl-butylamine (Novaldiamine). 3) Acridine derivatives Synthesis of 3, 9-dichloro-7-methoxyacridine. 4) Biguanide derivatives. Unit 6A: Antibacterials: Introduction. The sulpha drugs Activity and mode of action. Sulphadiazine. Sulphamethoxazole. Trimethoprim. Unit 6B: Antibiotics: Introduction Definition and characteristics of Antibiotics, Mode of action and bacterial resistance. Penicillin production and isolation, various types, structure and applications. Streptomycin production and isolation, properties and structure, applications. Chloramphenicol synthesis and applications. Tetracyclines production and structure. Unit 7: Cardiovascular drugs and CNS stimulants: Cardiovascular drugs Introduction, classification of cardiovascular drugs: i) Antihypertensive (hypotensive) drugs a) ACE inhibitors b) Calcium channel blockers c) -blockers d) Diuretics. ii) Anti-arrhythmic drugs. iii) Cardio tonic drugs. iv) Vasodilators. v) Antihypercholesterolemic drugs. CNS Stimulants Introduction. Caffeine.

Unit 8: Antihelminthics Introduction. Antihelminthics Mebendazole. Antifilarials Diethyl carbamazine citrate.

Block III: Agrochemicals

Unit 9: Historical aspects of plant nutrients. Introduction. Historical aspects of plant nutrients. Essential plant nutrients. Classification of fertilizers i) Direct fertilizers ii) Indirect fertilizers iii) Complete fertilizers iv) Incomplete fertilizers v) Mixed fertilizers. Fertilizer sources a) Natural organic fertilizers, natural inorganic fertilizers b) Artificial fertilizers. Manufacture of Urea. Manufacture of Ammonium sulphate: 1) As a byproduct of steel industry 2) The Gypsum process. Manufacture of Superphosphate. Manufacture of Potassium sulphate. Micronutrients, functions of the micronutrients. Unit 10: Brief survey of plant disease control chemicals Introduction. Classification of Pesticides. Insecticides 1) Inorganic insecticides 2) Organic insecticides: a) Synthetic Organic Insecticides i) Halogenated organic insecticides DDT, BHC ii) Organophosphate insecticides iii) Carbamate insecticides b) Insecticides of plant origin Pyrethrins, Rotenone, Nicotine. Fungicides. Herbicides or Weedicides. Rodenticides. Plant growth regulators. Pheromones (sex attractants) and Juvenile Hormones. Unit 11A: Insecticides Introduction. Classification i) Stomach poisons or internal insecticides or protective insecticides. Ii) Contact or external poisons or eradicant insecticides iii)Fumigants iv) Systemic insecticides. Synthetic Insecticides i) Inorganic insecticides a) Lead Arsenate b) Calcium arsenate c) Paris green. ii) Organic chlorine insecticides a) DDT b) BHC c) Dieldrin d) Endosulfan. iii) Organophosphate insecticides a) Parathion b)Malathion c) Monocrotophos d) Fumigants e) Nematicides f) Acaricides. Pheromones and Juvenile hormones. Molluscicides. Rodenticides. Unit 11B: Fungicides Introduction. Inorganic and Organic fungicides. Formulation. Foliage fungicides. Seed and soil treatments. Systematic fungicides. Fungicidal action. Application method. Captan. Chloranil. Mercury fungicides.

Unit 12: Herbicides and Rodenticides Introduction. Herbicides. Methods of weed control. Chemical classification of herbicides. Some widely used herbicides i) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid ii)3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (Monuron) iii) 3-(4-isopropyl phenyl )1,1-dimethyl urea iv) Calcium cyanamide v) Ammonium sulphamate. Rodenticides i) Warfarin ii) Zinc phosphide iii) Aluminium phosphide. Unit 13: Plant growth hormones Introduction. Auxins. Gibberellins Occurrence and isolation, chemical structure. Cytokinins. Ethylene. Plant growth inhibitors. Unit 14: Pesticide formulations Introduction. Dusts. Wettable powders. Solution concentrates. Emulsifiable oils. Aerosols. Sustained release formulations.

Block IV: Environmental Chemistry

Unit 15: Atmosphere and its components Environmental pollution Introduction. Environmental segments : 1) Atmosphere structure of atmosphere: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere & Thermosphere. Earths heat radiation balance. Particles, Ions and radicals in the atmosphere. 2) Hydrosphere 3)Lithosphere 4) Biosphere. Environmental pollution. Unit 16: Air pollution Introduction. Primary pollutants and their sources i) Carbon monoxide ii)Nitrogen oxides iii) Sulphur oxides iv) Hydro carbons. Particulates. Acid rain. Ozone depletion chemistry responsible for ozone depletion, adverse effect of O3 depletion. Green House effect. Unit 17: Water pollution Introduction. Aquatic ecosystem. Aquatic environment. Water pollutants 1) Organic pollutants: Dissolved oxygen: BOD, COD. 2) Inorganic pollutants 3) Sediments 4) Radioactive elements 5) Thermal pollutants Eutrophication. Unit 18: Soil and Sound pollutions Introduction. Waste classification & disposal. Human acoustics. Sound measurements. Noise and its classification. Sound pollution hazards. Unit 19: Chemical Toxicology Introduction. Toxic elements in Air Organic & Inorganic elements. Toxic elements in water Organic & Inorganic toxic substances. Biochemical ill effects

of some toxic metals and other substances: Biochemical effects of Lead, Biochemical effects of Hg, Biochemical ill effects of Cd, Biochemical effects of Pesticides and Biochemical effects of O3 & PAN. Unit 20: The state of the Global environment Introduction. State of global environment 1)Human population and growth 2)Water resources and Quality of water 3)Air quality 4) Land and trees 5)Biodiversity 6)Industry, Energy and Wastes 7)Transport. The Earth summit. Some action plans to reduce environmental degradation.