was then characterised in this polarisation over the entire spectral region.

The maximum of the orthogonal polarisation was analogously found and the response of thc dcvice in this polarisation was measured. All the measurements were recorded after rccoating the FBGs to minimise periodic coupling between the cladding and core modes. The spectral responses of WO FP filters written into the same fibre sample are shown in Fig. I. The WO FPs are separated by 8 nm spectrally and 2 cm spatially. The length of the individual devices is 3 and 2 cm for 100 and 50 GHc, respectively. It can bc seen that cladding mode coupling degrades the performance of the devices as the spectral bandwidths of the chirped FBGs are larger than the spectral separation behvccn thc cladding modes induced Inss and the FBGs reflection (-10 nm). This gives an additional loss of about 4 dB over most of the spectral band except for the last lOnm at the long wavelength side. To &her improve the largc-band FP performance in terms of insertion loss, a high-photosensitive HiBi optical fibre with cladding mode suppression would be needed. However, to our knowledge, such a fibre is not availablc on the market.

the fibre birefringence axes with respect to the incidence plane of the W beam. The polarisation peak separation corresponds to a birefringence of 1.9 x IO-'!

Conclusion: We realised high-finesse all-fibre Fabry-Perm filters in a high-birefringence fibre. The finesse of the realised filters was 20 and 12 for FSR of 100 and 50 GHz. respectively, This required a total photoinduced refractive index change of the order 4 x IO-'. The filters showed a spectral separation of 26 GHz between the transmission peaks for light polarised along the two principal axes. To realise filters with higher finesse, FBGs with lower chirp would be required to achicve higher reflectivity with the same refractive index change. The main limitation to the performance of the filters war coupling to cladding modes, which resultcd in an insertion loss of 4 dB. Applications of these filters include, for example, polarisation beam splitters, frequency selective elements far multi-wavelength lasers, and DWDM wavelength referencing.
Acknowledgment: We acknowledge the support of the Government of

Canada. the Government of Quebcc, TcraXion, and KVH.

-5
D m

.(D .-

g -10
-15

0 IEE 2003 Electronics Letters Online No: 20030428

DOI:

31 January 2003

IO./049/e1:2003042X

E m -

R. Slavik, S . Doucet and S. LaRochelle (Centre dhptique, phutonique et loser (COPLj. Department a/ Electr-ical and Computer Engineering. Uniwrsitl Luval, Quebec G I K 7P4, Canada) E-mail: larochcl@gel.ulaval.ca

-20
1 5 2 1529 1530 1531 1532 1533

,
A. nm
0

R. Slavik: On leave from IREE AS CR, Prague, CZ.

1534

References
SLAVlK. K.,UOllCET, S., and LAROCHELLE. 5.: 'High-performance all-fiber Fabry-Perot filters with superimposed chirped Bragg gratings', J Lighmave Techno/., 2003 (io be published) DOUCET. s., SLAviK, R.. and LAROCHBLLE. s.: 'High-finesse large band FLbbry-Pemt fibre filter with superimposed chirped Bragg gratings'. Electrun. LIII., 2002, 38, pp. 402403 ERDOGAN, T , and MILRAHI. v: 'Characterization of UV-induced birefringence in photosensitive Ge-duped silica optical fibers', J OpI. Soc. Am. B, Opt. Phyf., 1994, 11, pp.2100-2105 MARTIN. J., and OUELLET~E.F.: 'Novel writing technique of long and highly reflective in-fibregratings', Electrwn. Lerl., 1994.30, pp. 91 1-812

5
D m

.- -10 .E
y1
I

-15

-20
1549

,.

1550

1551

1552

1553

1554

1555

A, nm
b

Fig. 2 Detail o f rranrmission o f FP ,$Item .specha/ m p o n s e ulong,/n~t(dotred line) and slow polid line) axes

meartwed

Two-dimensional optical power distribution of side-out-coupled radiation from tilted FBGs in multimode fibre
K. Zhou, G. Simpson, X. Chen, L. Zhang and 1. Bennion
Two-dimensional optical power distribution of the out-coupled radiatian fram UV-imctibcd tilted Ebrc Brugg gratings (TFBGs) in multimode fibre (MMF) has been side-detected with high spatial/npcchal rcs~lufion.showing a near-identical radiation mode profile i o that measured from the fibrc-cnd dcfcction method. A comparative investigation of the radiation charactetistics of TFBGI fabricated in singlemode fibre (SMF) and MMF clcarly indicates that the radiation owcoupling is stronger and spatially innre confined in MMF. The unique spatial-to~spectrvl encoding properry of the coupling mechanism offers potential application in low-cost WDM devices.
Introduction: Tilted fibre Bragg gratings (TFBGs) have been demonstrated for applications in WDM channel monitoring [I], EDFA gain flattening [2], polarisation discrimination [ 3 ] and optical sensing interrogation [4]. The index distribution in a TFBG structure is given by:

so G H FSR ~ b 100 GHr FSK

Table 1: Measurcd FSR, finesse, peak isolation and polarisation
peak splitting for two FP devices

The spectral responses obtained with light polarised along the fast and slow axcs for the two FP filters are shown in Fig. 2. The parameters measured over the entire spectral band of the FP filters are summarised in Table 1. For all the parameters, the range represents the maximum dcviation from the average value. For the 50 GHr filter, the polarisation isolation is limited by the depth of the FP transmission response, since the polarisation peaks are separated by nearly half of the FSR. Also, when the input polarisation is carefully adjusted, there is no evidence of polarisation cross talk that would result from polarisation coupling in the device (see Fig. 2% slow axis). Therefore, we conclude that the photoinduced birefringence has no impact on the performance of the realised filters, although no special precautions were taken to align

ELECTRONICS LEVERS

17th April 2003

Vol. 39 No. 8

651

where 6n is the amplitude of the index change, A is the normal period o f the grating, Iand x arc the co-ordinate axes defining the fibre orientation and 0 is the intemal h n g e tilt angle, as shoun in Fig. Ih. The tilted srmcture enables light coupling between the mre made and the radiation modes, generating desirable spectral characteristics for some applications. In the fabrication, the tilted structure is introduced either by rotating the mask in the phase-mask fabrication :system or the fibre in the hvo-beam-holographic fabrication setup. To date, most demonstrated tilted grating devices have been fabricated in singlemode fibre (SMF). Owing to its Small COIC diametcr (-8 pm), the tilted struchire pemrbation over the cross-section of thc core i!: of the ordcr o f a few grating periods. This leads to relatively weal: wavelength selective radiation aut-coupling. In contrast, multimode fibre (MMF) has a much larger core diameter (50 or 62.5 p ) , covering tens of the tilted fringes, resulting in significantly stronger wavelength selective radiation out-coupling. detector I 4 . . . . L

40,

-*<.

,
-120

,
-110

-100

,
-90

,
-80

, .
-70

40

position, nm

I
cylindrical
lens

Fig. 2 Side-our-coupkd radiaredpower disnihution of TFBCjibricared in MMF Wwolength differenceof 5 n m between neighbour curves

. . I:
index

plaW

a
SOUCIQltl

Fig. 1 Schrmoric diogruni <rurrungemenr und geomen-ita: definition o j

a Schematic diagram of nidc-delcclian arrangement b Ccomcrrical definition of tilted grating ~tmcture

Most published work to date has evaluated the spectral responses of TFBGs by measuring the transmission, using the fibre-md detection method and there has been no detailed investigation of the side-outcoupled radiation profilcs. Side-detection of radiation inodcs offers many application-specific advantages. For example. in conjunction with a CCD array detector the function of side-tapping ligiit with high spectral resolution may be utilised to implement a spectrometer or to form the basis for low-cost WDM devices. In this Letter, we report, for the first time to our howlcdge, the measurement of thc two-dimensional radiation power distribution of thc TFBG in MMF with high sparial/spcctral resolution employing the side-detection technique.

Erperimenl and re.szr1t.s: Fig. Io shows the side detection system for measuring two-dimensional radiation power out-coupled from a TFBG. The grating is immersed in index-matching gel to maximise the radiation mode coupling efficiency. A cylindrical lens is used to efficiently collect the radiated light an to thc detector. A tunable laser (HP8168D) is used as a light source to examine the spatial-to-spectral relationship of the out-coupled radiation. The detcctor is scanned in thc x and y directions using two motorised translation stages. The movement of the stages, the operation of the tunable laser and the power reading of the detector are synchronised using a computer. If radiation mode out-coupling is spectrally distribut,:d along the grating position within the fibre, an optical spectrum analyscr function can bc implemented. This function is of enormous utility since it can easily facilitate lov-cost WDM devices for applications in telecommunications and optical sensing. To this end we have systematically investigated the radiation power distribution of TFBGs in both SMF and MMF using the side-detection mcthod. With the system shown in Fig. 1, the out-coupled radiation at different wavelengths can be effectively measured along the TFBG. Fig. 2 shows a lypical optical power distnbution of a TFBG in MMF measured in one dimension (along the x-axis) over the radiation mode coupling range from 1480 to 1560 nm. When the launching wavelength changes the corresponding focus point on the .r-axis moves, giving a clear spatial-to-spectral encoding relationship with a high conversion efficiency of -0.6 mm/nm.

Fig. 3 Contour imager o f colleoed radiated p o w r for tilted gratings

U

MMP

b SMF

We further examined the out-coupled radiation in two dimensions by removing the cylindrical lens in the side-detection system and scanning the detector in the x-y plane as shown in Fig. Ib. Fig. 3 shows the images of the contour plot of the radiation power collected over one scanning process for two TFBGs in MMF and SMF, respectively. These two TFBGs were fabricated and measured under the same conditions. The Figure shows clearly that the spatial distribution of the radiated power is more confined and stronger in the TFBG fabricated in MMF than in SMF, Fig. 4 plots the maximum azimuthal angle (as defined in Fig. I h ) of the radiation power distribution obtained from the two TFBCs measured over the wavelength range from 1480 to 1540nm.It is cvidem from Fig. 4 that the entire azimuthal angle disiribution range is much smaller for the TFBG in MMF (12-18") than for that in SMF (22-28"). This further confirms the better spatial confinement of the out-coupled power from the TFBG in MMf. It is also noted from Fig. 4 that the angular distribution of the MMF device output exhibits a parabolic characteristic giving a minimum angle at 1515 nm.

652

ELECTRONlCS L E T E R S

77th April 2003

Vol. 39 No. 8

KASHYAP, R., WYATT, R., and CAMPBELL, R . J : Wideband gain flattened erbium fibre amplifier using a photosensitive fibre blared grating, Electrun. Lei?., 1993, 29, (2). pp. 154-156 3 LABIDI. II., DERARROS. C., LETIERON, R., and RIANT, I.: Slanted Bmgg grating with ultm-lowpolarization dependant loss. OFC 2002. Anaheim, CA, USA, Paper TuQ5,p. I13 4 LIU. Y., ZHANG, L., and BENNION, I.: Fabricating fibre edge fillws with arbitmy spectral response based on tilted chirped grating S I N C I U ~ ~ S , Mea.?. Sci. Technol.. 1999, 10, pp. LI-L3

h nm
Fig. 4 Maximirm uzimuthol angle o f radiarion di.wibution MMF ond S M F
from fibre end fmmfibre Side

sf TFBGs

Efficient ID-based authenticated key agreement protocol based on Weil pairing

in

Kyungah Shim
The we8knerier of Q reccntly proposed Smarts ID-based authenticated huo~pusskcy agreement prOiOEOl are discussed. An rficient IU-bused authmlicated key agrccment pmtocol with the optimal number o f evaluations o f Wed pairing is proposed.
Inrrodrtcrion: Several new cryptosyrtemr based on bilinear pairings have been proposed recently. The existence of Weil pairing (or Tate pairing) was thought 10 be a bad thing in cryptography. It was shown that thc discrete logarithm problem in supcrsingular curvcs was reducible to that in an extension of the underlying field via Weil pairing [I]. This led to supcrsingular curvos being avoided for cryptographic use. This h a t i o n changed with the work of Joun [2], who gave a simple one-round tripartite Diffie-Hellman protocol based on the Weil pairing an supersingular cuwes. Thcreaficr, Bonch and Franklin [3] developed an ID-based encryption scheme using the Weil pairing. The scheme allows the replacement of a PKI with a system where ones identity becomes the public key and a key generation centre helps generate users private keys. Smart [4] more recently proposed an ID-based authenticated key agrcemcnt prolocol which also makes use of the Weil pairing and combines thc idcas of Boneh and Franklin [3] with the tripartite Diffie-Hellman protocol of Joux [2]. In this Letter, we show that Smarts protocol does not provide full forward secrecy. In addition, we propose an efficient IDbased two-pass authenticated key agreement protocol which has an optimal number of evaluations of Weil pairing.

2, nm

Fig. 5 Compunsun of rmn.mion profle o f TFBG in ,MMF Kadiation profile is invenedly ploned for purpose of companion

Fig. 5 comparatively plots the radiated spectral profiles measured from the fibre-side and fibre-end, respectively, showing the anticipated CXCellent agreement.

Conclusion: We have investigatcd the two-dimensional spatial distribution of the radiated power out-coupled from TFBGs in both SMF and MMF using the side-detection method. The outstanding spatialto-spectral cncading property of the side out-coupled radiation strongly suggests that, in conjunction with a CCD array detector, low-cost WDM devices could be implemented using the TFBG. Our investigation reveals clearly that the out-coupled radiation is stronger and much more confined in the TFBGs fabricated in MME The twodimensional measurement of out-coupled power shows excellent agreement with the spectrum obtained from the fibre cnd.
A c k n o d e d g w s : This work was carried out under the UK DTIEPSRC LINK OSDA schemc and we acknowledge our EMPIRE project partners of BAE SYSTEMS, Indigo Photonics Ltd and Deutsch Ltd for their technical support and useful discussions.

Modrfied Weilpoiring: Let p be a prime such that p=2(mod 3 ) and p = 6 q - 1 for some prime q > 3 . Let E be a supersingular curve Let H be a collision resistant hash defined by p=x+ I over function H (0, I } * + En. Our ID-based scheme will make use of a simple algorithm for converting an arbitrary string (DEio, 1 ) * to B point Q , D E E / F ~We refer to this algorithm as MapToPoinl,, [3] which works as follows:

1. Compute yo=H(/D) and x0=(,$l)(*p-)3(modp). 2. Let Q = (xu. yo) t /EF Set Qm= 6Q. Then Q, has ordcr y as required. ; contains all elements of order 4. The Let pq be the subgroup of .E Weil pairing an the curve E/F,,, is a mapping e: G,, x G , + p,, We define the modified Weil pairing
2: Gq x G, + pq.

0 - IEE 2003
Electronics Letters Online ho: 20030426 Dol: lO.l04Y/el:20030426

28 JMW

2003

2(P. Q)= e(P, Q(Q))

~

K. Zhou, G. Simpson, X. Chen, L. Zhang and 1. Bennion (Photonics Research Group, Elecrronic Engineering, Aston University, Birmingham, 8 4 7E7: Unired Kingdom)

where 4(.r, y ) = (ix, y ) , I # iE is a solution of x I = 0 (mod p ) and G, is a group of points with orderq. The modified Wcil pairing then satisfies the following properties:
1. Bilinear: G(a.i? b.Q)=Q(~Q)h,.foral/P.QEG,..d, h E E . 2. Nan-degenerate: There exists a point P t G, such that 2(.p P) # 1 3. Polynomial-time computable: i.(P. Q) is computable in polynomial time.

References
I WESTBROOK. R.S., FEUEK. K.S., RLYES. El., STEINYURZEL. P., LGCLETON. R.J.. ERNST, R.G., REITII. L.A., and GILL. D M : Application of

fiber Biagg grating filtrrjtap module to a wavelength-locked low-chirp

directly-modulated 10 Gbjs Rz transmitter. OFC 2002, Anaheim, CA, USA, Paper ThGG49, pp. 680-682

Smartk ID-based prorocoi ond irr wrokness: The ID-based key exchange scheme is specified by three mndomised algorithms: Setup, Extract, KeyAgrecmcnt.

ELECTRONKS LE77ERS

17th April 2003

Vol. 39 No. 8

653