Edwin Armstrong 1890-1954

Angular Modulation

Message

Frequency Modulation

Message derivative

Phase modulated Wave

Carrier angle varied by message Phase Frequency Amplitude remains constant- more efficient use of transmitter power- immune to channel no-linearity

Frequency Modulation
The instantaneous frequency is given by
f i = f c + k f m(t ) where k f is a constant, f c is the carrier frequency Assume that the message m(t ) is given by m(t ) = Am cos m t f i = f c + k f Am cos m t

k f Am cos m t i = c + 2

Phase of modulated carrier

(t ) = i dt = (c + 2k f Am cos mt ) dt
Amplitude of modulated carrier A c cos (t ) = A c cos(ct + 2k f = A c cos(ct + = A c cos(ct + 2k f Am sin mt

cos mtdt ) )

m f sin mt
fm

f is the modulation index m where fm f = k f Am

FM spectra

The FM waveform are of the form

x(t ) = Ac cos(c t + m sin m t ) where m = f x(t ) = Ac { cos c t cos( m sin m t ) sin c t sin(m sin m t )} x2 x4 cos x = 1 + 2! 4! m 2 sin 2 m t m 4 sin 4 m t + .............. 2! 4! m 2 sin 2 m t m 4 sin 4 m t cos c t cos( m sin m t ) = cos c t 1 + ....... 2! 4! 2 2 2 m sin m t m [1 cos 2m t ] = 2! 4 cos( m sin m t ) = 1 fm

Similar terms arise from sin(msinmt) These are both infinite series This means that the following frequencies are produced

c, c+m, c+2m, c+3m etc. c-m, c-2m, c-3m etc

Key points In theory an infinite number of frequencies each separated by m are produced for each message frequency and therefore an infinite bandwidth would be required to transmit FM but The amplitude of the series terms decreases because of denominator but it is also a function of m, the modulation index The amplitude of the frequency terms is given by the BESSEL function Jn (m) for frequency c +nm and modulation index m

In practice the typical bandwidth required= 2(m+1)fm= 2(f+fm) This is known as Carsons rule This states that nearly all (~98%) of the power of a frequency-modulated signal lies within the bandwidth

Bessel Functions Example

FM radio fm = 15kHz m=5 Bandwidth required= 180kHz

Angular Modulation Applications 1. Broadcast

Analogue TV sound, space communications, mobile phones

2. Radio
Standard for high frequency, high fidelity radio transmission

Amplitude vs Frequency Modulation

Amplitude Modulation Advantages Low Bandwidth Simple Detection Disadvantages Noisy Linear Amplifiers required Inefficient

Frequency Modulation Advantages Freedom from noise/interference Non-linear Disadvantages High carrier frequencies Large Bandwidth

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