1. Small cells function more effectively, because as cells become larger their surface area to volume ratio A. B. C. D. E.

increases decreases stays the same is squared is cubed

2. Membrane-bound organelles that contain powerful enzymes found in cells are known as A. B. C. D. E. lysosomes plastids vacuoles liposomes ribosomes

3. These types of plastids are formed when chloroplasts are deprived of light for prolonged periods of time. A. B. C. D. E. lysoplasts plastids vacuoles leucoplasts amyloplasts

4. The proteins of the plasma membrane are in large part responsible for the cell's ability to interact with its environment. They act as or are involved in all of the following except A. B. C. D. E. channel recognition reception (receptor proteins) electron transport packaging (histones)

5. The genetic material of which kind of cells is included in a single, circular molecule of DNA devoid of any histone proteins? A. B. C. D. E. bacteria protozoa insects flowering plants yeasts

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6. Who first described cells? A. B. C. D. E. Darwin Golgi Linnaeus Hooke Leeuwenhoek

7. Who first looked at tiny living cells and called them as "animalecules"? A. B. C. D. E. Darwin Golgi Leeuwenhoek Hooke Linnaeus

8. Schlieden and Schwann stated the "cell theory," which in its modern form includes all of the following postulates except A. B. C. D. E. all organisms are composed of one or more cells all cells need oxygen cells are the smallest living things cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell cells vary in size and shape

9. The chromosomal hereditary material is packaged in this organelle in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells. This organelle is A. B. C. D. E. mitochondria chloroplasts plasma membrane nucleus centrioles

10. The peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall contains a carbohydrate matrix linked together by short chains of A. B. C. D. E. amino acids fatty acids nucleotides water molecules steroids

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11. A very common method of distinguishing the bacteria takes advantage of the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall. This method of differential staining of cells is called A. B. C. D. E. positive staining negative staining Gram staining neutral staining prokaryotic staining

12. Prokaryotic cell movement is attributed to the A. B. C. D. E. capsule ribosomes pili nucleoid area flagella and cilia

13. Photosynthetic bacterial membranes are located in the A. B. C. D. E. nuclei chloroplasts cell wall plasma membrane plasmids

14. Plant cells often have a large membrane-bound sac that is used for storing water and other substances. This organelle is called A. B. C. D. E. nucleus chloroplast Golgi body centriole central vacuole

15. Which of the following is not bounded by membranes? A. B. C. D. E. endoplasmic reticulum microbody Golgi body nucleoid nucleus

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16. Some of the functions of the eukaryotic organelles are performed in bacteria by the A. B. C. D. E. plasma membrane nucleoid area cell wall capsule flagella/cilia

17. All of the following about flagella of bacteria are true except A. B. C. D. E. they are used in locomotion they are used in feeding they have similar function as mitochondria of eukaryotic cells there may be more than one per cell they are attached in between the cell wall and the membrane

18. The cytoplasmic space in eukaryotic cells is occupied by many diverse membrane-bound structures with specific cellular functions. These are called A. B. C. D. E. flagella organelles cilia chromosomes receptors

19. Which of the following is not present in all eukaryotic cells? A. B. C. D. E. endoplasmic reticulum ribosome plasma membrane cell wall Golgi bodies

20. Some ribosomes are embedded into A. B. C. D. E. chromosomes smooth endoplasmic reticulum rough endoplasmic reticulum histones vacuoles

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21. Ribosomes are A. B. C. D. E. only DNA molecules only RNA molecules single, naked, and circular chromosomes only protein molecules large molecular aggregates of protein and RNA

22. The eukaryotic organelle that is directly involved in the transport of proteins synthesized on the surface of the rough ER is called A. B. C. D. E. mitochondria vacuole cytoskeleton Golgi complex nucleus

23. Lipid synthesis occurs in which eukaryotic organelle? A. B. C. D. E. rough ER smooth ER lysosomes mitochondria nucleolus

24. Many hormones induce changes in cells by first binding to plasma membrane A. B. C. D. E. marker proteins pores rough ER channels surface receptors

25. In eukaryotes, mitochondria are the organelles primarily involved in A. B. C. D. E. energy release/capture phospholipid assembly export of enzymes lipid synthesis protein synthesis

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26. Which structure is the repository of the genetic information that directs all of the activities of the cell? A. B. C. D. E. ER mitochondria nucleus chloroplasts centriole

27. Nuclear pores apparently permit the passage of only A. B. C. D. E. chromosomes outward glucose molecules outward assembled DNA molecules outward proteins inward and outward, but RNA only outward sodium ions inward, potassium ions outward

28. Nucleolus of the nucleus is the site of A. B. C. D. E. protein synthesis ribosome assembly chromosome replication lipid synthesis uncoiling and unraveling of chromosomes

29. Chromosomes can be condensed into compact structures, visible with the light microscope, but usually only A. B. C. D. E. after the cell is dead during cell division while the DNA is being copied into RNA while the proteins are being assembled while the nuclear pores are open

30. Flattened sacks of membranes apparently involved in the packaging and export of molecules synthesized in the cell are known as A. B. C. D. E. Golgi bodies microbodies pinocytic vesicles vacuoles chromosomes

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31. Lysosomes are vesicles bounded by membranes that contain oxidative enzymes. Their functions include all of the following except they A. B. C. D. E. catalyze the rapid breakdown of macromolecules break down old organelles eliminate substances taken into the cell by phagocytosis participate in the phenomenon of selective cell death allow bacteria to pass through unaffected

32. The self digesting activity of lysosomes in cells occurs when A. B. C. D. E. cytoplasmic bacteria invade the acidic internal pH is maintained the cell becomes metabolically inactive phagocytosis triggers none of the above

33. Peroxisomes in animal cells, and glyoxosomes in plant cells are examples of A. B. C. D. E. chromosomes lysosomes microbodies nucleosomes ribosomes

34. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the other organelles besides the nucleus that contain A. B. C. D. E. genes pores channels plasma membranes pigments

35. The organelle involved in the oxygen-requiring process by which the energy in macromolecules is stored in ATP is the A. B. C. D. E. nucleus lysosome ER mitochondria chloroplasts

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36. The endosymbiotic theory is supported by the finding of non-nuclear DNA in which of the following organelles? A. B. C. D. E. lysosomes ER mitochondria chloroplasts both in c and d

37. The distinctive feature of chloroplasts is that they contain a green pigment called A. B. C. D. E. Gram stain chlorophyll hemoglobin chromatin keratin

38. Which of the following is not found in the cytoskeleton? A. B. C. D. E. actin filaments intermediate filaments spindle fibers microfilaments none of the above

39. Centrioles are organelles which have A. B. C. D. E. a barrel shape paired structures DNA sometimes microtubule assembly function all of the above

40. The functions of the cytoskeleton include A. B. C. D. E. providing the cell shape providing a scaffolding for the enzymes in certain areas of the cell organizing the cell's activities providing movement of molecules in the cell all of the above

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41. Cell crawling is essential for which of the following? A. B. C. D. E. cancer spreading inflammation wound healing clotting of blood all of the above

42. Bacteria are generally A. B. C. D. E. 1 to 2 centimeters thick 1 to 2 millimeters thick 1 to 2 micrometers thick 1 to 2 nanometers thick 1 to 2 meters thick

43. The electron microscope can magnify an object typically A. B. C. D. E. ten times bigger one hundred times bigger one thousand times bigger tens of thousand times bigger hundreds of thousand times bigger

44. A drug is used on a particular type of tissue (remember that cells make tissues) to interfere with the cytoplasm. Therefore this drug has a direct effect on the A. B. C. D. E. nucleus mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex various sugars, amino acids, and proteins

45. A team of researchers is writing a grant for a microscope to use in their research on the external structures on the dorsal surface of a spider mite. The specific region on the mite's back seems to be the habitat of an even smaller mite. These mites are extremely tiny and only one microscope with very high magnification can be purchased. Based on the information given, which type of microscope would you suggest? A. B. C. D. E. transmission electron microscope scanning electron microscope binocular compound light microscope monocular compound light microscope dissecting microscope

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46. A computer program is being written by one of your friends to design the "perfect" spherical cell. She asks you about the sizes of cells and if there are any ratios or mathematical factors that she should use in her program. You reply, A. "No, there are none that I am aware of; cells can be any size as long as they have a plasma membrane." B. "Yes, make sure that you include in the program that as the cell's diameter increases, the surface area of the cell and the cell volume increases by the square root of the cell's diameter." C. "Yes, make sure that you include in the program that as the cell's diameter increases, the surface area of the cell increases by squaring the diameter of the cell, while the cell volume increases by cubing the diameter of the cell." D. "No, as long as you clearly state the type of cell that is requiredfor example, a red blood cell or a bone cellotherwise you will have to set up a differential equation that considers the nuclear diameter." 47. A cytologist is examining a tissue under an electron microscope. He notices in particular that the endoplasmic reticulum of each cell is extremely rough in appearance and of course knows that the rough appearance is because of the ribosomes embedded there. He is curious about why there are so many ribosomes. You can help. Your response would be, A. "This tissue exports lipids and is very involved with mRNA production, which of course is used in protein synthesis." B. "This tissue exports proteins to other areas of the body." C. "This tissue has obviously been exposed to the new protein diet supplements that are so popular these days and has been recruited to make more protein." D. "This tissue exports various nucleic acids, hence the large number of ribosomes present on the endoplasmic reticulum in each of those cells." 48. One of the relationships that exists between ribosomes and lysosomes is that A. B. C. D. ribosomes produce enzymes that could be stored in lysosomes ribosomes produce lipids that could be stored in lysosomes lysosomes are located near ribosomes on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum lysosomes are produced by ribosomes and therefore contain proteins that were synthesized at the ribosomes

49. A cell physiologist treats a cell with a chemical that prevents entry of amino acids. Which organelle will be affected the most? A. B. C. D. E. mitochrondia lysosome nucleus ribosome Golgi apparatus Page 10

50. A cell biologist has developed a new drug that will block the cis face of the Golgi apparatus. If eventually approved by the FDA, she wants to use this new drug to aid cancer patients. What specifically will this drug prevent from happening inside a cancer cell? A. the synthesis of proteins or lipids on the endoplasmic reticulum B. the movement of the lipids and proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus C. the blockage of proteins and lipids on the endoplasmic reticulum D. the prevention of ATP synthesis by blocking pyruvate formation on the trans face of the Golgi apparatus 51. Many apples are stored in coolers after picking in the summer and are slowly released to markets across the nation during the winter. Cooling the apples reduces spoiling. Why does the cooling reduce the spoiling? A. The cooler temperatures reduce the enzyme activities inside the chloroplasts thus slowing down the ripening process. B. The cooler temperatures reduce the enzyme activities inside the plasma membranes of the apple peels preventing the movement of water across the membrane. C. The cooler temperatures increase the enzyme activities inside the lysosomes thus slowing down the ripening process. D. The cooler temperatures reduce the enzyme activities inside the lysosomes thus slowing down the ripening process. E. The cooler temperatures reduce the enzyme activities inside the Golgi apparatus thus slowing down the ripening process. 52. A cell biologist treats a cell so that oxygen cannot diffuse across the membrane. Which organelle will be directly affected? A. B. C. D. E. mitochrondia lysosome nucleus ribosome Golgi apparatus

53. Plants, fungi, and bacteria share which one of the following characteristics? A. B. C. D. E. cell walls nuclear membranes nuclei central vacuoles vesicles

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54. Mitochondria and chloroplast are both organelles that support the theory of endosymbiosis. Which of the following is not a characteristic that applies to theses two organelles as they relate to endosymbiosis? A. B. C. D. E. Two membranes surround mitochondria and chloroplasts. Mitochondria are approximately the same size as bacteria. Ribosomes found inside mitochrondia are similar to bacterial ribosomes. Circular DNA is found in both mitochondria and chloroplasts. Mitochondria divide by mitosis followed by meiosis.

55. Membrane proteins are not very soluble in water, because they possess long stretches of nonpolar amino acids that A. B. C. D. E. are too long to interact with the water molecules are hydrophobic are transmembranal are hydrophilic serve as transport channels

56. The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid embedded with larger molecules A. B. C. D. E. called proteins called carbohydrates called polymers called nucleotides of sodium and potassium ions

57. The part of a membrane protein that extends through the phospholipid bilayer is primarily composed of amino acids that are A. B. C. D. E. highly polar negatively charged non-polar positively charged water soluble

58. Which of the following protein classes are not found as membrane proteins? A. B. C. D. E. transport channels hormones receptors enzymes antigenic markers

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59. On the outer surface of the plasma membrane there are marker molecules that identify the celltype. Often these molecules are A. B. C. D. E. ATP amino acids nucleotides carbohydrate chains inorganic ions

60. Some proteins of the plasma membrane extend across the entire width of the membrane. These have been known to function as A. B. C. D. E. structural proteins recognition proteins channels cell shape determinants cell division triggers

61. The fluid nature of the membranes is attributed to a lateral movement of A. B. C. D. E. protein channels phospholipid molecules antigen molecules pumps such as the proton pump the entire lipid bilayer

62. Which of the following properties is not true of membrane phospholipids? A. B. C. D. E. the hydrophobic tails are oriented towards the interior the hydrophilic heads are oriented towards the exterior only the saturated fatty acids are always present once they are incorporated they remain in the membrane permanently the bilayers made up of them are randomly interspersed with proteins

63. The cell's transactions with the environment mediated by its plasma membrane include all of the following except A. B. C. D. E. ingesting food as molecules and sometimes as entire cells returning waste and other molecules back to the environment responding to a host of chemical cues directing the synthesis of various food-digesting proteins passing of messages to other cells

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64. A type of transport of a solute across a membrane, up its concentration gradient, using protein carriers driven by the expenditure of chemical energy is known as A. B. C. D. E. osmosis diffusion facilitated transport active transport exocytosis

65. If a cell has the same concentration of dissolved molecules as of its outside environment, the cell's condition is called as being _______. A. B. C. D. E. isotonic hypertonic hypotonic hydrophobic hydrophilic

66. Proteins that function as passageways through which substances and information crosses the membrane are called A. B. C. D. E. junction proteins carrier proteins hydrophilic proteins hydrophobic proteins transmembrane proteins

67. The following are all functions of a typical plasma membrane except A. B. C. D. E. transport of water and bulk material selective transport of certain molecules and material reception of information expression of cellular identity be permanent in composition

68. The movement of substances to regions of lower concentration is called A. B. C. D. E. active transport diffusion osmosis pumping exocytosis

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69. If two solutions have unequal concentrations of a solute, the solution with the lower concentration is called A. B. C. D. E. isotonic hypertonic hypotonic hypnotic osmosis

70. In bacteria, fungi, and plants the high internal pressure generated by osmosis is counteracted by the mechanical strength of their A. B. C. D. E. plasma membranes organelles cytoskeletons cell walls flagella

71. Some single-celled eukaryotes remove the water entering by osmosis with a process called extrusion which involves A. B. C. D. E. mitochondria cell walls Golgi bodies micro bodies central vacuoles

72. The actual transport of protons by the proton pump is mediated by a transmembrane protein which undergoes a change in its A. B. C. D. E. conformation amino acid sequence net charge solubility immunity

73. When leaf cells lose so much water that turgor pressure falls, the plant A. B. C. D. E. dies takes in water from air closes up the protein channels through which water is lost wilts starts to grow

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74. The process often thought of as "cell eating" is A. B. C. D. E. osmosis pinocytosis phagocytosis diffusion active transport

75. Carrier-mediated transport is also called A. B. C. D. E. facilitated diffusion active transport exocytosis endocytosis phagocytosis

76. Osmosis can only occur if water travels through the A. B. C. D. E. cell wall semi-permeable membrane vacuole ER cytoskeleton

77. Cell-walled organisms cannot carry out A. B. C. D. E. exocytosis active transport osmosis diffusion endocytosis

78. Membrane proteins serve many functions. One of the functions is transportation of substances across the membrane. If a cell biologist placed cells into an environment in which a chemical has been added that blocks the function of these transport proteins, which process will be blocked? A. B. C. D. E. active transport osmosis diffusion phagocytosis pinocytosis

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79. The Fluid Mosaic Model proposed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972 was a revised version of a previous cell membrane model. Their revision included that A. the cell membrane was composed of lipids and proteins B. the cell membrane was composed of a phospholipid bilayer between two layers of globular proteins C. the cell membrane was composed of a phospholipid bilayer with globular proteins actually inserted into the bilayer D. the cell membrane was composed of a phospholipid bilayer but the polar ends of the phospholipid molecules were reversed 80. The phospholipid bilayer is fluid and has been compared to the viscosity of olive oil. A scientist raises the temperature of a cell culture and wants to know what happens to the viscosity of the phospholipid bilayer. Her prediction is that A. B. C. D. the viscosity of the bilayer will remain the same, but the cell membrane will be more porous. the viscosity of the bilayer will increase causing the cell membrane to be more porous the viscosity of the bilayer will decrease the viscosity of the bilayer will decrease and this will induce a reduction in the polar bonding that exists between the nonpolar ends of a phospholipid molecule and a water molecule

81. A phospholipid molecule has a polar and a nonpolar end. Because of this, water molecules form A. B. C. D. E. polar bonds with the nonpolar end of the phospholipid molecule polar bonds with the polar end of the phospholipid molecule hydrogen bonds with the nonpolar end of the phospholipid molecule hydrogen bonds with the polar end of the phospholipid molecule covalent bonds with the nonpolar end of the phospholipid molecule

82. Cholesterol functions in the plasma membrane to A. B. C. D. E. transport ions serve as an energy molecule maintain fluidity mediate steroid action maintain hypertension

83. The chemiosmotic formation of ATP occurs when hydrogen ions A. B. C. D. E. cut channels that admit ADP and phosphate cut phosphate groups from ADP by hydrolysis diffuse backward through the sodium-potassium pump diffuse through the proton pump diffuse through a special ATP synthesizing channel

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84. The coupling of the proton pump to ATP synthesis is called A. B. C. D. E. proton synthesis coupled synthesis chemiosmosis osmosis sodium-potassium pump

85. The accumulation of amino acids and sugars in animal cells occurs through the A. B. C. D. E. ATP pump sodium-potassium pump glucose pump cotransport proton pump

86. In a single sodium-potassium pump cycle, ATP is used up with the result that A. B. C. D. E. 3 sodium ions leave and 2 potassium ions enter 1 sodium ion enters and 1 potassium ion leaves 1 sodium ion leaves and 1 potassium ion enters 3 sodium ions enter and 2 potassium ions leave sodium and potassium ions enter and water leaves

87. The type of transport that is specific, which requires specific carrier molecules and energy is A. B. C. D. E. exocytosis facilitated diffusion active transport endocytosis osmosis

88. The type of diffusion that is specific and passive, and which becomes saturated if all of the protein carriers are in use is A. B. C. D. E. exocytosis facilitated diffusion active transport endocytosis osmosis

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89. For the process of diffusion to occur, molecules must A. move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until an equilibrium is reached B. move from areas of low concentration to areas of higher concentration until an equilibrium is reached C. remain stationary until their molecular motion allows for an equilibrium to be reached D. move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until facilitated transport can assist the molecular equilibrium E. move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until an equilibrium is reached by active transport 90. Oxygen diffuses through the plasma membrane. If a cell were prevented diffusing oxygen, which organelle would be most affected? A. B. C. D. E. nucleolus nucleus lysosome vacuole mitochondria

91. Ions can diffuse into and out of cells through channels in the plasma membrane. There is a special condition inside the channels that permits ions to diffuse. The condition is that A. B. C. D. E. it has to have phospholipid molecules with their nonpolar end facing into the channel it has to have spanning protein molecules with polar ends lining the channel it has water molecules inside of the channel which provide hydration to the channel it has to have the same viscosity as the cytoplasm each ion must join with the nonpolar tail of phospholipid molecule

92. Facilitated diffusion is an important method for cells in obtaining necessary molecules and removing other ones. Requirements for facilitated diffusion include which of the following? A. The carrier molecule must be specific to the molecule that is transported. The direction of movement is always with the concentration gradient, never against the gradient. B. The carrier molecule is nonspecific to the molecule that is transported. The direction of movement is always with the concentration gradient, never against the gradient. C. The carrier molecule is nonspecific to the molecule that is transported. The direction of movement is always against the concentration gradient, never with the gradient. D. The carrier molecule must be specific to the molecule that is transported and an ATP molecule must be attached to the specific carrier. The direction of movement is always against the concentration gradient, never with the gradient.

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93. If a blood research laboratory is attempting to collect the content of human red blood cells, the researchers should use which of the following types of solutions to cause blood cell lysis (bursting)? A. hyperosmotic B. isosmotic C. hypoosmotic 94. One day during the summer you and some friends made ice cream using an electric ice cream maker. A few days later you noticed a yellow circle of dead grass where the ice cream freezer had been placed. What happened? A. The ice and salt mixture that spilled out when the freezer was moved froze the grass. B. The grass was frost bitten by the ice and salt mixture that spilled out when the freezer was moved. C. The ice and salt mixture was isosmotic to the grass cells and caused the yellow circle of dead grass. D. The ice and salt mixture was hyperosmotic to the grass cells and caused the yellow circle of dead grass. E. The ice and salt mixture was hypoosmotic to the grass cells and caused the yellow circle of dead grass. 95. Oxidation and reduction reactions are chemical processes that result in a gain or loss in A. B. C. D. E. atoms neutrons electrons molecules protons

96. Reactions that occur spontaneously and release free energy are called A. B. C. D. E. activation reactions exergonic reactions catabolistic reactions thermodynamic reactions end-product reactions

97. A chemical reaction in which the products contain less energy than the _______ will tend to proceed spontaneously. A. B. C. D. E. reactants enzymes coenzymes substrates cofactors Page 20

98. The chief energy currency of all cells is a molecule called A. B. C. D. E. cyclic AMP NADH FADH ATP ADP

99. The chemistry of living systems representing all chemical reactions is called A. B. C. D. E. catabolism anabolism metabolism enzymology thermodynamics

100. A calorie is the commonly used unit of chemical energy. It is also the unit of A. B. C. D. E. light magnetism sound heat radioactivity

101. The term oxidation is derived from the name of the element oxygen. This is reasonable, because it A. B. C. D. E. attracts electrons very strongly can be oxidized by accepting electrons contains more electrons than are needed can react chemically readily in its gas state is present everywhere

102. When an atom or molecule gains one or more electrons, it is said to be A. B. C. D. E. energized oxidized polarized activated reduced

103. An electron transferred in a biological system is usually A. B. C. D. E. boosted to a higher light energy state converted into other chemical compounds accompanied by a proton given off as radiant energy lost to the system as heat Page 21

104. Cells release energy from molecules such as glucose in a process very similar to inhalation of air and exhalation of carbon dioxide by humans. This process is known as cellular A. B. C. D. E. oxidation reduction photosynthesis radiation respiration

105. Life's ultimate source of energy is derived from A. B. C. D. E. the sun plants water air cells

106. As energy is being reconverted through the many forms, it is continuously lost as A. B. C. D. E. electricity light sound heat chemical energy

107. In reactions of cells the net energy obtained from breaking bonds is called free energy. It is A. B. C. D. E. the bond energies of reactants the bond energies of products the difference between a and b the amount of energy due to the degree of disorder of the system the amount after d is subtracted from c

108. Reactions that do not proceed spontaneously because they require energy from an outside source are called A. B. C. D. E. exergonic xerogonic metabolic endergonic endocytic

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109. Molecules that act as catalysts in biological systems are A. B. C. D. E. ATP cofactors coenzymes enzymes genes

110. One of the most important coenzymes that accepts electrons/hydrogens is A. B. C. D. E. NAD+ NADH ATP NADPH ribozyme

111. ATP gives up energy when it is converted to A. B. C. D. E. DNA NADP NADH ADP and phosphate RNA

112. A molecule that stores energy by linking charged phosphate groups near each other is called A. B. C. D. E. ATP. NADH. FADH. cyclic AMP. pyruvate.

113. An electron carrier that is used in harvesting energy from glucose molecules in a series of gradual steps in the cytoplasm is A. B. C. D. E. pyruvate. cyclic AMP. ATP. NAD+ NADH.

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114. In eukaryotes, the glycolytic reactions take place in the A. B. C. D. E. mitochondria of the cell. cytoplasm of the cell. ribosomes of the cell. endoplasmic reticulium of each cell. Golgi bodies of the cell.

115. The first stage of cellular respiration, and the oldest in terms of evolution is A. B. C. D. E. decarboxylation. deamination. fermentation. chemiosmosis. glycolysis.

116. In the absence of oxygen, hydrogen atoms generated by glycolysis are donated to organic molecules in a process called A. B. C. D. E. fermentation. decarboxylation. chemiosmosis. electron transport chain reactions. acetylCoA formation.

117. Which of the following organisms are autotrophs? A. B. C. D. E. algae some bacteria plants some protozoans all of the above

118. At least 90% of organisms on the earth are heterotrophs. Examples include all of the following except A. B. C. D. E. plants fungi most eubacteria animals most protists

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119. In digestion, which is a prelude to metabolism, all of the following occur except A. B. C. D. E. carbohydrates are degraded to sugars proteins are degraded into amino acids lipids are degraded to fatty acids water is degraded into hydrogen and oxygen all of these occur

120. Fermentation can be described as a process A. B. C. D. E. that takes place only in the absence of oxygen in which the recipient of hydrogen atoms is an organic molecule in which water is not one of the by-products in which the Krebs cycle and electron transfer through ETS do not occur all of the above are true

121. Chemiosmotic generation of ATP is driven by A. B. C. D. E. phosphate transfer through the plasma membrane sodium, potassium pump a difference in H+ concentration on the two sides of the mitochondrial membrane osmosis of macromolecules large quantities of ADP

122. The decarboxylation of pyruvate produces A. B. C. D. E. NADH acetylcoA CO2 ATP only a, b, and c are correct

123. The decarboxylation step of oxidation of pyruvate takes place in the A. B. C. D. E. cytoplasm Golgi body ribosome mitochondrion nucleus

124. The enzymes catalyzing the reactions of glycolysis occur in the A. B. C. D. E. mitochondria cytoplasm chloroplasts nucleus Golgi apparatus Page 25

125. The fate of the end-product of glycolysis depends on the type of organism. The name of the endproduct is A. B. C. D. E. ATP NAD+ alcohol ADP pyruvate

126. All of the following are the end products of glycolysis except A. B. C. D. E. pyruvate ATP NADH NAD+ energy

127. A process common to all living organisms, aerobic and anaerobic, is A. B. C. D. E. glycolysis fermentation the Krebs cycle electron transport chain reactions pyruvate oxidation

128. In which of the following steps of glycolysis, 2 ATP molecules are required? A. B. C. D. E. cleavage and rearrangement glucose priming oxidation pyruvate formation acetylcoA formation

129. In oxidative respiration, energy is harvested from glucose molecules in a sequence of four major pathways. Which of the following is not one of these four pathways? A. B. C. D. E. Krebs cycle glycolysis electron transfer through the transport chain beta oxidation pyruvate oxidation

130. Out of the total amount of free energy potentially available from total oxidation of glucose, the number of ATP made by cells is equal to an energy efficiency of about A. 2% B. 25% C. 38% D. 75% E. 90%

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131. In the absence of oxygen, eukaryotic cells are restricted to A. B. C. D. E. chemiosmotic phosphorylation cyclic photo phosphorylation noncyclic photo phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation substrate level phosphorylation

132. The reaction, C6H6O6 + 6O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O, when it occurs in living cells is known as A. B. C. D. E. aerobic fermentation anaerobic fermentation cellular respiration glycolysis oxidative phosphorylation

133. When ATP levels are high, acetylcoA is channeled into A. B. C. D. E. fermentation fatty acid biosynthesis protein synthesis nucleic acid synthesis all of the above

134. In the cyclic reaction sequence called the Krebs cycle, the following chemical events take place except A. B. C. D. E. the acetyl group is joined with a four carbon molecule, oxaloacetate the resulting six carbon molecule is oxidized electrons generated are used to produce NADH two carbons per cycle are made into CO2 molecules pyruvate molecules are restored to the cycle

135. A single glucose molecule can drive the Krebs cycle A. B. C. D. E. one turn two turns three turns four turns six turns

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136. The coenzyme electron carriers produced in the Krebs cycle are A. B. C. D. E. ATP and ADP pyruvate and acetylcoA FADH2 and NADH NAD and NADH NADH and ATP

137. The oxygen utilized in cellular respiration finally shows up as A. B. C. D. E. CO2 ATP new O2 H2O part of a sugar

138. The electron transport chain, a series of membrane-associated electron carriers, loses most of the energy by driving several transmembrane A. B. C. D. E. proton pumps electron pumps sodium, potassium pumps active transport pumps water pumps

139. The enzymes of the Krebs cycle are located in the A. B. C. D. E. cytoplasm inter-membrane space of mitochondria vesicles of the ER outer membrane of the mitochondria matrix of the mitochondria

140. The electron transport chain consists of all of the following except A. B. C. D. E. NADH dehydrogenase cytochrome complex oxygenase cytochrome c oxidase ubiquinone, Q

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141. The energy released in the mitochondrial electron transport chain is used to transport protons into the A. B. C. D. E. matrix cytoplasm ER inter-membrane space of mitochondria enzyme complex of the Krebs cycle

142. Since membranes are relatively impermeable to ions, most of the protons re-enter the matrix by passing through special channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Because of the inward flow of protons these channels allow the synthesis of A. B. C. D. E. ADP from ATP and Pi ATP from ADP and Pi glucose from pyruvate acetylcoA from pyruvate citrate from oxaloacetate and acetylCoA

143. One of the key factors that fostered the evolution of heterotrophs is A. B. C. D. E. the length of the electron transport chain the ability of the Krebs cycle to use acetylcoA the high efficiency of oxidative respiration the ability to use glucose in glycolysis the ability to ferment

144. Which of the following statements accurately reflects what happens to a glucose molecule during the initial five phases of glycolysis? A. Glucose, a six-carbon sugar, enters the cell by passive transport and is primed and converted into glucose three-phosphate, which requires two ATP molecules. The remaining four steps involve splitting the six-carbon molecule into two three-carbon molecules. B. Glucose, a six-carbon sugar, enters the cell by active transport and is primed and converted into glucose three-phosphate, which requires two ATP molecules. The remaining four steps involve splitting the six-carbon molecule into two three-carbon molecules. C. Glucose, a six-carbon sugar, enters the cell by simple diffusion and is primed and converted into glucose three-phosphate, which requires two ATP molecules. The remaining four steps involve splitting the six-carbon molecule into two three-carbon molecules. D. Glucose, a six-carbon sugar, enters the cell by G protein mediation and is primed and converted into glucose three-phosphate, which requires two ATP molecules. The remaining four steps involve splitting the six-carbon molecule into two three-carbon molecules.

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145. Select the correct sequence concerning glucose catabolism. A. B. C. D. glycolysis Pyruvate Acetyl CoA Electron Transport Chain Kreb Cycle glycolysis Pyruvate Acetyl CoA Kreb Cycle Electron Transport Chain glycolysis Acetyl CoA Pyruvate Electron Transport Chain Kreb Cycle glycolysis Acetyl CoA Pyruvate Kreb Cycle Electron Transport Chain

146. A biochemist wants to control the initial substrate-level phosphorylation that occurs in the tracheal cells of grasshoppers once glucose has crossed the plasma membrane. This means that he will A. B. C. D. E. have to prevent cAMP from entering the tracheal cells have to prevent pyruvate reduction from occurring have to prevent glycolysis from occurring in the mitochondria have to prevent glycolysis from occurring in the cytoplasm have to prevent aerobic respiration in the cytoplasm

147. What type of cell respiration occurs when an organic molecule accepts hydrogen atoms? A. B. C. D. E. aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration fermentation catabolism digestion

148. During aerobic respiration the final acceptor of the hydrogen atoms is A. B. C. D. E. oxygen carbon dioxide water glucose pyruvate

149. Glucose catabolism is controlled by which of the following two key enzymes? A. B. C. D. E. phosphofructokinase citrate synthetase pyruvated dehydrogenase a and b a and c

150. A gram of fatty acid can yield how many more times the energy as one gram of glucose? A. 6 B. 5 C. 4 D. 3 E. 2

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151. Beta oxidation of these molecules converts them into acetylCoA, which can then enter the Krebs cycle for energy derivation. These are A. B. C. D. E. fatty acids amino acids ATP nucleic acids sugars

152. In muscle cells, fermentation produces not alcohol but A. B. C. D. E. ATP NADH pyruvate kinetic energy lactate

153. Yeast cells under anaerobic conditions A. B. C. D. E. die produce ethyl alcohol (ethanol) produce oxygen switch to oxidative respiration push the glycolytic pathway backward

154. Regardless of the electron or hydrogen acceptor used, one of the products of fermentation is always A. ADP B. ATP C. NAD+ D. pyruvate E. alcohol

155. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the process of glycolysis? A. Glycolysis is most likely one of the earliest of all biochemical reactions to evolve. Glycolysis uses molecular oxygen, however it occurs in anaerobic environments. B. Glycolysis is most likely one of the earliest of all biochemical reactions to evolve. Glycolysis uses no molecular oxygen. All reactions of glycolysis occur free in the cytoplasm. C. Glycolysis is most likely one of the earliest of all biochemical reactions to evolve. Glycolysis uses molecular oxygen, however it occurs in aerobic environments. D. Glycolysis is most likely one of the earliest of all biochemical reactions to evolve. Glycolysis uses molecular oxygen and occurs in the mitochondria.

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156. When substrate-level phosphorylation occurs, it means that A. B. C. D. E. NAD is converted into NADH ATP is converted into ADP + a phosphate group ADP is converted into ATP by addition of a phosphate group cAMP is converted into ADP by adding a phosphate group NADH is converted into NAD + H

157. When ATP levels are high, oxidative pathways are inhibited, so acetylCoA is channeled into A. B. C. D. E. fatty acid synthesis pyruvate formation the Kreb cycle the electron transport system NAD production

158. The Kreb cycle occurs in the mitochondria. There are nine biochemical reactions involved in the Kreb cycle, and they are highly ordered. Select the correct order from the following choices. (Note: these are abbreviated and do not show NAD, ADP, ATP, or FAD.) A. acetylCoA joins the Kreb cycle and unites with oxaloacetate forming citrate which forms beta-ketoglutarate which forms succinylCoA which forms succinate which forms fumarate which forms malate which forms oxaloacetate B. acetylCoA joins the Kreb cycle and unites with oxaloacetate forming citrate which forms alpha-ketoglutarate which forms succinylCoA which forms succinate which forms malate which forms fumarate which forms oxaloacetate C. acetylCoA joins the Kreb cycle and unites with oxaloacetate which forms alphaketoglutarate forming citrate which forms succinylCoA which forms succinate which forms fumarate which forms malate which forms oxaloacetate D. acetylCoA joins the Kreb cycle and unites with oxaloacetate forming citrate which forms alpha-ketoglutarate which forms succinylCoA which forms succinate which forms fumarate which forms malate which forms oxaloacetate 159. Cytochromes are respiratory proteins. Which of the following statements accurately reflects their true nature? A. Cytochrome proteins reside free in the lung cells of all vertebrates. These molecules contain a heme group with an iron atom at its center. B. Cytochrome proteins reside in the mitochondria and are specifically associated with the electron transport system. C. Cytochrome proteins reside in the mitochondria and are specifically associated with the Kreb cycle. D. Cytochrome proteins reside in the mitochondria and are specifically associated with glycolysis.

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160. Photosynthesis captures less than ____ percent of the amount of sunlight energy reaching the earth. A. 1 B. 2 C. 5 D. 10 E. 15

161. Carbon atoms of CO2 are incorporated into organic molecules in a series of dark reactions called A. B. C. D. E. carbon reduction carbon synthesis carbon fixation carbon activation carbon oxidation.

162. Most plants incorporate carbon dioxide into sugars by means of a cycle of reactions called the A. B. C. D. E. CAM cycle carbon cycle Calvin cycle Krebs cycle Electron transport cycle

163. Flattened sacs of internal membranes which have proteins embedded and are associated with photosynthesis are called A. B. C. D. E. chloroplasts photosystems the stroma thylakoids cristae

164. In green plant photosynthesis, the electron donor for the light dependent reaction is A. B. C. D. E. carbon dioxide oxygen RuBP chlorophyll II water

165. In the dark reactions of photosynthesis, CO2 is added to a five-carbon sugar-phosphate known as A. B. C. D. E. cyclic AMP NADH NAD+ RuBP CAM

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166. Which of the following scientists is not associated with studies on photosynthesis? A. B. C. D. E. Blackman Jan Ingenhousz Krebs Calvin Van Niel

167. Light consists of units of energy called A. B. C. D. E. electrons photons protons neutrons pigments

168. Which of the following is not part of the electromagnetic spectrum? A. B. C. D. E. radio waves gamma rays visible light infrared light dipoles

169. Visible light has a wavelength range of A. B. C. D. E. 400-700 nanometers 200-800 nanometers 200-400 nanometers 200-700 nanometers 0.001-100,000 nanometers

170. Sunburn is caused by which component of sunlight? A. B. C. D. E. infrared rays X rays gamma rays ultra violet rays long wavelength rays

171. Molecules that absorb light are called A. B. C. D. E. enzymes electron carriers pigments photosynthesizers absorbers Page 34

172. Which of the following two types of pigments are used in photosynthesis? A. B. C. D. E. chloroplasts carotenoids chlorophylls a and b b and c

173. The connection between carrots and vision is that the beta carotene of carrots can produce two molecules of vitamin A and oxidation of vitamin A produces a pigment used in vertebrate vision. This pigment's name is A. B. C. D. E. chlorophyll ferredoxin cytochrome carotene retinal

174. Chlorophyll b absorbs in green wavelengths of light that chlorophyll a cannot absorb. In this respect, chlorophyll b acts as A. B. C. D. E. an accessory pigment an energizer for photosynthetic bacteria a light absorber in the green light a more efficient pigment all of the above are true

175. The photosystem channels the excitation energy gathered by absorption of light by any one of the pigment molecules to a specific "reaction center chlorophyll," which in turn passes the energy to A. B. C. D. E. photosystem I photosystem II the primary electron acceptor the secondary electron center cytochrome

176. Which of the following is common to both cellular respiration and the light reactions of photosynthesis? A. B. C. D. E. the transfer of electrons to glucose the chemiosmotic formation of ATP oxygen is one of the byproducts mitochondria are essential organelles must have light

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177. Sulfur bacteria produce ATP in a photosynthetic process called A. B. C. D. E. the Calvin cycle the Krebs cycle glycolysis cyclic photophosphorylation noncyclic photophosphorylation

178. In the photosystem I photocenter, light energy captured by pigment molecules is passed on to a special molecule called A. B. C. D. E. P680 P700 chlorophyll I chlorophyll II retinal

179. Photosystem ii absorbs protons that are slightly more energetic than photosystem I, but similarly pass this energy to a pigment called A. B. C. D. E. P680 P700 chlorophyll I chlorophyll II retinal

180. Photosystem I differs from photosystem II in that the following molecule is not made directly from the process: A. B. C. D. E. ATP NADH NADPH carbohydrates water

181. The dark reactions of photosynthesis are those that A. B. C. D. E. convert chlorophylls into enzymes convert enzymes into chlorophylls convert water into hydrogen and oxygen convert CO2 into reduced molecules (sugars) only occur in the dark

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182. In dark reactions, when CO2 is added to a molecule of RUBP the product is A. B. C. D. E. citric acid glucose glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate glycerophosphate pyruvate

183. The cyclic carbon fixation reactions are also known as the A. B. C. D. E. Krebs cycle Calvin cycle citric acid cycle tri carboxylic acid cycle Blackman cycle

184. How many revolutions of the Calvin cycle are required to produce the sugar glucose? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 E. 6

185. Internal chloroplast membranes are organized into flattened sacs called A. B. C. D. E. microbodies mitochondria thylakoids vesicles Calvin bodies

186. Which part of the chloroplasts contain the Calvin-cycle enzymes? A. B. C. D. E. stroma thylakoids grana envelope cristae

187. The photosynthetic electron transport causes the accumulation of protons in which part of the chloroplast? A. B. C. D. E. matrix stroma envelope outer membrane internal thylakoid space

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188. Embedded in the thylakoid membrane and protruding as knobs from the outer surface into the stroma, there are A. B. C. D. E. enzymes that fix carbon dioxide proton channels that synthesize ATP chlorophyll a and b P680 and P700 specialized bundle sheath cells

189. What products of light reactions of photosynthesis are used in the Calvin cycle? A. B. C. D. E. oxygen and protons carbon dioxide and water ATP and NADPH ADP and NADP glucose and oxygen

190. CO2 is released without the production of ATP or NADPH. This process is called A. B. C. D. E. carbon fixation oxygen fixation photophosphorylation photorespiration photooxidation

191. The loss of carbon fixing activity of the enzyme RuBP carboxylase is directly proportional to A. B. C. D. E. high temperatures and high light intensities low temperature and low light intensities completely dark conditions lack of carbon dioxide lack of oxygen

192. Many tropical plants circumvent the loss of carbon fixation due to oxygen by using a four carbon synthesis (C4) metabolism. The special cells of these plants, which can carry out C4 synthesis are A. B. C. D. E. mesophyll cells bundle sheath cells epidermal cells guard cells xylem cells

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193. One of the disadvantages of the C4 pathway is that it requires A. B. C. D. E. more O2 more NADPH more light more ATP a much higher temperature

194. A method devised by succulent desert plants to reduce the problem of photorespiration is A. B. C. D. E. the C3 pathway the CAM metabolism the Calvin cycle light reactions nitrogen fixation

195. Most of the atmospheric oxygen occurs as a result of photosynthesis. From which of the following molecules is the oxygen derived? A. B. C. D. water carbon dioxide glucose chlorophyll

196. A scientist is hoping to synthesize a new herbicide that will kill certain weeds. She has found that one weed species in particular has thylakoids that have rather large pores. The herbicide will open the pores of these thylakoids, causing them to leak A. B. C. D. E. stromal enzymes chlorophyll ATP glucose NADPH

197. If you keep a small cactus in the light of a window and add water as needed, you know that A. B. C. D. E. the cactus will use most of the soil the cactus will use none of the soil the cactus will receive some nutrients from the soil the soil will replenish its nutrients most of the growth the cactus has over time will be from the oxygen it absorbs from he air

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198. C. B. van Niel used sulfur bacteria in his research on photosynthesis. His equation involved carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. The bacteria produce sulfur. In green plants which molecule is split to form the oxygen? A. B. C. D. water carbon dioxide glucose chlorophyll

199. If chlorophyll a is blocked from absorbing, what will happen to chlorophyll b since it is an accessory pigment? A. Chlorophyll b will become denatured and will not function as a light-absorbing pigment B. Chlorophyll b will still absorb near the green wavelengths of light, but photosynthesis will be greatly reduced C. Chlorophyll b will become saturated with light and will continue photosynthesis even in the absence of chlorophyll a D. Chlorophyll b will also be blocked and thus photosynthesis will be stopped 200. Carotenoids are important to many plants because these pigments are able to A. B. C. D. E. remove carbon dioxide from the air absorb wavelengths of light that neither chlorophyll a nor b can absorb absorb water so that hydrolysis can be carried out in the chloroplasts capture UV radiation that is harmful to the DNA in the nucleus of plant cells store electrons for use during the "dark" reaction of photosynthesis

201. Engelmann (1883) determined the wavelengths of light that plants could use most effectively. He used a green algae and to obtain his results. A. B. C. D. E. another green algae anaerobic bacteria aerobic bacteria radioactive isotopes a mass spectrometer

202. Engelmann (1883) discovered that the wavelengths of light that chlorophyll most strongly absorbed were A. B. C. D. E. in the red-violet wavelengths of the visible light spectrum in the green wavelength of the visible light spectrum in the yellow-orange wavelengths of the visible light spectrum in the ultraviolet wavelengths of the light spectrum in the infrared wavelengths of the light spectrum

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203. Fall leaf color on deciduous trees is a result of A. B. C. D. the production of more accessory pigments because of the cooler temperatures the reduction in the production of accessory pigments because of the cooler temperatures cessation of chlorophyll production, which allows the accessory pigments to be revealed the increased angle of the sun during the fall, which reflects more of the accessory pigments causing the human eye to see the red, yellow, and orange colors that were masked by the green chlorophyll

204. About one hundred years ago Blackman concluded that because of its temperature dependence, photosynthesis might involve A. B. C. D. carbon dioxide as the source of oxygen released during photosynthesis photosystem one but photosystem two was only used by sulfur bacteria the absorption of ultraviolet or infrared light waves enzyme-catalyzed reactions

205. In the plants that utilize the CAM pathway, what happens to the stomata? A. B. C. D. The stomata open in the afternoon but close as soon as the sun sets. The stomata open in the morning but close in the afternoon. The stomata open in the evening but close in the morning. The stomata open only when the sun is shining and close at night.

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Answer Key for Test "Cell practice test.tst", 10/25/2011 No. in No. on Q-Bank Test 5 14 1 5 15 2 5 16 3 5 17 4 5 18 5 5 19 6 5 20 7 5 21 8 5 22 9 5 23 10 5 24 11 5 25 12 5 26 13 5 27 14 5 28 15 5 29 16 5 30 17 5 31 18 5 32 19 5 33 20 5 34 21 5 35 22 5 36 23 5 37 24 5 38 25 5 39 26 5 40 27 5 41 28 5 42 29 5 43 30 5 44 31 5 45 32 5 46 33 5 47 34 5 48 35 5 49 36 5 50 37 5 51 38 5 52 39 5 53 40 5 54 41 5 55 42 5 56 43 5 57 44 5 58 45 Correct Answer B A D E A D C B D A C E D E D A C B D C E D B E A C D B B A E C C A D E B C E E E C D E B Page 1

Answer Key for Test "Cell practice test.tst", 10/25/2011 No. in No. on Q-Bank Test 5 59 46 5 60 47 5 61 48 5 62 49 5 63 50 5 64 51 5 65 52 5 66 53 5 67 54 6 12 55 6 11 56 6 22 57 6 21 58 6 20 59 6 19 60 6 18 61 6 17 62 6 16 63 6 15 64 6 14 65 6 13 66 6 23 67 6 24 68 6 25 69 6 26 70 6 27 71 6 28 72 6 29 73 6 30 74 6 31 75 6 32 76 6 33 77 6 44 78 6 43 79 6 42 80 6 41 81 6 40 82 6 39 83 6 38 84 6 37 85 6 36 86 6 35 87 6 34 88 6 45 89 6 46 90 Correct Answer C B A D B D A A E B A C B D C B C D D A E E B C D E A D C A B E A C C D C E C D A B B A E Page 2

Answer Key for Test "Cell practice test.tst", 10/25/2011 No. in Q-Bank 6 47 6 48 6 49 6 50 8 12 8 13 8 14 8 20 8 21 8 22 8 23 8 24 8 25 8 26 8 27 8 28 8 29 8 30 8 31 8 42 8 43 9 13 9 14 9 15 9 16 9 17 9 18 9 19 9 20 9 21 9 22 9 33 9 32 9 31 9 30 9 29 9 28 9 27 9 26 9 25 9 24 9 23 9 34 9 35 9 36 No. on Test 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 Correct Answer C A A D C B A D C D A E C E A D E D D A D A D B E A E A E E C E D B E D A B D C E C B E B Page 3

Answer Key for Test "Cell practice test.tst", 10/25/2011 No. in Q-Bank 9 37 9 38 9 39 9 40 9 41 9 42 9 43 9 44 9 55 9 54 9 53 9 52 9 51 9 50 9 49 9 48 9 47 9 46 9 45 9 56 9 57 9 58 9 59 9 60 10 13 10 14 10 15 10 16 10 17 10 18 10 19 10 20 10 21 10 22 10 23 10 24 10 25 10 26 10 27 10 28 10 29 10 30 10 31 10 32 10 33 No. on Test 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 Correct Answer C D A E C D B C A B D B A D E A E B C B C A D B A C C D E D C B E A D C E E A C B D B A C Page 4

Answer Key for Test "Cell practice test.tst", 10/25/2011 No. in Q-Bank 10 34 10 35 10 36 10 37 10 38 10 39 10 40 10 41 10 42 10 43 10 44 10 45 10 46 10 47 10 48 10 49 10 50 10 51 10 52 10 53 10 54 10 55 10 56 10 57 10 58 No. on Test 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 Correct Answer D D B E C A E B C D A B D B A B C A B B C A C D C

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