22 Leachate Management

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LEACHATE
Infiltrative water percolates through waste materials, results in the leaching of organic and inorganic compounds (McBean et al. 1995). A complex organic waste that changes with time Problematic components Degradable & nondegradable organics Hazardous organics and inorganics Ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite Suspended solids Color and odor Pathogens
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Dr.Kurian Joseph, Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, Chennai 600 025; E mail : kuttiani@vsnl.com
2/2/2010
Leachate
Leachate is the liquid (or wastewater) that forms when water (rainfall, groundwater) travels through solid waste Leachate can migrate into underlying groundwater, resulting in contamination Leachate can contain many different chemicals, depending on what is in the solid waste
LEACHATE COLLECTION
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Kurian Joseph, Centre for Environmental Studies,Anna University, Chennai -600 025 ; E mail:kuttiani@vsnl.com
2/2/2010
LeachateContaminated ground water
LEACHATE COLLECTION
LEACHATE COLLECTION
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The engineered landfill is an environmentally sound system for solid waste disposal.
LANDFILL BIOREACTOR
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Kurian Joseph, Centre for Environmental Studies,Anna University, Chennai -600 025 ; E mail:kuttiani@vsnl.com
How is Leachate Produced?

Waste Decomposition Phase I
Aerobic
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Infiltration % of Rainfall
Contaminant Dissolution
Contaminant Biodegradation
Phase II
Anaerobic Facultative
Contaminated Leachate
Phase III
Methanogenic
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Leaching Mechanisms
Leaching of inherently soluble materials leaching of soluble biodegradation products leaching of soluble products of chemical reactions washout of fines and colloids
Leachate generation continues for typically 30-40 years following site closure
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Importance of Leachate Quality and Quantity Determination

LEACHATE COLLECTION
Design leachate collection systems Design leachate treatment facilities Determine acceptability of offsite treatment Estimate offsite migration potential
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Leachate Management Principles

Chemical composition of leachate varies considerably depending on:
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Waste composition Site characteristics Climatic conditions Age of landfill Practical Cost effective Flexible Developed for long term environmental management.
Leachate management strategies must be:
Leachate Management Technologies

There is a wide range of leachate management technologies adopted by Landfill Managers. Technology selection often depends on a number of critical factors including:
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Composition of leachate Type of collection method Volume of leachate generated Available space on site Access to sewer Availability of technologies
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Planning Treatment and Disposal

Q
Estimate leachate flow, Q WBM/HELP Variations with site age Estimate leachate contaminant C conc., C Type Variations with age Identify treatment and disposal options with discharge standards and cost Select treatment and disposal system Introduce uncertainty Maintain flexibility
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Temporal variations
Leachate chemical concentration (mg/L)
Leachate Production Characteristics

Soluble chemicals Readily biodegradable chemicals Poorly soluble/biodegradable chemicals Time (yr)
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Moisture flux pathways

Percolate through landfill surface cover Leachate contaminants -Dissolves -Complexes Leachate
Stimulates biomass -Organics -Gases
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What Characterizes Leachate?

Phase I
Brief CO2 H2 Phase II Years High BOD
>10,000mg/L
Phase III
Decades (never) High fatty acids No O2 CH4 CO2 Stabilized (???) Low BOD Low BOD:COD High Ammonia/Nitrogen High Levels
Fe, Na, K, Cl2, SO4
High BOD:COD
>0.7
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Low pH
5-6
Smells High Ammonia

500-1000 mg/L
High Levels
Fe, Mg, Zn, Ca, Mn
Factors Affecting Leachate Quality and Quantity

Particle size Compaction Waste composition Site Hydrology Cover Design Conditions within Landfill
Chemical & Biological Activities MC %, Temperature, pH, Degree of Stabilization
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Waste Age Landfill design/operation Sampling procedures Interaction of leachate with environment
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What are Trends in Leachate Contamination?

Concentration (mg/L) Constituent BOD TKN Ammonia-N 1 Year 20,000 2,000 1,500 20,000 2,000 1,000 150 2,500 2,000 700 150 5 Years 2,000 400 350 5,000 1,500 400 50 900 700 600 50 15 Years 50 70 60 2,000 500 50 300 100 100 -
LEACHATE COLLECTION
TDS Chloride Sulfate Phosphate Calcium Sodium, Potassium Iron, Magnesium Aluminum, Zinc
Landfill Leachate
Landfill age BOD5/COD Type of Leachate Young
LEACHATE COLLECTION
0.7 0.5 0.3 0.1
Raw, undegraded Partially degraded Partially stabilized Well stabilized
Mature Aging Old
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pH
Influence chemical and biological processes of precipitation, redox, sorption, methanogenesis Controlled by volatile acids during acid phase After methanogenesis begins, controlled by carbonates and ammonia Major factor in controlling metal solubility
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Heavy Metals
May act as inhibitors of biological stabilization process Water quality concerns No discernable chronological pattern Leachate concentration controlled by sulfide, carbonate, chloride, and phosphate
LEACHATE COLLECTION
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Nitrogen/Phosphorus

LEACHATE COLLECTION
Indication of nutrient availability Phosphorus may be limiting nutrient Ammonia important buffer Nitrogen present for long periods of time
How do you Remove Leachate from the Landfill?

Drain as much as you can by gravity (liner system and pipes) Pump from low points
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Penetration through the liner Pumps inside landfill
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Leachate Collection System

If leachate flow is intercepted or impeded by a liner, then it should be removed from the landfill by use of a leachate collection system. A leachate collection system is a high-permeability layer designed to transmit leachate from the liner.
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Leachate Collection System

with Graded Terraces
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How is Leachate Removed

Drainage Pipe
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Liner is sloped ~ 2-8%
LEACHATE COLLECTION
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Leachate is then sent to Treatment and/or Storage Facility
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Landfill
Leachate Storage Treatment
Gravity Drainage
Pump Station
Leachate Storage

LEACHATE COLLECTION
Underground storage tanks Lagoons Above ground tanks three days storage at peak annual flow
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LEACHATE COLLECTION
LEACHATE COLLECTION
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LEACHATE COLLECTION
How do you Predict Leachate Generation?

You must estimate how much leachate is generated to design your landfill. HELP -Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance
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HELP
A Water Balance Model
P ET R
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Q
Notes about HELP Model

Must assume an area and a depth (therefore not good for an open, operating landfill) Many ways to manipulate Hydraulic conductivity of waste to high
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LEACHATE COLLECTION
Porous cup suction Lysimeter for the collection of liquid samples from the landfill
Leachate Treatment Systems?

Options
Full On-Site Treatment Partial On-Site Treatment Transport Off-Site

Considerations
Recirculation Proximity of Sewer Haul Distance Pump System Costs WWTP Capacity Leachate Strength Local Sewer Use Laws Sewer Surcharges Surface Water Discharge Standards (On-Site)
LEACHATE COLLECTION
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Typical Leachate Management Practices in US

On-site treatment/ Evaporation (2.3%) sewer or POTW (3.8%) POTW Disposal Private/industrial (39.9%) treatment(13.5%) On-site treatment (7.5%)
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Not collected (9.0%) Other (9.7%) Sewer discharge (14.3%)
What are Common Leachate Treatment Types?
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Anaerobic or Aerobic Biological Treatment Physical & Chemical Treatment Leachate Recirculation & Land Application
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Anaerobic or Aerobic Biological Treatment

Biological Treatment
Changes the form of Organic Constituents Removes BOD5, SS,NH3-N, Organic-N & Metals Generates large quantities of biomass (sludge) Aerobic Treatment
Anaerobic Treatment Two-Stage Reactor Fixed Film Filters Lagoons Activated Sludge RBCs Trickling Filters
LEACHATE COLLECTION
On-Site Treatment
Biological Treatment
Essential if BOD > 50 mg/L Expect BOD removal SS removal with sedimentation NH3-N and Org-N removal by biouptake and nitrification Metal removal by biosorption and precipitation at oxides and carbonates Priority organics removal
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Leachate Treatment:
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Conveyance
Stabilisation Pond
Aerated Lagoon
Foaming in Leachate Pond
Leachate Management Technologies

Technology
Biological Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR)
Features
Treat high strength leachate Proven technology: leachate Flexible and simple Low operating costs Foot print of 300m2 Treat high strength leachate Insensitive to leachate feed variations No chemicals required No by products or odours Volume reduction by 30%
Disadvantages
High capital cost Large footprint
Advantages
Inability to deal with toxic in feed 6-8 weeks to develop biomass Proven design Reduce volume by 97% Many overseas applications Low capital cost Natural system Operating costs
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Leachate Evaporation (thermal oxidation)
High Capital and operating costs. High energy costs if cannot utilise methane Land requirement Set up period Pre-treatment
Reed Beds (Evapotranspiration )
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Sequencing Batch Reactor(SBR)

A variation of the activated sludge process which incorporates equalization, aeration, and clarification.
LEACHATE COLLECTION
How Our SBR Works

1 2 3
Influent
Fill 4
Fill with mix 5
React
Effluent
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Settle
Process Fill Fill with mix React Dr.Kurian Joseph, Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, Chennai 600 025; E mail : kuttiani@vsnl.com Settle Decant Time 1 hr. 4 hrs. 14 hrs. 3 hrs. 2 hrs.
Draw
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Biological Treatment Process
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Physical & Chemical Treatment

More appropriate treatment as a landfill stabilizes Polishes biologically treated leachate Types of Treatment
Granular Filtration Carbon Adsorption Chemical Precipitation Ultrafiltration Reverse Osmosis Breakpoint Chlorination Air Stripping Ion Exchange
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On-Site Treatment
Physical/Chemical Processes
Used with bioprocesses except for old leachate (BOD5 < 50 mg/L) and contaminated groundwater
Processes Carbon Adsorption Nonbiodegradable organics: solvents, Chemical Precipitation Air Stripping Granular Filtration Membranes reverse osmosis Heavy metals: Fe, Zn, etc. NH3-N Suspended solids Conservative: organics, irons: Cl Na+, etc. For Removal of pesticides, humic acids, etc. Volatile solvents Suspended solids
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Physical & Chemical Treatment Process
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Achievable Effluent Levels by Chemical Precipitation

Metal Arsenic Barium Cadmium Copper Mercury Achievable eff. conc. (mg/L) 0.05 0.06 0.005 0.5 0.05 0.05 0.008 0.02~0.07 0.01~0.02 0.01~0.02 Technology Sulfide precipitation/filtration Carbon adsorption Ferric hydroxide co-precipitation Sulfate precipitation Hydroxide precipitation at pH 10-11 Co-precipitation with ferric hydroxide Sulfide precipitation Hydroxide precipitation Sulfide precipitation Sulfide precipitation Alum co-precipitation Ferric hydroxide co-precipitation Ion exchange Hydroxide precipitation at pH 10 Sulfide precipitation Hydroxide precipitation at pH 11
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Nickel 0.12 Selenium 0.05 Dr.Kurian Joseph, Centre for Zinc Environmental Studies, Anna 0.1
University, Chennai 600 025; E mail : kuttiani@vsnl.com
Reed Bed
Removal of heavy metals, BOD, TSS, Nitrogen, & Phosphorus
LEACHATE COLLECTION
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Constructed Wetland
Uses Polishing treatment Complete treatment Advantages Relatively inexpensive to build/operate Associated with green technologies Wetlands credits Disadvantages Large land requirement Cold weather Mediocre results especially for complete treatment systems Dr.Kurian Joseph, Centre for
Environmental Studies, Anna University, Chennai 600 025; E mail : kuttiani@vsnl.com
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Proposed Leachate Treatment

Equalization Tank Leachate Chemical Precipitation Air Stripping
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Chemical Remove heavy Equalize flow metals and solids (optional) Reed bed SBR
Remove ammonia (optional) Chemical Sludge wasting
Discharge Polish the effluent
Remove organics, ammonia, nitrite/nitrate, and toxic compounds
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LEACHATE COLLECTION
Suitability Of Evaporation
Cost Of Operation
Extremely Cost Effective Relatively High Initial Capital Costs Minimal Operating Costs
Effect Of Evaporation
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Leachate Volume Reduction Extremely Concentrated Solution Minimal Contamination Level Reduction
Risks
Pond Overflow Leaks - Monitoring Bores Drowning - Perimeter Fencing
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Local Weather Conditions
Evaporation Substantially Higher Than Precipitation Local Weather Data Theoretical Evaporation Greater Than Actual Evaporation
Leachate Composition
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Leachate Composition Affects Evaporation Rate Salinity and Concentration Reduce Evaporation Rate Dark Colour Increases Evaporation Rate
Evapora tion vs Pre cipita tion
500 400
300
mm
200
Evaporation Precipitation
100 0 J an Feb Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Months
Source Data: Bureau of Meteorology Perth Airport
Site Constraints
Large Surface Area Required Possible Odour Issues Hence Buffer Zones Required Wind Direction And Intensity
Regulatory Approval
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Possible Regulatory Approval Required Location and Design Constraints Operational and Management Constraints
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Leachate treatment-issues
High strength and magnitude of pollution potential Variation from landfill to landfill Seasonal and temporal variations in quantity and quality Processes designed to treat the leachates from an young landfill should be modified in the future to treat old leachate/ to achieve changes in effluent standards
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Leachate Properties Affecting Treatment Flow Fluctuation

10 m3/haday 0
LEACHATE COLLECTION
10 15 20 Time, months
25
Options Overdesign and treat peak flow Equalize flow in landfill (recycle) or storage tanks
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Leachate Properties Affecting Treatment Contaminant Concentration Fluctuation

Some peak quickly and decline: e.g. BOD Some persist for long periods: e.g. NH3-N Daily and seasonal variations occur
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Options Same as for flow Modify treatment system

Leachate Properties Affecting Treatment Organic Contaminants

Young Leachate - Biological Treatment
BOD in 10,000s Mostly VFA

LEACHATE COLLECTION
Older Leachate - Carbon Adsorption
BODs in 100s; COD in 1,000s Humic and fulvic acids Priority organics
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Leachate Properties Affecting Treatment Nitrogen and Heavy Metals

Nitrogen
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Ammonia (NH3-N) - Air Stripping Organic (Org-N) - Chlorination Combined - 100s mg/L - Biouptake, Biological Nitrification/Denitrification
Heavy Metals - Chemical Precipitation
Iron (Fe) mainly; Zn, Pb, Cu
Leachate Properties Affecting Treatment Conservative Ions and Acidic pH

Conservative Ions - Reverse Osmosis
LEACHATE COLLECTION
High TDS Chloride Sulfate Sodium

Acidic pH - Neutralization
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Leachate Recirculation & Land Application

Leachate is collected & returned to the top of landfill Accelerates the stabilization of organic materials present in the MSW Spray Irrigation or Well Injection Evapotranspiration
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Landfill as a Bioreactor Measure of Success

Faster landfill stabilization Increased air space Reduced leachate management costs Reduced gases and odors Reduced long-term care costs Possibly, mining to regenerate cover material - a perpetual landfill?
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Leachate Recirculation
(continued)
Disadvantages
LEACHATE COLLECTION
Ponding/localized accumulation of leachate Severe localized subsidence/side slope stability problems Other management requirement due to excess leachate production Selective attenuation of contaminants recirculation, thus further treatment required Mass/fluid transfer limitation
Leachate Recirculation
(continued)
Methods of Recirculation Spray irrigation Working face application Gravity well/trench Injection well/trench Infiltration ponds
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Full-Scale Leachate Recirculation Hydraulic Application Rates

Source: Reinhart, D.R. and Carson, D. (1993)..
Recirculation method Prewetting Vertical injection wells Horizontal trenches Surface ponds Spray irrigation
kuttiani@vsnl.com
Application rates 48 gal/ton or 1000 lb/yd3 a. 1 to 2.5 gpm/2,5-inch diameter well 1.7 to 4.1 gpd/ft2 landfill area b. 20 to 200 gpm/4 ft diameter well 0.12 to 2.3 gpd/ft2 landfill area 25~50 gpd/ft of trench length at 60 to 100 gpm 0.13~0.19 gal/ft2/day
LEACHATE COLLECTION
18 gpd/ft2 of landfill area 2 of landfill area 0.025 to 0.078 Dr.Kurian Joseph, Centre for Environmental Studies, Annagpd/ft University, Chennai 600 025; E mail :
It is important to consider
Leachate characteristics Its hazardous nature Discharge alternatives Regulatory limits Operational needs Costs Conduct of treatability studies
LEACHATE COLLECTION
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Questions
LEACHATE COLLECTION
35

22 Leachate Management

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22 Leachate Management

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2/2/2010

LeachateContaminated ground water

How is Leachate Produced?

Importance of Leachate Quality and Quantity Determination

Leachate Management Principles

Leachate management strategies must be:

Leachate Management Technologies

Planning Treatment and Disposal

Leachate Production Characteristics

Moisture flux pathways

Stimulates biomass -Organics -Gases

What Characterizes Leachate?

Smells High Ammonia

Factors Affecting Leachate Quality and Quantity

What are Trends in Leachate Contamination?

0.7 0.5 0.3 0.1

Raw, undegraded Partially degraded Partially stabilized Well stabilized

Mature Aging Old

How do you Remove Leachate from the Landfill?

Penetration through the liner Pumps inside landfill

Leachate Collection System

Leachate Collection System

How is Leachate Removed

Liner is sloped ~ 2-8%

Leachate is then sent to Treatment and/or Storage Facility

Leachate Storage Treatment

How do you Predict Leachate Generation?

Notes about HELP Model

Leachate Treatment Systems?

Typical Leachate Management Practices in US

Not collected (9.0%) Other (9.7%) Sewer discharge (14.3%)

What are Common Leachate Treatment Types?

Anaerobic or Aerobic Biological Treatment

Foaming in Leachate Pond

Leachate Management Technologies

Leachate Evaporation (thermal oxidation)

Reed Beds (Evapotranspiration )

Sequencing Batch Reactor(SBR)

How Our SBR Works

Fill with mix 5

Biological Treatment Process

Physical & Chemical Treatment

Physical & Chemical Treatment Process

Achievable Effluent Levels by Chemical Precipitation

Proposed Leachate Treatment

Remove ammonia (optional) Chemical Sludge wasting

Discharge Polish the effluent

Remove organics, ammonia, nitrite/nitrate, and toxic compounds

Source Data: Bureau of Meteorology Perth Airport

Leachate Properties Affecting Treatment Flow Fluctuation

Leachate Properties Affecting Treatment Contaminant Concentration Fluctuation

Options Same as for flow Modify treatment system

Leachate Properties Affecting Treatment Organic Contaminants

BOD in 10,000s Mostly VFA

Older Leachate - Carbon Adsorption

Leachate Properties Affecting Treatment Nitrogen and Heavy Metals

Iron (Fe) mainly; Zn, Pb, Cu

Leachate Properties Affecting Treatment Conservative Ions and Acidic pH

High TDS Chloride Sulfate Sodium

Leachate Recirculation & Land Application

Landfill as a Bioreactor Measure of Success

Full-Scale Leachate Recirculation Hydraulic Application Rates

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