MinE416MineDesign LabManual4 Contentofthisweek: *ReserveEstimationwithstochasticinterpolationmethod:Geostatistics(Kriging) Notes: *Youwillbeworkingontheprojectyouhavebeencreatedlastweek.(lab3_initials) *Whilecreatinganyfilesorsavinginforms,youshouldbeginfilenamewithyourowninitials.Ahmet shouldwritea_des_stat,insteadk_des_statchangeonlyfirstletterofallfilesandkeepremains same. *Itisbettertofollowtheproceduregiveninthismanualindividuallyafterthelabhour.

MinE416MineDesign LabManual4 Geostatistics 1Variography Step1Generatingomnivariogramsand determinationofoptimumlagdistance Omnivariogramswillindicatethegeneral rangesandvariancesofgradepopulations andwhetherthechancesofgettinggood directionalvariogramsaregoodorbad. Theyalsoassistwiththedeterminationof optimumlagsizes. Startwithlagsizesothatmultiplicationof lagsizeand#oflagsequaltohalfofthemax extentofyourdataspace.300/2=150 1*150 2*75 .... >Stat/SemiVariograms. FilterintroducefilterAU>0 Semivariogramfield:AU Numericexceptions:checkall Transformation:NONE Checkshowvariance Createfilek_var_omni Createfilek_H_omni Pushbuttonomnidirectionalsemi variograms Fillinthesemivariogrampropertiesas indicatedintherightfigure. Forms:Saveask_omni_150_11 Forms:Saveask_var_omni Run Framtheexperimatalomnivariogramswe searchfortheoptimumlagsizeandnumber lagcombinationandsuitabilityofits multiplication. Ihavedecidedtoconsiderthedistance valueslessthan80toproceedvariography analysisbylookingatthevariogramcloud. AskWhy! Anddecidedthatmostrepresentativelag

distanceis6whichhas25numberoflags. (6_25) AskWhy! Afterreducing150to80Ihavedecideto use5_16.AskWhy!

5_16(lagsize_#oflags)

1_80(lagsize_#oflags)

Theomnidirectionalvariogramindicatesan optimum5metredistanceforthelagsize. Savesemivariogramlasttimeas k_var_omni_5_16

 Step2Directionalvariographyand Anisotropy Determinationofmaindirection >Stat/SemiVariograms. SemivariogramType:Directional FilterintroducefilterAU>0 Semivariogramfield:AU Numericexceptions:checkall Transformation:NONE Checkfileshowvariance Heretheaimistolookfortheprincipal direction.Thisisthedirectionofmaximum continuity;itwillhavethelongesttotal range.Thegeologyisoftenaverygood guidetothedirectionofmaximum continuity. Pushbuttonomnidirectionalsemi variograms Fillinthesemivariogrampropertiesas indicatedintherightfigure.Setthe variogramfanfrom0to180degreesfor azimuth.Setthetoleranceto10degrees. Forms:Saveask_directional_0_180 Creatfilek_var_D_A_0_180 Creatfilek_H_D_A_0_180 Forms:saveask_var_D_A_0_180 Run Thevariogrammapclearlyshowsthe minimumandmaximumrangesand directionalanisotropyofgradedistribution. Interpretationisveryharddueto complexityandunsuitablegraphscale.You shouldremovesemivariogramswhichhave highvarianceinsmalldistancestobetter understandthesemivariograms.Selectto remove:

36,120,108,48,144,180,96,132,72,60,0,156 Afterremovingsomeofsemivariograms, thegraphissuitableforinterpretationof directionofmaximumcontinuity. Forms:Saveask_directional_1284 168 Creatfilek_var_D_A_1284168 Creatfilek_H_D_A_1284168 Forms:Saveask_var_D_A_1284168 Run k_directional_D_Dip_6672 Hereyouwilltrytodistunguishthesemi variogramwhichhaslargestrangevalue.It is84degreeazimuth.Soyouhave determinedoptimalazimuth.Itistimeto findtheobtimumdipanglewhenazimuthis setto84degrees. verticalvariogramsaregeneratedwiththe azimuthofdippingequaltotheazimuthof thelongestcontinuityofhorizontal variograms.Avariogramwithlongest rangeswillshowtheangleofdippingofthe mainaxisofdirectionalanisotropy. k_directional_D_Dip_0_90 k_var_D_Dip_0_90 k_H_D_Dip_0_90

Ihaveselected6degreeasdippingangleof mainaxisofdirectionalanisotropy. Afterproducingdirectionalvariogramsthe principaldirectionisfoundtohavean azimuthof84degrees.Alagof5metres producesthebestbehavedsemivariogram. Thevariogramhasadipof6degrees. Step3VariogramFittingand DeterminationofBestfittingvariogram modelandparameters(range,sill) Oncetheazimuthanddippingofthemain axisofdirectionalanisotropyisidentified, threevariogramsaretobegeneratedand modelled. k_var_D_main k_H_D_main Procedure: Firstly,visuallyfitamodeltotheeach variogrammodelsofspherical, exponentialandgaussian.Then, iteratively,rangeandsillvaluesare increasedanddecreaseduptofindthe smallestvalueofNoelCressieindex.After determiningbestfittingvariogram parametersforeachmodel,theywere comparedeachotherbyusingbothNoel Cressieindex. Example: Variogramfittingforsphericalmodel
Iteration Bestfitting Variogram NoelCressieindexes for lag size_#lag # Parameters (Spherical) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 Nugget Range Sill 32 31 30 29 28 59 0.5 27 26 25 24 0.5 26 60 59 58 5_16 8_10 7587 3411 7440 3302 7331 3216 7252 3154 7187 3118 7144 3108 7117 3130 7107 3187 7110 3287 7266 7117 7114 3232 3130 3177 decrease decrease

sill

range

HereRangeis26,sillis59. Comparisonofvariogrammodel:

NoelCressieindexesforvariogrammodels Spherical Exponential Gaussian lagsize_# range:26 range:26 range:20 lags sill:59 sill:59 sill:59 5_16 7117 7456 7838 8_10 3130 4146 3084 Hereisthebestfittingmodelisspherical Variogram/model Youwillfindbestfittingparametersand bestfittingmodel.SupposeitisSpherical_ Range:75_sill:49 Forms:Saveask_spherical_best? 2.OrdinaryKrigingandgradetonnage report Createnewmodelparametersfileandcall k_spherical_best?asmaindirection. Usefilek_orebody_blockasblock information. Createoutputfilek_ordinary_krig UsedatasearchellipsoidsameforIDW. Donotchecknumericexceptions. Resultantfile:

Youcandisplaynewblockfile k_ordinary_kriginthesamemethodin IDWandreportgradesandtonnageand comparewithIDWmethod.

3.Crossvalidationanddeterminationof errordistribution Stat/crossvalidation