GSP 130 Cheat Sheet An and gate is only true when both of its gates inputs equal true

A real number is a number that contains a decimal point Explicit operands are specified in an instruction Registers are high-speed storage devices in a processor with a fixed size CISC processors usually include lots of instructions that can perform a random complex calculation RISC processors usually include very little instructions that are highly optimized 16-bit is the size of general purpose registers on an 8086 processor A label is a named location in assembly language that can be the target of a jump A high level programming language statement can translate into many different machine language instructions Volatile: (random access, not removable) o Register smallest, but fastest (fastest memory type on a computer) o Cache average size and speed o RAM biggest, but slowest Non-Volatile: (sequential access, can be removed) o Hard drive fastest and biggest (largest form of memory in a personal computer) o CD Same speed as DVD but smaller o DVD Same speed as CD but bigger Bit - smallest binary value, stores a 1 or 0 Byte is 8 bits, stores 0-255 Word is 2bytes, stores 0-65535 Dword is 4 bytes, stores 0-(2^32 - 1) Kilobyte 1024 bytes (2^10) Megabyte 1048576 bytes (2^20) Gigabyte 1073741824 bytes (2^30) Direct Memory Access (DMA) is an I/O device that transfers data between a device and its main memory without using its processor interrupt driven I/Os notify the processor when some event has occurred parallel I/O interfaces transfer multiple bits of data at the same time In serial communication, data is sent one bit at a time so it is not very fast, but it is better at sending information over large distances (a good example is the internet) To calculate the maximum theoretical bus bandwidth or throughput: Bus frequency X bus width (in bits) 8 bits/byte o 1 KHz = 1,000 Hz o 1 MHz = 1,000,000 Hz o 1 GHz = 1,000,000,000 Hz In Polling the CPU keeps asking a device if it is ready When you use lossy data compression, you lose bits of the data from the data you compressed. This results in the data having less quality, but a much smaller file size. When you use lossless data compression, the data stays the same for when you compressed it, but the file size is much larger than those compressed with lossy Buffering is the enhancing process of gathering data in a temporary storage area, then moving a larger amount of data to an I/O device. Cache Miss is when a program needs to access data that is NOT in cache Cache is used to reduce the bottleneck caused by the difference in speed between the processor and main memory multi-tasking is when you work on several tasks at the same time In multithreading, procedures can be called and set up to run in its own string of executions. Convert BINARY 11101 to DECIMAL: o 1*(2^4) + 1*(2^3) + 1*(2^2) + 0*(2^1) + 1*(2^0) o 29 Decimal into Binary: (use 32,16,8,4,2,1) o 44 o -32 o = 12 (so since 32 is less than 44, we have so far (100000) o (16 cant go into 12) o 12 o -8(since 8 goes into 12) o =4 (so we have 101000) o -4 o =0 (so we have (101100) o (2 and 1 cant go into 0, so.) 101100 is the answer!

Binary to hexadecimal: o 3F7A to 0011 1111 0111 1010 o Use this chart: o Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Hexadecimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

Binary 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

Decimal to Hexidecimal (keep dividing decimal values by 16 (save remainders, convert remainders to hex using chart, stop when quotient equals 0 (if last quotient is 16, last value is 1 otherwise value is 0)) Example: 451 = 1c3 (the 3 is the first reminder and 1 was the last) ANDING: o Example: value of 4 OR 9 o Convert 4 and 9 into binary (use chart) o 0100 o 1001 o =1101 (when: 0 and 0 = 0, any other result = 1) Everything relates to programming: Anything can be expressed as a process. A Process can be flowcharted, and then programmed form the flow chart.