Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
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I82
Remittances of Indian Migrants to the Hi6610 B a a t i A n Aesesbbent 4 t h special reference to niQrante frcrs Xerala 8fata
List of - E b l zs -.----
-...
57 5s
5. S k i l l Coaposltidn
.-
61
fj?
10, L-cl:,zah+;
66
'12.
a d
60
3-2
Rccions
69
$8,
7.1
)9.
80,
76
19794 2
77
2 .
3.
f
&qa.triats Labour in -tne :!iddlo & s t M i g a t i o n f r o r - h,fia Hlmatior! fro11 Eorala S k t ~ Skill Coaposition of -.ts
? S T 11 Inflow of R m i t t ; ~ o s s
7.
2.
f q g c e e t e ~ + a i $ t m c c Recaiptti
Remittances o n ! ) BQlla~.te of Paplonts hrixin 01' Hemittancea 2emit.tancos U I ~ o t h e r Foreil.3 EScc-e Xeceipts from the b!iddle &st
3.
.n
1.
2:
3.
new i n India,
little .aoye,
' h k e r o -.am
In re0ent
ted to t b e U.K. e a d y 60's.
ecroa
200,OCO in Canada
i n the
3.S.L
m m t i o n of w o r k e r r f r m India.
.Che i'Uddle
t o &
Alho, tha a,&nificance of rtaitt~me' M o w U f c r s -QW b e . to t h e , ' d e p m lkp~pan ~ ~ the varj.oua e o o m d o circwetam(a'.@ -.. ,*the
labour . e x p d r t h oomtry.
t o analyse
the remittarme
& I
course is a natter
S t a t e has d s o be$
attempted.
.
m e
A
P q t TI I.
~
the J
micro-level find-
migration in eral la S t z t e ,
In the following src$iori, k t V, n review is made of the future p e e p o t s with regard to mig-r,ztior, t o .tho Kiddle r k t frop the developing
cowtries in mneral a n d - l d i a i n - p a r t i c u l a r and t h e policy reqoniies * .
that t h e c b g 9 l n g situation m y p a s i b $
woke.
with
c?.
few g m e m l o b s m t i o n s .
(I)
Fkpatriatc Jaw
Acoording to one estimate ( - ~ o Ta3le e 1 ) the orp:.~i;riate,nonn e t i m d , laboljx force in five Laajor labour importc o x m k i e s of the
I'Ziddle E h ~ t(Saudi Arabis, Libya, Kuwait, .G!a*ta an2 United Arab Eniratee)
wag
labour
foroa g r e w n t about 8 p e r c o n t a n n l l y .
(~cc S c r a @ l d h ~m d Sockrilt,
1980,
~*33.>
T h a t tile dependence in t h e Middle &.st on expatriate lc-bow,
T!ie e a t i -
~!C\>.,L;C
h been
~1,;le
ctlxit: co:;rposition o:
> m ~ ? t r i laatb~ ow
force.
&L
f r o : : ; nc:n-k~*:.i~ s o u c ; ? c .
In 1375, more
if:idcflz b a t
~ I I E 1c~bou.rir;lportL?g
since.
( s e x 3irh and
S i n a l b , 1980,
p34).
, @tax
ted 90 per cent of Zhe migrant worHorcs i n Saudi Arabia, the largeet
eoonomy of the region.
In
t h e Middle &st,
.af mi@ant
to a
i.11 t i c :
growth r s t e of In&m
1977 ' a d
Liatc;-ly, 'S-LCIndian
%eae
cs s
h t3s
&?proximats
&st
hcludc a
(3)
do not c2.$ur2
a r e not r ~ q u i r c dto r a g i n t e r ,
for.
in2Lcsti.on of the
T i l o nunber of workors r o g i s t e r o d
f o r the first
workers i n
t h Midao ~ &st .
hl~j:0b~0 at ~1 8 30r
01-:nt annually.
Given t h e i r si@=
r\
I ~ E
fncreasa; frou 2 p a
uoaers. g o *
&ah
~ ~ ~ . c ; c
t b . tot U S .
to
d l Middle &st
( 3 ) gsa-l;icri f r o m Ker~ltsS t a t e
(a) Recent '*ride : Witilin I n d i a , the. r-etion
t o tho Midblb k
t
kh.2
few regions.
@ A ,~ ~ o l - ; 7 i t i 3 01%n
s W
-.r
&cor&Lng t o a i ~ o s t recwft &sti.n~t.e zt+zcibatod t % L?<ick W n i e t e r lndFan workers o f S t 2 t u for i k t m 1 Affairs, of t h o 775 3;ilou~cud ir six Middle P a t e - m Cvmtries (UAE, Saudi hbiz, QXJI,, . k w r t i t , ;&tcr w.d . X k h & . n ) zs m ~ ay y 180 thwamd *re Yoc:iti.i in S . .z d i
Lrabia.
( S ~ C W L 1 p , 1383.
conducts8 two ~czrveys, onc towasdn tiio mr! oi' 19-/'f u i i ,b.other in t h e
be&-ii:ing
of I Y U O in cihic.11. i r f o z m t i o n
ie,S
ca?~lv::sscd311 ~::igrx,ts
%broad u ~ d 'their l o m t i o n .
fon.uztion
f~acord*
OR
i n
e u l y 1960.
( ~ e c Kexla, E r e c t o r z t c
of &onornics
?-!I%
SI;atistics,
i n 1979
h a l f
(SCC
abrpad
fm?Xer.11a (~erc.il:;,X r t z t o r a t 2
o f ~ o n c ~ i c mc;. . s Stktistico
&ble
2, it would Xlso be
962.7
tlmt th~?
t o t a l I n d i a 1 ontflcw between
140,000.
. & * v m y ~ j o pzxt r of
'\
ra-te of
~~ r w t
.. .-
' k becn sf
-u
~ l l o w o df o r so!;;c --- . --.?, --I-,-.,,L .., S k c 2 hkistc1si c~mua~l. ou.tflo;~to t3c; _Niiddlc! E - 2 ~ h?s - t : 3321 ;l;~o'md 153,000 (A.hnd, 19 8 2 , p . 1 ; it vc;1il2 >,>$car t1-a? @ !;: ;z!,p Lcth-con the stock of I ~ d - i ? ? a _ d Pzkistani -1ror1:crs i r ~ the Nidcilo ' k s t hzs been
t h ~ order ' ~f I 80,@~09 P
. --'"
I _ -
periods, 1079-62,
cttcdd
4;.
--.-
~ ~ C T on2 C
---.--a
--
I'
'
period secr~:s to have dsclinad ~ i g n i f i c . ~ a t l y About , 15,000 workers reported -ti h v c r o g i s t e r c d m W l y for mimation at, the n f f i c e e of
thore were 310-325,' t h o u a n d workers from ICerala in the Middle %st, f o about 33-40 per cent of the t o t a l Indian workers;
M
botwo& 1979 and 1981., . the outflow of workers f r o m Kemla doas nbt
--
. *
----
--A
_ I
> 7
H i .
(b)
Korz-i
k i n g t h a last
Relative
-tc mi@zmts fzon other S k t a a , Xmda's intcr-state migrants lma s w ficmtly highor e d w a t i o n d a t t c ? h ~ ~ x r and t a were" lnoro conoehtrc;,tcd in
profcseiorial, a ~ l s t x a t i v o ,wid c l c r i c d jobs.
e t e e q l dccllne, however,
'
Tbero
l u . 8 boen 2
other Stp-tee.
In thc
13%',
was 26,000
t&o
si&if401&...
&
h
W
recent yoare.
d above; f $
e only
oht
two
y-8,
t h a . $ ,
1997,
of 4 3 2 , m 0 - i g r m t a ,
India"(&ra,la, DFzreo-tomtb of
B s p i e o signific-t
outmigrant!
to wos~sforco h d -on
;Ln
to lcsa
10 p e r
ocnt as cap-
1971.
s-mt
4hn in 1981
. .&ww,r,
Of
i n the Middle b
t countries ? a d 1-6
khan one-
&st
tho o t h e r c x t r e g o , 70 p a r c&t
'Phe &u-
'
(c)
.. .
tw
what
j_n
1981 ).
%isi
(h1981,
3~ppsr
the- world.arce
2s
againet the n&tional aVera&J of 3tl p@r cont) and (b) the hi&e.t
unes
p l o p e n * rate (in 1979-80, 25 per cent of the labour farce . i nKerala w8a ulrr~loyed when the national average was 8 per cent).
C n account'of in-
Gmla
Mi&rmto t~ the ~ i i i h l a
it i o p o s s i b ~ e
that wer time there hea been soma contributions from latter etrom as
-11.
!he mimtioo
dive-ion
m examination of
the
migrction.
yeass
A l l &ed.
d i s t r i c t s have
*whish
.
m e w to 3 t h m
ri'gLon~of &&fa,
h.2~ z m h
.f.ront w!rere
wzhrz
(4)
14 per, cent of w
a d o d
, technical
k t , '*e
5).
dbo71S
per cent osch fron J ~ k d n n and Ea)pt w e , . M m r a i t :. r e .profeioiqwls with. a degree or t c c M i v l s with poet-eroondiuy school oduontim sr t r : i ;
a d Pdci'etaa wore
' 1 4an& 9
m t
and Jo-
47i
in
A d
%agl-r,dashis h,zve, t c
axtent,
&en
the.
i n -he.,
Bouth Aaia, hoe sent more uncjdUbd woxkera t o t h e Piiddle Eaat -baa
It therefore app-s
k t
rage
ak;Lll
inlproved
tame-t.
'Ilhis
ba sam f r o n a . C
t h e Middle
k t fm Xesala.in 1980
(see T a b l o
5).
Kernla's n2grwts b
f m n Indin in 1975.
lw
'In.
I n &
ekiUed workors uafJ 48.9 per cent of mFgmnts' frain & & a
51.8
(1975).
At.the ame t i p e , an
sWLled group.
However,
migra-
by
&$&
rather
labour e x p o -
whereae. M
timed t o supply
-.
= of such wo*ers
Pptl,3-)6).
.
-
Greater! prof e s a i m a J . / t e c ~ o a lerkills a r e .probably b e a throu& "pmjectn isports and from VJmtam
the M t e r
pf Kq&i
,,
Inflow of Remittance~
recorded
Ble
~ekerve 13ank
of India.
'Jhese
LL
i n v i s i b i e 8 dm&?
f sea
, Sterliag o r
, of
U n t i l r e o ~ n t l y , these aocounts
wore o l i y i b l o t q the sJme rate a f interest as t h a d m e s t i c accolmts of Compaxable maturity hit were e x a p t from ircome m c i wealth W o e and
oould be r e p a t r i a t e d fully.
Slnce
Ln the
f i v e ymms ending wi tlz 1'3@ -82, tile n o c r ~ion6 t t o %he external accounts
I
aacmted
of Lldia.
Table 7 , column [ q 2)
-7.
( I O ) ~ t, o t a l r c a i t t m c e
'
fcolumn
'fie~c were w t l y
C.
l'im,,
cm oapitzl aacount.
M dI
9~5,513 i n i l l i o n s
~ ' ~
1983.
On t h c
were of the
79-2
of 1kA25;j0O rd1'ic;n by
17 per cant.
It is no h b t a ~ 0 d e S - i
is q - ~ t ehigh . hitsolf,
In Tabl(: 0 , is preaentod
t h e p o s i t i o n of rmAttanc@receipts of
e a r t h of
c q o r t r e c e i 2 t s b:~t
T l i i ~h a r 2 e ~ c d
k d i a n cxporta, ~ a 3 u 6 dFr, US d o l l z r e ,
.
8-
--
--.-,-
increased at
5 . 7
,onnually i n the 1 9 7 0 ~ .
to
-1980-81.
dynamic i n growth.
the
volume of i n p o m
of im-
~ indzx) u emso by 45
r a m i t f & n t e ~ / i , @ ~ o r t~
maxhm rembcd
by
; I n
47 per
& I irnprt
prima halpsd.
-;:+
. Tho
*
:La: 8.
Pinancia2 Statzstios, 6 q p l a i l c n t
0x1
Trade
,.
wul;
Tram Indla,
to tint
r e l a t i v e t o import paymmts',
.fL00 of
as
m t
Jorh,
Ski k h .
aad 'l2lailuld.
o m i l l s o be a
'Po l h ; ,atcnt
th+
n -
mstraht i n
h p c ; r t 01 c;acential goodab it c a bs d ~ t r h e n t ? ~
t o gmwth.
k v b bean
v~lumese
T a b l y 10 nhows
1981.
tbw
juet &out
thnt
rr-&ed
in 1978 by
a per oc&
W e i r p u m h e s i o g power becausz, it
dm-
?9'i?-M
,in att
t h e -&miw
power of & n i t t a c t . r a c e i p t s .
Co:,~p.irkblce o t i i i t e d
Qf cggregate inflows f o r
1373
W~EI mch
gtxater fox c o u r i t r i e s
re-
c e i p t s in 1378 wao h i g h c - r t h m in 1975 by 145 por cent as again& 102 pcr c c n t f o r India.
r a i r ~ t a i n c dits l z v z l .
For 1981
.tic p u c h 3 i n g powor of
tk12
rfdttmcc
cent.
:.hi:corres~ondin$ f a l l i : India.
rqas
of t h c 3 r d bi: ~ ~1 5 p e r cent
a e period
91crc was a
'Z
2~
d . n o r , / h 1977170.
-A
A3 s result,
1
%is
tilere Gas a
price
1,:vol.
m i l l i o n in 1376-77 to
1 . ;
,.
up.
or P u , ~ c rd e t ~ i l sor1 b p c r t icnda f l t , o r
7).
1976/77,
~ 0 6 E'a;ym,
1902, 'Pablc
mbstantially.
(ivy they
&m -egatc
(see Table
1)
txou
econor;li~8 i r i r a a i t i ~ * ~ . roxtf ,c l : . \ . ?
A t tl:;.
ill
of no3-oj.l d ~ c l o p i n g cou_r_tri;n
tkr3.t
t h s devclop~d &et
zcono!:;ic_=::;..\r,
b
,
..-.. 'iq'--
- .- 1)
' ,
--
..----
--
-d---u
-. - -- .
- --. - - - -
--
.- ..--... -
.Tho p5opcrtion i n 1300 was p2@bab1~ h i g h e , shac .k4c:. not inclrrcic ~ ~ i t f l o from ~rs Wted b r , 5 EMrat?..;, Qatrr; 5
~ :z 3 ..
C
e : . ; 4: . . : z::.~:.
: .9
Tkdr c o n i h e d high *ri n world rmittmci. rcci.iutz ri:l:.c$:.: 2Cceipts y relatively lo88 dtrvalopad, labour w'orti,-.G Eh~~~zl
aountrioe su~llae ~roocc,Port-,
Spain, I ~ ~r J ; n Jd ' ~ ~ ~ c . ~ ~ i 2 .
v ,
8'the
V C . ~ low
p e '~ c ~ p l t t a-
ir,
&> 'incrcasud
by wra&tt13y
cant,
it
;
tb&n d c u b l o d ' d ~ c l r
7-
shzre
kcnithncp
E +
wiUin
d i o r t e r t h e span,
between 1975
1980.
$100 of w o r l c i rerdttonoe
oountries.
'
Only
dmelopbg
rc&ttwc
1960,
It
r ' d t t s n c e outflows to devblopbg camtrios wont to only p fow e m tries, Besidee !h&ey,
the o o u n k i a s recoivhg si@.ficmt rcnittaqoes
B T I k h and
*
-
+ The p a i n benefi+zrics were- Bacgladesh, Sudan, Y m c n Axab Bepublic and Yemen Peoples Domocm-kio Republic.
-
-..
.w
Thc GSCAP m w t r i e s rocPiying r w i t b - c o n were Rikistan, Innta,. 'I'hailand. Bspublic of, Korea, -a&ah, -PNlippinss, S2i h & ,
'
=unsl
40
c;.rt). ~
i:lir;>ri$s
W s
could
b v ; bscn so.
*-
view of a s i z 2 c b l e proportion sf
(fir8.i; : x ; ; .
Accordirz tc
1 . j rcillior. persons
c~i.mtkies, principdb- . 3 : 1 % i . , . . ,
1982, Appendix
4).
Of thcti;:,
b
%c two
Of t h e s e , about 490,000 c d d l ~ ~ v c
9
WCE
.zbxt
o r l o s s p e m n ~ - a tbasie, which is
inthalkddl.c&~t.
ic
,
;*
- - .--.---.- -
l o such t _ 5 c p r o ~ c : l n i t y . t o r c r ! i t of t h e f o n x
*--.--I--.. . A _ -
.-I_-------
---.I----
&gdor;t, In4l.m. rLgrxlts b d a scx ratic of 135 f c a i 3 3 to 100 n n l m S1 thc e u r l y l97On tmci 2bcx-t 1 G p o r ccnt w c r o u.nd.cr 1 5 y c a r s cf .,=c ( ~ c . 6U ? : , 1979, p.~09). t Y s W t h o 3zrie r a t i o s , the nmbcr of wcru-g n i m = : w i g pcrsons w i t h tics i n India ~3:llit work o u t =w'f ~ l l o w ~ ~ :
In the h i t o d
T ~ s&re G nwb~vrc3~Lld3.190 be $&ken t o atand f o r tha p c j s ~ i b l c m 2 b q of p o h t i z J mit tqj&uaeholde of Indiar. Zencont i n the d ~ v c l o ~ c cd mtriss.
TW
.;riUl d~pir;(lc:jcy :-*L:o ,. tr.;;y3t.10 of d<,cnds:?t; .Jt&-.;1 the 2 0 1 ~ l t v of ~ Z T ~ ~ C L ~ ; ~J O G& E~~ ? , i ~ W - O ~ ~t ~ $ G work cwji to 1.06 f o r the m i e r t s , to tho Yest &d 0 . 2 7 fr,r the in?,:'Lz.!?$ i F a l t ~ t o the :lid?.l-o &st t m n g "intr: ~ocount,tilo stock of n i p x a t worlcers ~ n thcir d depondcnts F? 1975.
ibc;?In
CICinid 1970's.
to r a i t
to
-t?@ Wbst
3 ~ c s u o oof Loth
dFff i c u l t to
ch-tor
sw.
of R w i r share of t h o r m l t t a n o e iriflow to h d i b ~
t h e k h i & e r cap1.t)- to d t , 18 groatax,
fpdddle & a t
w lowcr despite
h s o i b l y , mimato to t h o
by India i n n i d 70's.
every'
p o t m t k l r m i t t e r h tho Vest, t h m
i n
&a
Middle East,
S h c e the
19
womhclmingly large b . a k
c j f
v~accanpaniedby d o p e n h t s , t h e
It would n o t be
unrmsanablo g u a s
in total
around 73 p e r c e n t by-1980.
TLic p o s s i b i l i t y ~f r d t t n n c c u frm other dbvsloping co>m+ries F a b~en W e d cut since a d t a n s In thoso c o u n b i o ~ have boen 'rc-ttlad h r o far many genarations m d hxs p r a c t i d l y flo k i n ti06 ]with. m a .
mse linearly,
aia
l l;c y
67 par cent
&ucjnar-,
-~/ni@mt
6
of
T h G rate of p w t h of remitCmcs
w o w o u t to be mch higher and indicstcr; .m ir;crezao in r.e)nittun,c ia per workor; T h i s / h line w i t h thc: tandmcy, r.otad n3ot.c, of t,L,c: ni-r
,
~ c j rc.tios .
in' f h u
co?*~fw of Inrpigrat:
erld 1,2, It would
.I'
fo
d e o l m thatloally.
Fwm %blc
little.
kzvc nowva;.,
tc
'JL.,
vl.cu:.$.\iL.L!\
L
*-
-.--
--...-
. . L
I.....
.-
.-Y--
f3.noe thosa calculations dc nct tC&e into LSOLIL~W,$ (ci) . ( ; I 1 2I . , W . ? ~ ~ T :: LIlcgd. k&Lan w a n t s to t h e IUdr~leb a t m! (b) the x c x m t n i l l * & l y mittell thrm& various c b i n c l s , WJE:fig~wsin Sh:; t o be ueejl w i t h caution aitiiou&, as r,.?tc.;dlrtl:iiz, .i2:iize eon h believe, -kt the latter b-cu declirlzd
[ a e c lhyysr, 13E!2,
1)
o f f i c i z l chamals
so that by the
nid-1370s i t s aver-
elimimted, s i z o a b l e part, If ? l o t d l of
chmuelo,
of t h e 19708, i.e.,
rmi5
-1
3,inl;l;:
Incrr5&ed
(4)
lioriltt&oos
__
In 1974-75 about thrcc+qwtcrer of India's fo r e i s 1 oxcham reccipte originat img in the Middle East cane t'mougt.1 t l ~ .e export of goods 1.
,
(st23
'
*thirds
(30
b beell f
Sec-n frorn t h e Flid3le ,J!hst end. however, r m i t t n c c catflows p e w faster than ysynmts for imports fzon non-oil developing-countriesM y
IESB
of wman%n f o r
. .
i q o r k in 1981, whereas
kg.
indicated above, k i d i a n
In fact, .the h
the Middle +t
ck 3 3 per
oent af
itfs
m s only
ems;,
Xuterest-
US,
t h c : l a r k s t -labour Importer.
i ~ the l
~4iddle&st,
lrdan ~ o r t 8 .
hpacts
o f Rm$,ttar&es
Yhat B &
country by supplcr.wPb
In this
paper i t e c l f t h i s
ct length in t h e sectisn h c -
(1 ) Income r
Imve been
growing
doneetic product;,
If we
sssrw~cthat
reaittanccs m e distributed
*c
-8s
dintriots aooording to t h c d i s k i b u t i o n of m i g m a t s to
Mihdlo
&ut;
h o r n Table
hllep~ey nana@d
sa:~:
$1'
j j l c x ~ 5 a;;zs
f o : :
i k ~ Si:;.lL
, a
. 5 % poor absolute .
EO
that ( b m h g
I n these circ-meta.!!oss,
ni-t
-l;hc mow
of r ~ ~ i t t m c c s ' f r o the u
r?.
?+orkcrea b r o a
s ~ t w
to have p l a p d
r e ~ x d c a b irole ~ in havFni
as a wholo,
--
rlori) t i a
s e e m tc have b c . ~ . digtr.Fb:t;d
A 3 c m b3 eecn f r o n *ble
low d t h r c ~ g o t
of retlittmcs ~ % c o i p t s , 7 3 . . dispci-io~
----TA
*;
Let
t h n k-df cf that
i.1.
E l c r fomer.
_'--
.It
-----
- -.-..--
--.--
--
The ueah .of d3spcrsicri' is dwlvcd by L!.vieug ? a r + ? (l .o. WiM rlIh<s works ml; .to 0.661 6 : ' c r distxict-wisc. bvr F ~ I J W . ) by LVCIY:I,~T. cagitc dowstic p s d u c t ma 9.2925 f o r district-wise per ca2it.a inco~lei. e. i?olilestic p o d u c t ~ l u s r a i t t a n o e recci2-tir-I.
S O ~ + irdcnnzt.ion
on consum,ntioli gr?d
product and income on the one h a ~ ~and i i consmption and houoing orr the
o t l x r , a r e quite coneintznt =d
dom~arable
It
h i l l
here of renittmce,receipte)ra*ld
S t a t e average i n terms
me-
bveL of p e r
c a ? i t a comnption
r , ~ e
whole.
%an
for
is nine por
tW1
cent b ~ l o wthe
S t a t e merego,
the 2 o u i t i o n i a atill b e t i e r
that
1
- ~Indecd,yqr
t r i c k Of tl)e . . S-t;ate.ard t @ t .
alao much above the E t a *
--.
; Only
on non-food i t e q other t h r ,
the d i e t r b t s in the S t a t e .
~ prcvsiled e h i their
in regard to llousl:~g,
3s
I f t h c pro~ortlon
,Gongsi&c. the f a c t f i a t in Trichur the proportion.of huts m d &lapidata3 houvzs is d i s t i n c t l y below that f o r the State. .the othor
S t a t e avcrage
I , k l a 3 p ' b 9 o?r
in bo5h regards.
et L%r; t b c of
'
i b . : :
.-<>A
JU'iiCy
: / L : Y ; L ~ ~i n t h o State,
(3)
---.Prices)
'iLd
The &p=t
;.,b~vo ;he
t
in t o m s of
ti)
~ a y wh~t
incrr?cl~e i n b ? &
be z t t r i b u t e d to th-. Frtcmased
;.lLtd
r&littLwccrrf r h zbronC.
S c v e r d cf tIlc S.tc-tas q c r i c n c j - I g
hl j - t t l e ,
if a 1 y , rcnittcmcr: roccipta
2
can- Fn
1 9 7 w O w i t h k M y m y rs:ittanco
receipts f r m abroad.
1% could. nccent
*years h a p
%is
1 high
in
tAi<i
in 3tlror
dfntricts.
llrge
remittame ir-flwc
whit;
~c~civ tilei?. c
.2
~ar1 q
L~c;c~c~.
It
.tho r c m i t t a n ~ ~ s
LS
cv~?ntfU out.
But is
in2
mF,jcct <ocs n o t
hl;lic~tctiit.
L . 1 r@.rd
to
the a m G r
'
B H ) ~ of
qwntitiza
'Phoxo-
qE ZumSlc :mas
~ t i u t i l ~ But r that
io
level 'Lut on i m a q 5 n a ~ t .
Sincc s. good part, cf t h o rotittzncea
2.m
hcwn to be abeozbod
to l & , t E ~ i c e ~ m d w.,~&s of ~ 0 ~ 1 ~ t ~ x t i o n
1 e g h ;ni&ca.tion.
It i n &.rrilly
i?
.
W;-
, of
The ~~~~~~cr p r i o e indcx:for M i a aa z! wholc rc~$sturecl increase 228 per cent katt-rcen 197i)-71 2n2 1981-82: tine corrcopondiw r i s o ir, Xerda S t r t c WG of tb-e orclcr of 230 pctr cent.
me ~ r o p z r t i o nof foodgrck'ls i n p o r t c - 3 from et!iw S t z t s s h.a risen *om 5% per c m t in 1376 t o 59 ; ) c r z c n t Fn 1981 Sco Kan, Ekoncaliu coy, 1982,.p. 25,
high.
cr in the? d i s 4 z i c . b cf hi231 ! n i w u o n ~ u c h aa T r i c h u m d
popu.1::~ press.
R a s i b l y , tho
(i. e. after 1978-79) have boen nnzch gcerLl;cr Lcocu~oof bosh the
In-
It m y cven be a rc.20ona6ly
@ n ~ ttle~uonj will
not 3 r C f i n s : L ~ y c . 1 Ld f r c ~ t e d t c , consumer p o d s
! @
purdpses.
Still since. tk.-e c ~ n s w , u rprice i:~:Lcxdoss not give auffi.to thc prices of services (cducntim, h d t h , tmnsprt,
c i d weight-,---.---.-
house rents, d o m ~ s t i oh e l p c t c . ) m2 a i n c ~ thcbc p r i c c s ,wc a l s o -.- -. -+.. ---, ..---IL L .--..---I .---I
_ , I
,.
. I -
W-d 1974-75 -to 137&79r \ ; T ~ C S af c21.pent e r s i n %icl:ur b c r e z s e d by 59 per c c n t a 1 : 1 : 7 p e r c z n t rcspr:ctively; k - a g i . ~ of =111~ki?-led i i l ~ l ~ ln - 'lo~r by 40 Fcr cent :ad 21 i>'.r z c r t X+ pect~ely c Y L d wa,3es ~f n s i c i l l c d Eel.iiLq ls.bnim b i 27 ljer ccjnt and 66 per c c c t rcspcctively. k t thcac n t c a w - r e npt p n t i c i r l z r l y out of line with ~ ~ G D 2-t C the State 1cv:l (a c ?kala, .Sk.%i~tics till, i n a l l i n f o c : ~ d exchwgl;u w i t ; ] fur Pl?p-, 1 9 0 0 ) . (C officials an?. ~ ' u ~ b l i inen c : tllerc i s unanh1,Ity that o f f l i c i n l l y rocorded incrz,?.oes Gr'oosly umlcrotztc the_ r e a l i t y .
* A -
Jn t h c ' c o n t e x t of cn cccncrw like that of Karjla. S t n t o :~it!i chron i c d i g I.=@<? ~ ~ l u s 3f c c le3ou: a3 r e f l e c t a d i nH i @ : xztos 6f
'
unmplopent a i l undor--omploga~nt i n thr': S t a . t e cornpzod t o thtt f o r tha country ss a *ole (ir. 1972-73, t h c a ~ q l o m c n state t ' c s t h h t r c l -to b s 25.25 p e r cent ? , a ?gxinat-t!-~s f o r Kcrala m t i o n a l . averqy of 8.34 p e r ccnt e x Ekrala, S t e t o M m w Doard, 1 9 7 8 ) one should r x . l l y 'sc spo;.11cirlg in tcrma of rcciwed surplus of' uqowsr.
'
b e l i m e d t o k v 4 xisen cor~uliluraJbly. It is p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e p i c e
mt the pricu r i s e
the rcst of t h z c a m t r y .
;rice
(1)
Prey, 1978,
s'tudfed one village in Trichur district; (2) Ikthcw and lhir, 1378,
'studied .two villages i n !tkivLmdrwdietrict; ( 3 ) Ccmorce Xe~cnsoh
Bureau,
cadi
district), Tin=
, studied ons
( 5 ) 'fwO
&st.
rEr~~i
t h c $ e s t u d i o s m e supplanented,
& e w e r - possible,.
w i q other avBitlsble b f o m z t i c m .
%st,
of r&it&e .
- 4
fro)? Rsri1::
2 s undcra
t j , : , : ; : -sf ti:oi;.
lhst ~ l i , m -
35
(ii)
M;-;O
ccnstiht~d
34.5 p c r cent 3f t h e
T s L g z m t a , wcrc ~ l c l o s ts n t h e l j r u n r ~ m i k d . Nenly
(iii)
i&.73~t
d l
~igC'2Ats :&c-
!ai.n.
Or*
i2i~?!.llt0
idcn-
n wclr3n.
mi3 b s
=I&,
s~z~~ort bje i tl h a
I981 Census
&2t2
prccontc3. i n
L~prndixI .
It will b3
*
nccn
k-~c r: i g c ~ t e x raticj
( i v ) 'he low
'by t h e
~ C T Z ~e C h
c a t i a s&tue
of tho nigzmte is c o f f i G a 8
micro stuciies,
'
nsW-culatos.
%cy
t o g e t ' n c ~coxtitute b c t ~ r e e nm a - t h i r d a a n :
Hqwevcr, it xgpe-s
nine-
tenths of tho n j - p a t s .
gpecSic diffetomsa.
Nuslius, in ~ n c r a l ,
m i g r m t a wag
36 pa& cent.
m'
of u e q l o y 3 e n t rrmtmg
und~rtriculatc migrants
1 1 b d f m migrating. 1; -
af
pa f a ~ t o r s possibly
cxpenditurc:
G o *
seek
(2)
Co-~ticm
af'd!bc
rmitbnce reccip4a.
w o d o
or they t k d w i t h thco bn
in
CIC I~ouseholilsrcpmt,
So t h e prcpo$tion of c o n e m ? t i a ; ~ e q m d i k e t o xtu-i
rc;lit.tmcee,
iqcording
=E
riore recent
B ~ & J
cf Ynci i~lco!adrezcived
while food knd c l o t l ~ i n g st-till icccunted for 81 p e l cznt of' t ! ~ a conounption eqc?xkiturc, i t e n l s l i l w education 2xd medicine8 rcsintercd n o &
b l c increzse@ i n r c l a t i v e ter;ln.
r 2 1 4 air)
but
. .
tmctisn.
- ~ U E ~ ~ or B livestock E
fund?
l e f t aftsr meet-
c o n s t n c tion b f :
next
..
'in importance.
halb
a t : : the
a
mallssjj rmitt;inc:?~&~c. t h o s e i r c c l v i i x l e s s + h
acquisition of land i d thc i i i p c s t pr,io+t:,
R a & 0 0 0
with
a c q u i t i t i o n of zss&.
comon.
l :.?
of c o n m a r Surablss is q u i t e widr?sprc.,l
d ~ a n I;mc:;ekolC.e. t
t o Prdcaeh, h11"-4
\
&en
,2t
t k e t h e of the save?..
.?a f o r bui.1-
cs rebuilcling a h o u 3 ~i ~ n the p a s t
y e a r s ,-tbout
two-
h6usss
ob
. I
O f ccjtlroe,
r ; r ; [ ; 2
the c o s t o f constmction
'md repahs w a s
a .xi&
b u t SO would be r a n g e of
s q l u g e s l c f t wi.Yi--- t:-.c:
c;rrsm?tion
household.
Practically d l t l ~ cs t u d i e s r e p o r t l a r g e hcreases in that pricas Ftadhakris-ha1 and Ibrahin obsemre f urthel/:the r e l a % i v e l y m2ll
EW~~UZCE
,
t??c
after
;j
(as it ou&t
t o be) as
finmcii.'. mestment.
aftcr . ! n i g a t i o n .
i o r e p a i d wj:t!lln
'
.parted to hive opened ncw ba;nk - .scormts and taken insurance policies
(Mathew and llials).
In . ~ d dti i o n , mi&t
workers t h ~ m e l v e eopened
,
'
of
a~ widetipreari
to~ldencyto under-report.'
whole, it is
f o r by deposits
k 1
(5)
hg ~ n m ~ .. r.-,ipmt~ l, hau-ci;lt'i.s
af children 'hero were i n t e r 2 s t i . r ~differcnczes ~ bI?twem &ens salt persen3 largeljr t, o t h e r p a i s of I n d i a and thoso send%:
t o - t h e Viddlc- &st.
?i-,ts
M i g r t m J c households in C i l e n ~ m u r ,f r o 3 t h r e the
on education than nigrcnt h c u s e h o l d ~in Cnr.vr.Mail and. Chirayirddl iron wherc -iaigration
\IZS
l a r g e l y t o t h e ~Yiddle&-st.
Expmclituro per, c h i l d
2s in.t h e
t , b e not crastc.
such pressuree.
i8
stal a positivo
bdicatigr~.
Pxitish India,
Ur-dcr this
Aat 02 '1922.
Unfox=hxztcly, t h c opck,tivo
r&
of the k w w 6 s t &
tion of r e c r d . t l n g =entar
a mushroomizE
-kern
The recruit*
contract.
Trlw t a k e lnoney
V
c ~ L q 3 s a 5 g 3O -
tho-& ~
praatical&y
enr a e the
ployere.
c m
lnnat
st@asb
E o t that t h o Govomb;er-t
of t h e g-eacnt s i t - u t i o n .
&ope
I t : is w i t l ; a
vied
to r e h c i n g "kc
. i n the
e tc wage, overtime
I.a fact, a
h &tion,
tile h i s t r y
a,
If pasoporto
Tn
lmt
of t h e f l w n t v i o l a ~ o n of the oontrnots
t o wages,
m w . w e d
working
Winether or nct the new FbigrAiofi Bill, whici? kds beer; pmsed
have to be f i n m i n l l y
fore*
ai>lnyer~ ir!tend
purpose.
hzs beer1 d i s c u s e a
u t l
uk-pe.
At t h e S t n t o 1 1 ,
h~itiative in this r c e .
In ICeriLa, for
Govern-
Limited (OWJ),
F~blc 21
$j.bes
L.1iliile undoubtedly
quita
Finns
of IQ4,rK)O nillion k
* l o t wailable).
are
that &ativc
to the
1:1~-.?-.r.
The policies i n
oo\;ild be lk:il;.:il
tg
ace the
qeipta after the oornrorsicn of foroign axchw&e into dmcc-tio cux::~~c:;. : hlib s-d in
Indirr, t h e
WD
of t h a i.:=ou
-ed
a d q t c d a m b o r of aohmos
C P h o
It is addreseed
origin.
h d i m
a n d m x l n t m a r x e .of
WLZ bo
non-reairlent
acco-mtc.
Shco
1975 t h e s e xcrjqmts
Ro,mrl-
32
thk8e m d c i d -
htmost
najor &oontivcs
thcsa accm-ts q j o y a r e ;
fmii
daaeatic dzposits.
? 932.
.risk, kt t h e tksc of
to be ccnvmted into
a 0
LC-C-CL.-
.-
---a-
C . -W . -
-A-
------.--.-.
r-
3:.
h c l u d c &ISXI 'i.Con-rocii!cr,tn', 10~the pmyoRe of ~ I L C S ChcenlGive~3~ cikiacn3 stq4rii ~ L m a d for m p l ~ ~ n u o: n t arq- o t h c r pmppose f>r XL i n d ~ f i r r i t opcrliod ,znd includc b~vcr~ur.cnt s t m m t e deputed alt-d. Indie? A ' p ~ ~ ~pf o i 1nili:n i origja i n mlyonc who hzls mer held paasport orc soricone whoso p z r w t e or e r u ~ ~ i > r z 'wcrc ~ ~ t eLldims and pmanent rosidcnt~in undivided &?';La .i.o. bofore M e t 15, 1947.
'
r,o?-.t;?. frm
Bkt
tlid
spin 02 6 i : : yt.r?l's.
G p i ) ~ a 4~1;3
AB
I=VC
' b e ; .
i.&ernal
t h o balanci, a
thc f o r o h cllrrancj
2~
frcm Marc11
'
1982;
thci
tto o x t t m l r._ccour,l;c.
!Re quantion whathcr t h c m.amts which x2rticc1, ixto t h e ex-
to
"...
the v h b i c - s
describing r o h -
mittmces
'&';)lc-.
%c!
~~rervaluztior, of
C U , T ~ - ? ~ ( T ~. ~ C E net
t n , y o f psivrttc
In thit
thD,t
nclt ccamy
s t i l l be not eaHy
to
n a a e r t t h a t c i t h o r cxohanga m t c p r b t o c t i o n o r
interc~t~ a t o premium
of inflow i n t o -t;heee
acccunts
n::\ie
Of
porting oountry
m w t
legitimtcily f e e l in reg?&
to i+,sinc'miry;
~ o t c d , t h e i n f l o w of these
i ~ ~ c n c but .8
on prices through both additiond dumm~~ generation m d the creak this ccntext, t h e h d i a b c m c r , t ' s
fistid t o
t i o n af , ~ d i t i o mbnnk l wonsy.
serve t h e obicctive
'Phc b d i m
hqds
are allowed. w i t h m t
unitn of U n i t Trust of India, Cfiverment securities aid savir.g cor ,..'c:: .I :?"C,.:.: .
Imresk-ents with r e p e t r i a t i o r , f L x i l i t i e s a e allowed w i t h c , ~ t I ::..it
only i r . n o k o n v e r t i b ~ ed e b e ~ ~ t u r ecf s comp,mles
\
irj
the
j x 8 . i . i ; c.? r .!-'r:t.,
and
saviq certifiozl;:;?,
L : . , ;
..;-L
While it is too e a r l y t o say whether o r fict the v n i o u s ir:vsst.merat incentives bebig offered f o r r ~ n - ~ s i d e n investrr~nt t have bad
E.
m a ~ o rimpact bn
the
i r $ A ~ w of
~ U E ~ G it )
ig'neceo'eary tc 3e clear o r
what s o r t of inpacts
such
Would thb:r.
alrea;..;:
'
naticln is
CWi
be quite importat
l ; , n : : 1 ; -1
an6
mi\y
not b a - @ i c d e r ~ s : 2o-T.
. (&any;, . . 1981).
b a s h of 'khdt'
. '
Middle &st
is htiz9't~;Y l i & ? ~ i to
PliCUc k s t
1 , h t
: .
f o r p Li
the;
As not,ed,
o o r t of l i w c l l i n g of t h e
wrkds w i l l Sc
3f
curront- y c z r .
tc m o t h a r
Is this IcveUing
ssce3a.tion
1r1 < d l p m b a -
bJlity,
i t 4
,-it
, t k ~ cov~i.aI.1 d.:.~211sZ f cr .
-
a q 3 t ; r b . t 2 l&ovx f sr
is bcmi'l to Lccline.
I i
That the , o , v ~ z a l clinmd l Jf t i i ; ' , ~ i d d l ~ & s t e m lcbbur iiiPort& . ' . - - ..(, " & cc~mtrips f o r expatriate ?>..i>o'~Y' is f&1Tlccly t o experiz~ct:t n t ra-Lcu
4
.-
of powt?,registered'bcforc'is'&&c!~
aoms
, P;,,
C 8
to bc
...,. . . '.
still contirluc
to
In t h o 1o:l;ger
run,
fhcrp
wrin fut, be
o,
r n w
f o r @rnplm
for thb,
the
w;
-;of
labour exporting oountrie~of to-day w i l l bo' zble to mepaad. a p p p r h t s l y to t h i s changing p e t t a r n of demand f qr airFlls from t h o M i U e
I
of
c o d i a
hat,
i )
tho ~ g a t e f rl e r l h t l i t y
the
changixq p ~ t t a m
t h e oountrice of south
i i % ~r e
rnl~ to
p l q h - n ~ Ot~ L J w t k
*LID,
~m the rco&@@&~
bclanced'~;3-ag~~hic;LZ Z i s t r i b u t i m of iwnpowarc e q o r t
> .
C~S
k : "
as a consetquc::cc ol:
p z t n of &&la
Shtc,
;u:~*.
!Ibt
BO
f u such i n t e r v e n t i . : ~ ~ ,?T, :
..
.!,'I.,-;
# J @ . of Government
,
WZB
~ . : : . l ~
within the
countqi
a d %ode
b&k?nccd d r v e l o s e n i .
Use;
the
cas;:
f i : :
&
oasts to t h o o o n t r a y .
back honc.
$l'hc? f a c t t h , *
$?i.TX-'
6'8,.%x
:
,..
:of ,zc ~ r -
cctiviliy
t h a ~ d l &.st':khAb&cd k
So,
ars a
on its
,
.
hh
In ~dd+o'e'
4
cma, the
inflow of r a ! i t t m o e o
fro^ theIndian
L'W
bi
cu;ro&ta
m e Iklk of
cane in w i t h n ~ tavitil&-
3+
. L L C L -
'a
Bsnklo projoc$iono c;;tmdhg to 3995, on the: basis of' wlrat ie C L L U Q ~tile c ~ n t r a l gmewth. sc w i o , y i e l d an cuLaual iucrc\nso in tho r e o i t t a c y i n f l o w of the Zabaur wort* catintries of Asi'6:at t h e ''. m t e of 6 . 3 par cent (sea Wzld &mk9 1983, p.32).
* 1 d
.
,
their k i t b and U n
'
).
desire
cr n houee site i8 a o m e t h i r ?
1 1
known.
Thc sane
kverthe-
o f vieu,
the like. ..
Sp n t e a s m e s
much mom,
on
In thctr
oD,ze,
cx-
i h probo&d
. -
~~e
m m f i
to -foreatsll
addition t6 k t -
Whothey-or.nott h e n e t mimtion
ofkorkere f r m Indie t o t b c
MddLe & a t
in
the
eq0rLir.g
cou&ciea
a very
m i 3 8
If,
.'that a slacken-
i n the
eqansi-cfi of re~:,ittalcerwcipts is p o s s i b l e
!V.VC
aitu on
. I.
ccxc t o depend
so
criti-
b ~ c r t will s luve
Mi-ddlc
~atio~la
ctlror~ Tot , a
2 . 0 365 5.0
57 . 49
43
51
L i b y m Arab Jmehiriya
N e t ionals Others
449.2 3324
525.8 510.2
3.2
6. 9
57
51
43
49
~ o t a
7e1.i
~,ojb,o
5 . 8
-----
1,625.0
1,619.0 5,244.0
1,844.6
2,358.5
-.--
2.6
7.8
50
44
50
56
-------- 4,203.1
5.3 ---
- I L I L . - I - . - - I . - - - -
Notot
Soume r
Country of.
E&loymont
Saudi Brctbia
1875
1377
-Fo
75 . 0
--....,...---
5%
( 2 -------Lj-A
19'1?
3 3a
198i
iv
'24.5) \ / ' r
~dea!
7,
'
2,
3.
ks : 1 (~olunn-uise) 2.
Bir!co z n Z ~&cl&-, I 98C, W l e o 13 a c i 111. 'BF J'01.7, Ho.77, Sept.-1, 197e. 1982. &~ 3.. 41ein+rr 1382, $.5 a d 52,. Z I .S O . ~ . ~ J m e 2, i 983 arid. June '1 1 , 3 . Ir~dizinPcp?eas, i'*,3b4 27, 1983, ; . 1903, r o p o r t a based 011 etztor~cntssssue?. by Mk, M i n i s t e r of Sti:;te fox - & t e r i d +iff&s, Indie; d e o , 'Ilanhon, 1963i
A
'
21,093 Tndims i n
Iran. L
'
ess as a
vork' propor t i o n @) of
Plalo Workers
d-t
mte
Rural M F
.
. Popula-
tion
Uxbqf
Toted Worlzers
Yotes s
I.
The three dis-bricts fox which figures m e given,aegarately a r e ' the districts of .hi&cet migration in t h e State. They a r e zankcd aeoording to the proportlon of xigrant workers to l a b o u r force. Ziarever, ic" the d i a t r i c t e were to be &ed 3ccordine: to nigrmt workers located outeide' Indirt, i l d n g ~ ~ awould m Mnk first, lkichur second u d Allcppy fum* coming after. Cannanore.
in e x l y 1980 was divided bx tho numbor lof All other f i b p r o s relatc .?G 198l.
Soume: 3
ble -...*.-.
.190l-82 Nptee:
58,136
20,~d'j
3?,C','j
-
3 7 , J'p
7 65
22;206
*.-
- ~ _ . _ - . - I - - - - . . - d -
.-
2
...
._.-.-.-
~ 5aslt
3.
'
Receiyta zn.5 f . q - r . m ~ t o .on C u r r e n t ~ k c cG ' ; exc.lu2iw ~ tho~(,? of mcrcW2ise on bcth Frivztc PEL?. knvernile~-!.:..r:c3~::t, kclude v ~ x i c u o nypc!~, of reccigl;o sose af' w1li.c.h cc3mot be consi6srcd as ? i s a n t rcmi.ttar~cessucl; r.3 (1 ) 5 z ~ c t i a r . ntotrel.igiinis zrgmisat i o n r and clmriLa3ie i n s t i t u t i s r , ~ i n fntLi;~ a d i?) a nb .3n*ries . T @ s t i:-q~&a~u~d Tj.S.P.L.qEK) cr Titlc! 11 ~ 3 . ~ 1 3 s .v n f o r ~ s t ; t ' l y ,the b ~ ~ k d o rcf m i k i v a t c Prsnsf ers unde?! w i c m ~uhhesds. i s n o t 2.vtLiY2blr: ~ ; r e c : ~ -fio ; r t\i: contra e n t r i e s w h s t 1% i L 8 0 L q ~ o r t a ,
2.
rn;
'I
,
!
v-1 9'
I
I s ;
gr ei
y Pi ,
a
81
;
.
i
.
@,I
M w
j -d
2 1
t ; ;
:
j
,;;:I
i
1
d i I ! 1 -51 ;
1
Table --.-
-- 8
( u i ) Balancc of t r a d e
(iv).
24.9
79 5
+VD
1051.1
'
60.3
41.1
-49.4
41.6
39.3
a 4 0
~~siblaraceipts31.4
35.3
45.0
$7.7
4 . 9
7.8
13.0
16.2
t2.4:
1.5
15.9
Note: ( I )
' , capital 2 c c m - k ~ ae
shew
(in pmccntq+s)
PeJcis tan
9-8
33.2
Ym.en A.R.
I-Ior~cco
Philip--inter
kgl~eofi
S u m
m t
Gysb
Sri LRnka
Thailpnil
iJotc:
(1 ) B'or purposes cf ccr.lpmc>ility, it was cihsiderkd d c r t~ rblatc on&* the r o i n i t t m e r e c e i p t s in >die or? ourrer~t account with thoee of t h o cormtry's c m o n t p-mente.
1 )
India
96
32
51
67
85
103
95,
,1C?
$7
f2)
2.70
9.76
10.72
ll.-5l
12.40
12.70
17.26
23.67
32.50
1h6e:
( 3 ) Mchzsing power is nemurctl in t m s cf nillion b-als oil that the rerittanoe xecsiPts would buy.
af'
q. 4
Table 7
ROW 2 )
.bw'3)
m;.IntarnatioM-
3
78.7
GO. 0
2 0 . 0
67.'
32 ,
( 3 krc?lqin& economies .
(a) Oil export*
"
7-6
11 .2
9.9
11.0
(b)
IJon-oil exporting
(1)
World
3
.
2 . 6
30-5
H 0 n - o ~ oxpi*ing
18.0
36
(ii) ESCAF (3 1
Note:,,
!ka f m s reported above.'related to 'jprivate u n r o ~ u i t e Itruref*~s'. Theso aonsht d ~ c s antholy t cf remittanca; but also' h k l u d b some misc&llaneaus .i t ~ s ; 2 ) !&e 36 l e c s t dovelopea osuntrios are Crxuactcris~dby v: low '~~e capita. s incomcs, l i t e m y rates and share^^ cf m l u f a ~ t ui r n~GIP. r r Po?rimtm, India, 3 ) E s C U camtrios zccciv&p rebittmce; u 'Ihdle~~ IZcpublic d~ of m, Bznglade~h,R l i L i p , ~ e s , Sri. IEU~CEI, lTepqi m d T O .
6 .o
C I L -
111
.....----
1)
!-5&dle
102
'
i70)
182. . y j 9 -..5.2
(75). ';;.13
'
2138
[ICC)
et
k,qQ bc.i,@-eatiDsted W1
~ d f i ~ 0 t hf o tot&
.
.ih1974..and
&:points
1975 ..cud h s a a o e 2 . ths-k' .eba, by."8.4poroenin each .cf the subauquhnf . , , , . ~. ~ a p -g a . ,,. e ~x p l e i q ~ d
-.give
:firi..:the' tezt.
2)
over
. -
A-.
1)
Inflows i n t o %$&
s ? - ~ - ~of s F C ~ T _@-cc-<ge. ? ~ -~Is.cc'izt3 f ron t h e - Z4id:ll a--*--,. .k t {>ar. ccn-t; WL-7 5 1977-7e 1 350-8ja
CI,~,,
i) E q o r t s
ii)
Loans
i) h p o r t s fron non-oil L X s jl
ii ) CoocessiorLal assistance
L
26
15
-
26
lii) Rmittmces
37
-- -J/
( b)
,Libya
i) h p o r t s from non-oil LEs
ii) Conceaaioaal assiatmce
.60 20
15
l O C (1.3)'
P .
3 . 7
3 1
'11
.
i~i) Ilmittances'
35
Total
( 0 )
100
{I .o)
700 ( 2 ,
Kiruait
i) Imports
55
'
43
T O M
'100 (1.6)
Notea:
1)
Concaasional finznce esfimctcs w e r e t & & frm the World D L v e l ~ p c ~ Reartsf or,1975. ond 1976 a d f o r l a t e r y ~ f ms m tlia Trade end l&veloprnent .Repod-, whLch 2;rpears t o give =ore inclusive figures. .
,
2)
R : .b i l l i o n
DIF, -.---L i t e r n a t i o d Fhzmci& S k t i ~ t i c 3 , va DIE', Directibn of Tmde Stzti~tics,various m M l b D , TmdB and E e l p m t Report, 1982. RBI, Xeport on Cgxcnoy c n C .F h c n n , v.uicm India, lUI1ial;w of Comezce, Annual REV
btsr Rou (1 )
~ X r r ch the tatal remittance receipts ol lrdis u . : : ",;q a holc has bean m i v e ; l at cn t h o assunptim that (I) 0 ~ e d t ~ c roccived e a fxcm t h e Xiddlt? &st Keda's shor'c .would be between 40 m d 5 0 per aolit and ( 2 ) of t h o , rei3it'cz:oas rmeiv~d fro& ncn-Middlc b t .sourcas, , k r e l a ' e ' wrat 'k53.e 12 exceod n o r c t;kul bctw6an 4 and 5 $ex.-oent. ( ~ o s f o r t h e nsmpt:'-on underlying the calculation of renittmcas f r o n t&e Xiddle & s t to Jndiz as a wliolc.) Rd+~moe-r c c e i p t s of m m - t s tc-~ t h m states w i t h.i n -._ India . p & . ..
include$.
k
'eats
-
~p
--
& (2:)
-
. '
.I479 to 1982.
Econcmdc Revicw ,
, .
Distric.t.\~ise Diz kt-i \)\)tion . p iI ' o r e l : ~ -.--.---. H ~txittzqcc~ . lgj-80 Ln (?s.Xil I ion]
Ilea
Yotor
T o w m~ittmcc-s far t ! S~ k t c worc -en to be Rs.5,250 nillion, * & . c zc?n of t h c x-eqJc in Table 14.
3 ) Knraln,
. .
--
I . -
-.
District
. Noto. . . t
. (1 )
,.,.
'
, ..
' ( 2 ) :,.&BUD&
: k 8260 million in
1980-01 the* have;%$$;i': d i h t x i h 'd2stxicts aocor3hg tp the d i i f i i b d - ... h ... . i% .\ f -xtigcmt . . abroad i n 1980. . - .
'
reoei$tiiGf
CD
2 ' :Q
m3u
*F
r "
Cost of M -
'
Libya
UllE
kte r
(1 )
hcludos Si-pore
,~lsl&oe,,
Moztmbiqw
,N i g z i a
(2)
E'iguoe given in b r a a k e t ~X t h o last c o l a &re wen-? at the total mrmbez of -mrkera deplqybd by ODE&% &ing 19)9 to 4982.
3c;tc:r
Ref orcnco~. 1
ori tlic
Econocic liesezcch Centre, fih&as 1 9 0 2 , Im pet sf Foreim R o m i t ianccs J n ~ a C Kerdz, ~ r - i c u l t u S r~ itution &onm of 2 R u r a l ~ C in
Pknaooz., 1932, EZ?igrn.tian cf S c u c e s k i l l c in P&ist,m, Inte* Migration _.-I.-f o r &p1oy'ment~~(o~kkfn,~ h p e r , In t ~ a m , t i o n r l Labour
t o the
Vol XXXVII
A~ELEX~,
mticlntzl
O f f ice.
IJi, Syed Lslhr;Lf, et a,1981, L~bourN i g r a t i o n , fray1 Ban&i.desk: Middle F c . . e t ,World Bank S t l f f -Wor-W-g%p,c,r_ lI3.451.
--
Birks
an5 Development
C i q & i v ~ k z r ,i ' m d G., 1900, Use of Mimanto ' R a ~ i t t a n c e si n Labour Fkporting Coimtries, Finmcc m d Dc.vSJouncnt, June issue.
Bursa, 1978, Elnipation, Inward, Rmittmces and Ekono!nic Growth of brala, Rcport of a Gurvcy.
Corracxco R o s e m h
i b e v i t , Z : d c r m d Zach-iah,
---
K.C.
1.
1970 f n t o r n a t i o n d k b o u r Ydgmticn,
kr &stern ~ o n o m i c Review, 1983, L Gulf Well Runs D r y s 2 h i l i p p i n e h o p s of z rcr.littmci. bormsci m e crumbling, a doepatch by Guy Sccordoti from Manila i n the issue of Eewcl~3, 1983.
I n d i n , 1983, &anomic S u r v e y 13E2-5j8
Gvvcrnmcnt of India.
12,
I n d i ~ :;'liniotry ~ of Labour, 1383, Zuxfornzanco Budget of the Depzrtnent of labour, 1 9 8 3 4 4 . IMF, 1985, I n t a r x m t i o n d Fin-zncial 3tatistbs, Sapplcnont cn Trade Stotistics.
S w a y , 1978, W a v e of K i d d l c k e t Migrztion Raiacs kes-l;Xons of policy i n P h n y C o ~ t r i o o V01.7 ~ (1 7).
13.
13.
16 .
17.
18.
EZcrzla St,?tc; Zimnin,1 j 0 1 , E ~ p c j r ti;n ehc Survey of Household Sivinga ard I n v c c b ~ n t ain Ker?la.
3 : : 1 0 . 7 ! ,
20.
21.
Kinu?, R . S . , 1983, Trcnd m:l Ccnscqucnccs of Labour Mig~-c-tirm fron India to t h e liidt2c l h a t , ' n p e r pmgentec! at t h e co:9erence on h i m Labour m i t i o n t u thc Middle East, S e p t m b c r 13-23, 1383, &st West T'o;)ulztion Ina-titutc, East Wcs t Ccntre, HvnoZulu (v.s.1~. )
22.
.
,
Xathzw, E.T. and N a b , PRG, 1372, Socio-Eccnomic Ckar~cteristicsof b i m a t i o n ~zncmigxmts houecholdn. A Case Etudy of two villages i n Kom12, &oncmic T o l i t i d Wcek&. ~ o l . 13 (25).
,
23.
la&,
~ . R . G . , 7983, &inn E h i p c t i o n t c the 3lir'_dlo Ehet; S a g m t i ~ n froa India (1, rcport on t h c s t a t e cf the cut), t y p s c r i p t .
25. . W k z r , P . G . I{. st ,al,1978, ::,:!pulation Growth m d L g ~ i c u l t u r a lkvolo~;ment A Case Study of Kernla, Food and 2 . i c u l t u r c Organisation.
.
26.
h h s h L(.L.,
28.
Rcacmc Bank oi I n d i a , 1981 , h & Report on ' P r m c l and P r o p c 3 a of bankin:: in I n d i a (.d30 earlier issues).
Floscrvo Bank cif Tniliz, 1333, Exohango Control ~acilitieafor Xnvcot~nmt by llon-Rasidcnt L~cLiane. earlierye-2s.
29.
~~~~17 (-)).
32.
Sin&,
S e r e s e l d i , Xmxil m d S c c l m t Jj 1980, l.li@stion and Planpo\:er liccds in t h c Middla b 2 ; w d North i f r i c z , 197545, F h m c c ~vld- w e l o ~ m e n t ,
33.
S m i , CuwShri, 1931, Intcm.tiord. Migrant Wcr1:ers ' Bemittr?ncese Isaucs a n : ! Troe-pects, _World 3ank-,Stcd~, ~o,r@e;,%per Noe/181,
31;*
-
Tm:q,an, A, R., 1983, Policies L 1 P r o ~ r c c m o s concerning kb~w l w t i o n fIndia t o Mic'.dlc &st, Paper m'bruittcd at the conference o n Asian &LOW Mimaticn t o the Midflc &st -Scpterlitj::r '19-23, 1383, &st liest ;'ol>ulatidu & s t i t u t b , & a t West Centra, Honolulu (USA).
35.
36.
of &ills
- Int,ernrrtioml and
Ul~b!?iJ+ I 903 Lg) ,koduction m d Trnda In dorvioes, Policies and thcir &crlyin& r e Searing upon irternatt:oml servicc t-Sactions ~W~/941.
fl.
48.