Evaporation II

PDRamoso ChE 133 WFVW

Assumptions in calculations
Single-Effect Calculations Scaling Multiple-Effect Calculations

The solution is violently mixed and is homogeneous in composition

Exceptions?

The boiling point of solution is at the given operating pressure

Consider: head (gh) effects Possible exceptions?

Assumptions in calculations
Single-Effect Calculations Scaling Multiple-Effect Calculations

The vapor leaving at V1 is pure water vapor at the temperature of the boiling solution The drips leaving at D is a saturated liquid at the steam pressure
Subcooling is possible: what to do?

No heat loss from evaporator to surroundings

Enthalpy data: dont forget!

Single-Effect Calculations Scaling Multiple-Effect Calculations

Steam and Drips given PV0

Superheated steam table: HV0

T V0, V0: saturated steam table Steam could be superheated Drips could be subcooled: H=cpT

Solution given/calculated xL1

TB: from TBo, xL1 Dhring lines hL1: from TB, xL1 H-x diagram

Scaling
Single-Effect Calculations Scaling Multiple-Effect Calculations

Deposit of solids from the evaporating solution on the heat transfer surface How to eliminate/lessen scaling
High velocity through the tubes Switch the flow of solution and steam
Scale deposits are washed by the steam condensate

Recall: scaling added resistance

Single-Effect Calculations Scaling Multiple-Effect Calculations

Scale resistance: increases with time of operation

1 1 U= = R0 + RS 1 / U 0 + aQ
where U overall heat transfer coefficient at time t U0 initial overall heat transfer coefficient R0 initial resistance RS resistance due to scaling Q total amount of heat transferred from time 0 to t a - constant

Recall: scaling added resistance

Single-Effect Calculations Scaling Multiple-Effect Calculations

Recall that dQ q= = UA( T ) dt Thus, From the last dU equation, 3 = A( T )adt 1 1 U aQ = U U0 dU adQ = 2 U

Recall: scaling added resistance

Single-Effect Calculations Scaling Multiple-Effect Calculations

Integrating from t=0 to t=t,

t 1 1 2 = A( T )a 2 U U0 2
1 U2
1 U 02

A( T )a m= 2

Steam Economy
Single-Effect Calculations Scaling Multiple-Effect Calculations

Mass of vapor produced per unit mass of steam consumed Steam consumption: major cost! Must reduce steam consumption or increase steam economy Multiple-effect evaporation

Multiple-Effect Evaporation
Single-Effect Calculations Scaling Multiple-Effect Calculations

Vapor generated in the first evaporator is used as heating fluid for the second, and so on Feasible if the second evaporator operates at a lower pressure than the first
Results to a positive value of -T

Multiple-Effect Evaporation
Single-Effect Calculations Scaling Multiple-Effect Calculations

V1 P1 UA D L1

V2 P2<P1 UA D

F V0

L2

Methods of Introducing the Feed

Single-Effect Calculations Scaling Multiple-Effect Calculations

Forward-feed Backward-feed Mixed-feed Parallel

Forward-Feed System
Single-Effect Calculations Scaling Multiple-Effect Calculations

No pumps needed Concentration increases at each effect

V1 P1 UA 1 D L1 2 V2 P2<P1 UA D L2 3 V3 P3<P2 UA D

F V0

L3

Forward-Feed System
Single-Effect Calculations Scaling Multiple-Effect Calculations

All of the heating takes place at the 1st effect less steam economy
V1 P1 UA 1 D L1 2 V2 P2<P1 UA D L2 3 V3 P3<P2 UA D

F V0

L3

Backward-Feed System
Single-Effect Calculations Scaling Multiple-Effect Calculations

Better steam economy How? Pumps needed between effects Why?

V1 P1 V0 UA V2 P2<P1 UA L2 D 2 D L3 3 V3 P3<P2 F UA D

L1 1

Mixed-Feed System
Single-Effect Calculations Scaling Multiple-Effect Calculations

Combination of both For best overall performance Example:

V1 V2

V3 P3<P2 F UA

P1 V0 UA L1 1 D L2 2

P2<P1 UA D 3

L3 D

Multiple-Effect Evaporation
Single-Effect Calculations Scaling Multiple-Effect Calculations

Consider a multiple-effect evaporator with no boiling point rise. The total heat transfer is
qT = q1 + q2 + ... + qn qT = U1 A1 ( T1 ) + U 2 A2 ( T2 ) + ... + U n An ( Tn )

For equal areas and U:

qT = UA( Ttotal )

Multiple-Effect Evaporation
Single-Effect Calculations Scaling Multiple-Effect Calculations

qT = UA( Ttotal )

Rate of heat transfer is the same as that obtained with a single effect operating between the same ultimate temperature levels

Multiple-Effect Evaporation
Single-Effect Calculations Scaling Multiple-Effect Calculations

qT = UA( Ttotal )

Thus, multiple-effect evaporation improves steam economy but decreases the heat flux per effect by (1/n) relative to single-effect evaporation (same terminal conditions)

Effect of Boiling Point Rise

Single-Effect Calculations Scaling Multiple-Effect Calculations

With BPR, the temperature drop in the heat exchanger decreases

Recall: T = TV0 TB1 = TV0 TB01 TB1 TB01

) (

The BPR in each effect subtracts from the available temperature drop Thus, Ttotal ,effective = Ttotal BPR