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General properties of sensory systems Somatic senses Chemoreception: smell and taste The ear: hearing The ear: equilibrium The eye and vision

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PROPIEDADES GENERALES DE LOS RECEPTORES

Los receptores son sensibles a formas especficas de energa. La transduccin convierte a los estmulos en potenciales escalonados. La neurona sensitiva tiene un campo perceptivo. El S.N.C. integra la informacin sensitiva. La codificacin y el procesamiento distinguen la modalidad, la localizacin, la intensidad y la duracin del estmulo.
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General Properties: Sensory Division

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Table 10-1 (1 of 2)

Sensory Pathways

Stimulus as physical energy sensory receptor

Receptor acts as a transducer

Intracellular signal usually change in membrane potential Stimulus threshold action potential to CNS Integration in CNS cerebral cortex or acted on subconsciously

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Somatosensory Receptors
Stimulus Stimulus Specialized receptor cell (hair cell) Synaptic vesicles Synapse

Stimulus Free nerve endings

Enclosed nerve ending Layers of connective tissue

Unmyelinated axon Myelinated axon Cell body

Myelinated axon

Cell body

Cell body of sensory neuron

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(a)

Figure 10-1a

Sensory Receptors

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Table 10-2

Sensory Transduction

Stimulus energy converted into information processed by CNS

Ion channels or second messengers initiate membrane potential change

Adequate stimulus: Preferred form of stimulus Threshold: Minimum stimulus Receptor potential: Change in sensory receptor membrane potential

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Receptive Fields of Sensory Neurons

Primary sensory neurons

The primary sensory neurons converge on one secondary sensory neuron.

Information from the secondary receptive field goes to the brain.

Secondary sensory neuron

The receptive fields of three primary sensory neurons overlap to form one large secondary receptive field. SECTION THROUGH SPINAL CORD

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Figure 10-2

Sensory Neurons: Two-Point Discrimination

Two-point discrimination varies with the size of the secondary receptive field
Compass with points separated by 20 mm
(a)

Compass with points separated by 20 mm

Skin surface

Skin surface

Primary sensory neurons Secondary sensory neurons

Primary sensory neurons Secondary sensory neurons

Two signals go to the brain.

One signal goes to the brain.

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Sensory Pathways
Gustatory cortex Primary somatic sensory cortex

Olfactory cortex Olfactory bulb Auditory cortex Visual cortex 1 Olfactory pathways from the nose project through the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex. Most sensory pathways project to the thalamus. The thalamus modifies and relays information to cortical centers.

Eye 2 Cerebellum Sound Brain stem

Nose

Thalamus

Equilibrium pathways project primarily to the cerebellum.

Equilibrium 3

Tongue

Somatic senses
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Figure 10-4

Properties of Stimulus

Intensity
Coded by number of receptors activated and frequency of action potentials

Duration
Coded by duration of action potentials Some receptors can adapt or cease to respond

Tonic receptors versus phasic receptors

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Receptores Tnicos y Fsicos

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Properties of Stimulus

Sensory neurons use action potential frequency and duration to code stimulus intensity and duration
Transduction site Trigger zone Myelinated axon Cell body Axon terminal Stimulus

Amplitude

Membrane potential (mV)

20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 0 5 10 0 5 Time (sec) 10 0 5 10 Threshold

Duration (a) Moderate stimulus

Membrane potential (mV)

20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10 Neurotransmitter 4 release varies with the pattern of action potentials arriving at the axon terminal.

(b) Longer and stronger stimulus

Receptor potential 1 strength and duration vary with the stimulus.

Receptor potential 2 is integrated at the trigger zone.

Frequency of action 3 potentials is proportional to stimulus intensity. Duration of a series of action potentials is proportional to stimulus duration.

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Figure 10-7

Chemoreception: Smell and Taste

Olfaction is one of the oldest senses Taste is a combination of five basic sensations Taste transduction

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Olfaction

Link between smell, memory, and emotion Vomeronasal organ (VNO) in rodents
Response to sex pheromones

Olfactory cells
Olfactory epithelium in nasal cavity

Odorants bind to odorant receptors, Gprotein-cAMP-linked membrane receptors

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Anatomy Summary: The Olfactory System

Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract

Olfactory epithelium

(a) The olfactory epithelium lies high within the nasal cavity, and its olfactory cells project to the olfactory bulb.
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Figure 10-14a

Anatomy Summary: The Olfactory System

Olfactory bulb

Bone

Secondary sensory neurons Primary sensory neurons (olfactory cells)

Olfactory epithelium (b) The olfactory cells synapse with secondary sensory neurons in the olfactory bulb.
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Figure 10-14b

Anatomy Summary: The Olfactory System

Olfactory receptor cell axons (cranial nerve I) carry information to olfactory bulb. Lamina propria Basal cell layer includes stem cells that replace olfactory receptor cells. Developing olfactory cell Olfactory cell (sensory neuron)

Supporting cell Olfactory cilia (dendrites) contain odorant receptors. Mucus layer: Odorant molecules must dissolve in this layer. (c) Olfactory cells in the olfactory epithelium live only about two months. They are replaced by new cells whose axons must find their way to the olfactory bulb.

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Figure 10-14c

Olfactory Pathways

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Figure 10-15

Taste Buds

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Figure 10-16ab

Taste Buds
Sweet Umami Bitter Salty or sour Tight junction

Support cell

Presynaptic cell

ATP

Serotonin Receptor cells

Primary gustatory neurons (c) Taste ligands create Ca2+ signals that release serotonin or ATP.

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Figure 10-16c

Summary of Taste Transduction

Gustducin 1 Sweet, umami, or bitter ligand GPCR Salt Na+ 1 Sour H+ 1 1 Ligands activate the taste cell.

2 Signal transduction

Na+ 2

H+ 2

2 Various intracellular pathways are activated.

Cell depolarizes

? ?

Ca2+ Ca2+ 3 Ca2+

Ca2+ 3 Ca2+ Ca2+ 3

3 Ca2+ signal in the cytoplasm triggers exocytosis or ATP formation.

ATP

Serotonin 4

4 Neurotransmitter or ATP is released.

Primary gustatory neurons 5

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5 Primary sensory neuron fires and action potentials are sent to the brain.

Figure 10-17