Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
II
V
f
Z<^1(,
GRAMMAR
OF THE
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
BY WILLIAM JONES,
ESQ.
FELLOW OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, OXFORD, AND OF THE ROYAL SOCIETIES OF LONDON AND COPENHAGEN.
THE SIXTH
LONDON:
PRINTED BY W. BULMER AND CO. CLEVELAND-ROW, FROM THE TYPES OF W. MARTIN, ORIENTAL TYPE FOUNDER AND PRINTER TO THE HONOURABLE THE EAST INDIA COMPANY, FOR LACKINGTON, ALLEN, AND CO.; CUTHELL AND MARTIN; S. BAGSTEB J. walker; J. asperne; and black and paruy.
1804.
y^
THE
PREFACE.
1 HE Persian language
it
is rich,
many
ages
by
by
historians, philosophers,
and
poets,
who found
the
it
advantage
sentiments.
It
language should be so
taste for general
to prevail;
little
cultivated at a time
when
and
diffiisive
and
our public
libraries,
who might
open
but
if
we consider
r^r^r^ r
r-
ii
PREFACE.
we
shall discover
to obstruct
proper attention,
a variety of causes
them
some pretend
some detest
Mahomed,
do not
we
beyond
own
who
thought that the sun rose and set for them alone, and
be read before
museums and
of curiosity than as sources of information; and are admired, like the characters on a Chinese screen, more for
their
fur their
meaning.
PREFACE.
Thus, while the excellent writings of Greece and
are studied
iii
Rome
diffuse
by every man of a
liberal education,
and
unknown
to us, or con-
But
if this
many
been
obstructions from
ignorant,
it
has, certainly,
checked
in its progress
whom
minute researches of
men who
but instead of searching for the rich ore, or for gems, amuse
themselves with collecting smooth pebbles and pieces of
crystal. Others mistook reading for learning,
to be carefully distinguished
which ought
of sense, and
by every man
were
satisfied
scripts in a superficial
and elegance.
The
rest
have
left
more shining
a^
iv
PREFACE.
if
reputation,
and avenues.
There
is
tators
and
whom
they
profess to illustrate
have received
to
be cor-
be changed, some
made obscure by
their notes.
It is
men
of the
most refined
to look
upon
and genius: so
seems
to be
men
of learn-
ing
who have no
and men of
taste
who have no
learning.
M. de
Voltaire,
who
excels
all
and
PREFACE.
images and sentiments, and has versified
from Sadi,
ordinary
a fine
passage
extra-
whom
he compares
a
to
Petrarch:
if that
we
should by
in
this
time
an European
been unnecessary.
But there
is
more
of Oriental literature
mean
men
posed
wise and
liberal princes,
who know
king,
of posterity.
and orators;
and a single
city (as
an eminent writer
*
observes) in the
Ascham.
vi
PREFACE.
splendid
The
of learned
men and
whose works
re-
main
models of
taste
and elegance
and the
writers,
whom Augustus
to
improve
their talents,
fine
arts;
was a patron of
poet.
literary merit,
The
illustrious family of
Florence
their
the learned
men whom
the
splendour
to restore
slight efforts
it,
seems
:
to
century
it
grows very
it
seems
PREFACE.
vii
it''
to
The
would not be
those
who
a lower sphere of
life
the
many
by
unmanly
met with so
for that
little
encourageit,
ment,
lies
still less
can be expected
the
branch of
path, and
which
so far
removed from
common
which the
greater part of
mankind have
if
of an Orien-
viii
PREFACE.
who
published a beautiful Persian work called
^
Gentius,
ihe
and died
in misery.
Hyde,
with that view, but had not the support and assistance
languages
is,
number of
for the
and
printers,
Oriental characters.
M.
he was invited
to
by Ferdinand
II.
Duke
of Tuscany,
who
entertained
distin-
him with
which always
after the
death of Ferdi-
he enjoyed the
of his days
is
fruits
m an
a rare
/e not
PREFACE.
reserved to be the protector of the Eastern
present age.
ix
Muses
in the
much
neglected, and
we could
not
have expected that any sHght power would rouze the nations
of Europe from their inattention to
it
;
it, if
mind of man
all
interest
was
the
j
brought them
interest
was
the
charm
real
and
solid im-
By one
human
way
by
soui'ce of incredible
wealth
to the
variety of causes,
the
gave
kingdom:
our India
Company began
to take
under
their protection
number of important b
were
X
to
PREFACE.
be transacted
in
who had
not the
;
common
instru-
ment of conveying
their sentiments
letters
company received
and
comprehend
to
the
meaning;
as interpreters,
;
upon whose
fidelity
and
it
was
at last
discovered, that
were written.
in Bengal,
few
men
of parts and
taste,
who
resided
literature
poems and
histories of Persia
and imperfect.
be studied with
useful,
will
now, perhaps,
uncommon ardour
they are
known
to
be
and
will
the
manners and
known;
PREFACE.
and the
limits of
xi
less
extended
to
facilitate
the progress
of this
branch of
literature, that I
reduced
to order the
following
which
had collected
but
my grammar
the clearest
till I
down
which
have
illustrated
I
by
select
have carefully
the
compared
my
same
my
myself that
my own
quoted
in
it,
it
as
an original
production.
Though
am
any
that
yet I
am
sensible
falls
seeiiis to
withto
draw
their
itself
endeavours of attaining it; like the talisman in the Arabian tales, which a bird carried from tree to tree as
b^
xil
PREFACE.
its
often as
pursuer approached
all
it.
But
it
has been
my
the harsh
and
him any
real
making any
was
my
first
Xenophon
to
our
but
the
thought
it
public
may
for a general
The graxmnur
PREFACE.
losophy, and literature of the Eastern nations,
all
xiii
which
propose
to
arrange in order,
if
my more
solid
me any
intervals of leisure.*
this place the signal
1
which
;
have received
me
by supplying
me
many
of the
grammar
are extracted.
at
my studies
sense
but
am
knowledge
which
have happened
to acquire
and
'
that
my zeal for
the poetry
Language
Short History of Persia^ published with my JJfe of Nader Shah in the year 1773.
+ Dr. Hunt.
X Baron Rxviski..
xiv
PREFACE.
to his conversation,
still
was owing
and
honours me.
it
conclude
this preface,
will be proper to
add a
few remarks upon the method of learning the Persian language, and upon the advantages which the learner expect from
it.
may
When
let
him peruse
the
grammar with
and commit
to
memory
the regular
his
inflexions of the
common
form, as
By
this
hope he
rience,
me, when
assert
whoever possesses
the admirable
work of
He may
work
to
to
examine
in
the
living instructor,
to learn from
PREFACE.
common
discourse, and the
XV
names of visible
objects,
which
th,e
his
memory,
if
he will take
:
and here
as
must
caution
defective,
sounds
in.
by
the ear,
differently.
The
first
book
that
would recommend
a
to
him
is
the
Gulistan,or
in the East,
Bed of lloses^
the languages of
Europe
book are
very
common
hand used
flourishes,
in Persia,
will
then be a proper time for him to read some short and easy
chapter in this work, and to translate
it
language with the utmost exactness;, let him then lay aside
the original,
and
after a
proper interval
let
into Persian
let
by
grammar and
dictionary:
xvi
RE
AC
is
E;
the exercise so often re-
This
commended by
by which a student
whom
he desires
to imitate,
language
pleasure.
may
When
with tolerable
facility,
to read
some
elegant history or
will explain to
poem with an
in
intelligent native,
who
him
refined expressions
The most
excellent
book
tales
in the
language
is,
in
my
and
fables called
named
Pilpay
Cashefi,
who
work of Bidpai or
the
wisdom of the
At some
to trans-
hour he
may
desire his
Munshi or writer
the
India,
which he
will learn
by comparing
all its
by
the difficulty of
PREFACE.
reading the Indian
tlie
xvii
in
the
in the position
we
all
know
that
in
we
read
it
letters
which we receive
and
man who
of any language,
letter
may with
a proper attention
it
decypher a
in
that idiom,
though
be written in characters
before,
In short,
am
my
to
he desires
it,
he must necessarily
which
is
xviii
PREFACE,
both languages wholly distinct from each other in expression and idiom, but perfectly united in sense and construction.
to
an European
reader; but he
may
is
this
uncommon
mixture,
when he
not always mixed like the words of Roman and Saxon origin " The true law is in this period, right reason, conformable
"
*'
to the
nature of things
which
calls
us to duty
by comas
we
suppose the Latin and English to be connected in the " The true lex is recta ratio, conjorfollowing sentence
may
fraude deferreat."
will be attended
who
acquire
it
the are
to
and bear
as near a
resemblance
that
III.
was
351.
able,
with
p.
PREFACE.
very
little difficulty, to
xix
it
fond of speaking
it
which
may
and
As
to
it
branch of learning
but the
civil
to
most obscure
rishing
states
have risen
to to
decay;
the philosopher
as highly valuable,
in all
its
by which he
may
trace the
human mind
various appearances,
:
c2
XX
PREFACE.
of taste will undoubtedly be pleased to unlock the stores of native genius, and
to
Third Edition.
My
professional
studies
my
attention
zpA induced
me
not only to abandon Oriental literature, but even to efface, as far as possible, the
very traces of
edition of
it
from
my memory,
re\'isal
of this
in
my
Mr. Richardson,
whose
skill I
I
to the Eastern
languages,
have hopes that the learned world will reap no small advantage.
xxi
ADVERTISEMENT
IN presenting
inestimable Persian
Grammar
to the
and
alterations as he
has found
it
expedient to
make
therein.
and many
errors,
edition,
Great improvement has been made in the printing and paper ; and
it
type,
cut
The Persian
Title, with
xxii
ADVERTISEMENT.
in Prose, designed
Some examples
for
the exercise of
of two sizes ^
from
the notice
and improvements^
it is
to be
made in
about to assume;
Grammar, as a necessary
it,
the
same
mode of spelling
the Persian
words
is
in
Roman
characters
pursuing
in the revision
of
at once
The plan
is
work
in its
the
power of the
letters.
At
Grammar composed
it,
he
of Asiatic words in
Roman
letters
which he afterwards
ADVERTISEMENT.
xxlii
little
it
make.
THE EDITOR.
GRAMMAR
OF THE
y-\
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
%
.
OF LETTERS.
1 HE
learner
is
supposed
to
be acquainted
with the
common
know
letters.
GRAMMAR
III.
11.
OF THE
I.
IV.
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
GRAMMAR
to L^Sj^ barg,
OF THE
leaf,
S^b davari,
Though
yet
will be proper to
add
upon
the
mpst
remarkable of them.
OF CONSONANTS.
It will
be needless
to
say
much
is
of the three
first
conso-
and
t,
in the
words bar,
peer,
and
loo,
which would
tl> s
This
letter,
like
(j**
or s, as
i^^ jA Abu
It might, therefore,
is
useful in
words, as
Arabic.
it
is
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
letters,
^ u^ i^ ^ ^ ^?(J
in
^
The
first
and "^ ch
soft
in
gem,
oury mjg.rj^:
in the
them
-. as
^
from
is
and may be
under
it
expresseji'in our
characters
if),
by h (with
a dot
to
distinguish
it.
as
JW
hal,
a condition.
t kh
^
is
inarticulate vibration
which
is
made
in preparing to ex-
pectorate).
the sound,
and express
;
it
by
ch.
and having
as
no simple character
^jU^ khan, a lord.
we
is
use kh as
its
substitute;
This
the
word
so variously and so
The
sovereign lord
A
is
GRAMMAR
OF THE
of Tartary
first letter.
2>
3 answers exactly
to
our d in deerjj^
i z
This
c//f,
letter,
like
and
is
often confounded
pass:
It is
homj2\
azar,
fire, if
we
built
their temples
in that province.
J
J
like
(^ are
pronounced exactly
<0'i
m, n; as
m\j\
aram, resty
lalah,
tulip^
,Uc mar,
a serpent ,
nan, bread.
But
before a
CJ
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
has the sound of m,
as
4>-*l/
gumbad, a
tower,
jCs>
tambar, ambergris,
^
as^Vj*^*^ lalahzar,
z,
a bed of
tulips.
J
This
letter
of the
French
in
in
gens, or their
j
in jour*
It
may
<jJ^*
be expressed
dew.
our characters by
jalah,
(j*
and (J^ sh
(j*>
and
(Jii
king Selim.
{jo
s
(^
\s
)o
z
in a
These four
letters are
manner peculiar
to themselves
letters,
from
!b
(^
has
Cj
as
word
GRAMMAR
letters
little
?
OF THE
The word
(_^
Arabic, as the
is
and
\o
sufficiently prove.
and
differ
very
fromj;
as
^^
NazamI, the
in
the
name of a prophet
.#**;
^t
These two
letters are
and
^gh
of
The sound
vox
vituli
matrem vocantis
(It is
considered as a consoit is
connected,
pronounced as
but as no letters
its
we have used
the
Arabic form
in
Roman and
the
Italic characters),
as in the
word
c_^
it
iavab,
is
Arabians;
f^^
tayn, a fountain.
like
As
in the
to P
proas
is
nounced something
our hard
gh
word ghosi^
?
A^
that
which
is
produced
in gargling).
Ljf
cJ
has the sound off in fall, as (Jls
fal,
an omen.
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Jk
jj
is
ande5^k
letter,
but
iri
Persian
it
id
//,
pro-Cfince
ij When (^ has
word gay^
g
its
upper member, or
it
the sound of ^
as (^ll**-ir gulistan,
manu-
i^
k and
often
(^ g
write
thus
it
they
gulab
(The
letter gj
natural representative)*
J
See the remark on
/,
O
letters
These
are the
hquids
m,
^
n, r.
is
slight
aspiration,
asin^l^
CL>\jib
10
A
call
GRAMMAR
At
the
OF THE
it
Greeks
Aria.
gene-
shew
the
in
that
terminates in a vowel, as
as the Italian
keh,
which has
(It
same pronunciation
che^ what.
may
to distinguish
from
^
it
h.
Observe
i^
when
thus
it is
pronounced
as
t).
OF VOWELS.
The vowels
khan, a lord,
are
all
are
a,
u,
t/
i,
as in the
words ^jU.
\jj\ ora,
to
and one
below
it,
Agar an
Bakhiili
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
fJYoie.
\
11
alif,
at
distinguished by the
it,
thus f,
is
not only
vowels
a,
i,
u.
it is
it.)
The mark
"
as
LptMu^p^**? Sa-mar-kan-dl,
first
a nashort,
of Samarcand ; the
of which syllables
is
and the
last
long
by nature
These short
;
and
marks
pressed, except
Medda ^, Hamza
\
and Tfeshdid
".
Medda above an
two
short
alifs),
1
gives
it
a broad
(like
as
^j\
an,
that;
Hamza
mark of
of
at the foot
words
that
end
in 6\
therefore
sometimes represents
the article,
as *X.^U
C-Cm^
*3viU
nafahi
or, lastly,
c^
U
compound
GRAMMAR
of a
verb,
OF THE
as
preterite
Tashdid
The omission
the student
;
first
perplex
since
many words,
that are
compounded of
word from
a native, he
words sun^
bird, mother,
Mahometan would
bd may be pro-
nounced
our bud
is
words sun,
bird, Sec.
the short
it
is
convenient to repre-
by
for
'
a.
'
,
by a
o for
and sometimes
f for ,
short
0, u.)
by
mark of a long
syllable, thus a,
i,
e,
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Wavv J and Ya iS
13
w and
y ; thus,
f^\j
^J^ Yaman,
that province of
Arabia which we
proper
\
call
the
name,
its
j
(j,
before
often loses
when
and
I
F.)
to
which he
will soon
be able to do,
he
English
by
the help of
the alphabet.
I shall close
this section
with a piece of
is
an ode
by
the
poet
Hafiz, the
;
first
and a
trans-
14
GRAMMAR
OF THE
Badeh
saki
yaft,
wa
gulgasht-i musallara.
Faghan kin
Chunan burdand
Za
tishk-i
Hadls az mutrib wa
may
go
wa
raz-i
dahar kamtar jo
Keh
kas nak'shud
^M-jb
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Man
Keh
az an husn-i rozafzun keh
15
t>J^,b jlJU^^
lj^j\
^\J^ f^^J^CUSKfjA>
pir-i danara.
Badani gufti
wa khursandam
shakarkh'ara.
\j\^
Ghazal
gufti
tXfli:
C^53i c>J\jiJ\y
^j^ ^
hafiz
wa
durr
to
sufti
biya
wa khush bakh'an
j^ikdi
Keh bar
nazm-i
afshanad falak
suriyara.
which he must.by
no means
\
forget
as
"i
lamalif,
compounded of
and
a, in
the
16
GRAMMAR
*
OF THE
^ ^^
tiie
all
preceding
above the
tashih.
line,
as
\j\ss^
bokhara,^^-3=^ nakhchir,
'^^
The
letters
It
that precede
kre also
sometimes raised
art
{J^'ote.
would greatly
if
facilitate the
we were
to introduce
method of joining
same
line ;
and
least incon-
According
to this idea
we might
tliis
an example, in
manner \^\aJuai^
^j^*^,"}.
It
The Arabic
are written in
characters, like
a variety of
are the
^r.
different
hands
common of theitt
^^^>---J
Our
Arabic
many
works
of our
to the
most elegant
it
As
to
is
the Shakastah,
is
yery
irregular
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
hand
for
17
but
this
hand,
all
however
men
is
engraved,
and inserted
OF NOUNS,
and construction
the former, as
termination to
adjectives
:
well as
no difference of
mark
all
by
nar, male^
as
3^-t;
18
GRAMMAR
is
OF THE
made
feminine, after the
to
it,
manner of
^_J^-Ut^
the Arabians,
by having 6 added
as
mistress, arnica, as in
verse:
Flowers are in
my
bosom, wine in
my
hand; and
my
mistress yields to
my desire.
the Persians adopt an Arabic
But
in general,
when
noun
make
it
O;
thus
all
^^ ni^mat, a
CU*3U
and almost
the Persian
nouns ending
in
O,
OF CASES.
The
Persian substantives, like ours, have but one varia-
tion of case,
which
is
to
to
languages
as,
Nominative,
Dative and Ace.
r^
)jj^
pi??*!!"?
child.
pisarra, to
a child or the
child.
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
When
the accusative
j^;
19
is
is
omitted, as
that
is,
gather a flower,
is
definite or
limited, that
added
to
is,
it,
as
tX^UiSgulra
There
is
no genitive case
in Persian, but
when two
sub-
stantives of different
short
(,)
is
added
and
mask of
Tartary,
rule
vs^hich
The same
as
pronoun possessive;
(j-^_j--J
If
it
;
the
first
words ends
in
or
the letter L$
affixed to
as lijlj pasha,
a basha, (J-o^
^^^^
pasha-i Musal,
the
^^j^
come
*
nouns ending
in 5
mark Hamza
is
added
to
them, as cjIj^?^
^A,^..1^
fountain of life.
The
20
GRAMMAR
OF THE
Vocative,
Ablative,
jJ
Lf\
ay
pisar,
child.
j-^j^
The
\
by adding
\jb\jt
to the nominative,
LiLj
sakiya,
cup-bearer^
shaha,
O king;
\1>
of
Bring,
nightingale, the
tidings of spring;
leave all
is
prefixed
as
^i^^\jj\j^ mar
ora
didam,
and
is
The
reader,
who
European languages,
be pleased to see an
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
example of Persian nouns, as they answer to the cases
Latin:
21
in
jj^gul.
Singular.
a rose rosa.
J
Plural.
rosa.
rosae.
Norn.
Gen.
Dat.
^ ^
*'
a rose,
of a rose,
\i^ roses,
rosae.
^^ of roses,
rosarum.
rosis.
Ace.
\^ to a rose, rosae. \J^ to roses, \^ the rose, rosam. \^^ the roses,
rosas.
'^^
Poet.
\Orosej
J
oros2i.
\^fS\ ^ " O
roses,
6 rosae.
rosa.
"^^'Jsfrom roses,
rosis.
jJ-Jj bulbul,
a nightingale.
Singular.
^J-l>
a
lo
nightingale,
j^^A?
(Poet.
nightingale.
nightingale.
Voc.
Abl.
JJo t/\
IUj)
L/^ j^
o^M^
y/'c?w
a nightingale.
Plural.
nightingales.
U^^L1> to nightingales.
Voc.
Abl.
a^y^* S^l
cJ^y^ j^
nightingales.
/r<?/w nightingales.
22
GRAMMAR
OF THE
for
the season
of the
rose ap-
let
let
thy very
ransom
rose-garden walks
I shall
in this
couplets, as
grammar; such
will serve as
a specimen of the
and
will be
more
easily retained in
the
memory
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
OF THE ARTICLE.
Our
L^
as
to a article
2S
is
supplied in Persian
it
by adding
the letter
to the singular
number
jji^ gull,
a single rose ;
One morning
went
rose,
when
my ear.
Without
this termination
Jlowers collectively, as
'
When a noun
the
is
expressed by
mark Hamza,
OF NUMBERS.
From
the
two examples
in a
preceding section
it
appears
or vA to
is
formed by adding
f^\
many
are
24
GRAMMAR
OF THE
The names of animals
e5]/gurg,
a wolf,
tijger.
cJ^^g^^g^"'
a^^-V
wolves.
CiSlL palang, a
P^^^^^g^"' I'Jg^f^^life
make
their
by
JU
Aa^Lj
awing.
a shore.
U,
as
balha,
wings,
l^L;
sdailM,. shores.
The
night
is
dark
is
waves oppress
should those,
us,
and
the whirlpool
light
dreadful
How
who bear
situation?
There
the
are,
to these rules
their plurals in
^
\jb
as well as in ^\,
-dsj^
shutur, a camel
;
\jtfJ:^
shuturha
and
(Jj^-tj
shuturan, camels
lip,
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Names
jj\j,
25
of persons ending in
dana, a learned
or
as
Ub
men; and
made
plural
by changing
^J^
as a se"
^
an angel icJi^
name of
is
ab-
as the Life of
Nader
Shah and
if the
o\
or in
oW
Piur.
Cj\J^\^
nu\v'dzhhiity favours.
kaltajat,
castle.
oUjJJ>
castles.
as barbarous,
even the
that the
Arabic substantives
26
to the
GRAMMAR
ei the
OF THE
after the
irregular
manner
Arabians
<-^\^
^^
kilat, ensiles ;
L^^ nayib,
a viceroy,
This
is
if
the
my
to translate a Persian
OF ADJECTIVES.
The
Persian adjectives admit of no variation, but in
The
positive
is
made com-
* It
is
no mistake.
The
plural
is
line editions
elegies,
but these editions are scarce ; and Meninski has inserted in his
grammar
many new
remarks.
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
parative by adding to
57
it^, and
superlative
by adding
khubtar,/a/rer,
(^J^y^
a comparative
is
j\ az, as
The
is
the cheek
of day
hue of night.
The moon
cypress
is is
is
brighter than
is
it
the
graceful,
the cypress.
An adjective
its
is
be
compounded
^ and^,
denoting
the plural
number and
28
A
it,
GRAMMAR
^\^^^
OF THE
face; oblique ^jjL^
;
end of
as^jL^^J
pari-ro, angel
paiirora; plural
pariroyan
oblique
]y^jj^ji
pariroyanra;
as
^j-^**?
txoui/ Ja^
dejected at the
the
of that cheek
the
nymphs with
fragrance
of jessamine are
curls.
filled
with envy
when
OF PRONOUNS.
The
personal pronouns are these which follow
;
^j^ man,
Sing.
Plur.
/.
1^
man,
/.,
Oblique,
(or
Uo ma,
we
^Uo
mara, us (or
(j\jI/
mayan).
to, thou.
U^^^
j5
mayanra).
Sing,
to,
thou.
Obi.
ye,*
\y
tora,
thee.
you or
)}^
\Ji\^r^ shumayanra).
Eng^sh,
in the singular
Iki,
shuma
is
used, as
you
in
number,
for
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
he. j\ o,
29
Sing.
J\
0, he^
she^ or
//z^y.
it.
Obi.
\jj\ ora,
him^ her, or
tV.
The
^Uj
as
went,
and bruised
their
helmets;
disfigured
their
beautiful faces.
After a preposition j\
lSj\,
is
often
as
When
showed
Ferdusi.
Sometimes
the letter 3
is
him
the
for
ba-an, to that,
" In the
(^^^
badin for
^l>
to this.*
same manner, and from the same motives, the old Romans added zdto
followed by a vowel
;
many words
thus Horace, if
we
Omne
crede
30
A
The
GRAMMAR
same
OF THE
and arc
*,
distinguished
Sing.
by being added
(J^
dili
to their substantives
as
(^
man,
to,
my
hearts
y i^^ diU
{lSj
thy heart,
his or her heart.
way
oy)j\ ^J^
dili 6,
Plur.
our hearts.
\^ (^^^ dilhai
'
Poet.
^jU
ij^\ ^A^^
Poet.
J^
number by
these
They
final letters
A am,
O
the
at,
and
(jii
ash,
and
an
or ^ by
in
\
am,
or
ol
4^;
at,
and
nouns ending
alif
J waw
as
Lf ya
is
J^
cJ.i
dilam,
dilat,
my
heart,
thy heart.
his or her heart.
(^^
J^
dilash,
my
robe.
&
ol
jamahi
at,
thy robe.
his or her robe.
^jii\ *<iwioU.
jamahi ash,
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
i*j^ moyam,
31
my
hair,
C^ya
In poetry,
moyat,
thy hair.
his or ker hair.
in prosie, the oLrlique cases of the
I?;-!^ moyash,
and sometimes
personal pronouns
by
j%
O 4^,
as
Joy be
to Shiraz
and
its
charming borders
O.'heavenj
1^
preserve
from decay
to
which
(^
^7,
is
added
(J\^j;
is
so in the
the dative
/!
of^
thou,
placed after
conjunction^^ gar,
if
not ignorant of
the
Our
reciprocal pronouns
in
3S
GRAMMAR ORJHE
ail
;
as
p^or(^:>^
or or
Oblique,
]j^j^
C/^-S*^^
^yij^
Jj "J^
AjiJLLj^
thus
we may
^j^
use
myself,
thyself.
(^
^j^ Uj
ourselves,
^js^^
^^ U^ yourselves.
2ijL,
^j^j\ his or
herself,
i^^^\ theirselves.*
every person of
^j^
is
a verb, as
Sing.
Plur.
(^^^^^^
AtVt^
^j^
ip^i
venimus.
themselves
in
which usage
"
it
:
Self
is
which
is
and pain,
"
^-su
answers precisely
.
our
self,
as
ja^ 4^
imJJ
^j
"
(_j^
a boy threw
Am
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
The word
55
^^
seems
to
be redundant
in
the followinfir
to
me?
What
sort of
man
be ignorant of
" love?"
When
to the
is
2ijs^
it
answers
number of
as in this couplet of
I see
to
whom
my
afflicted heart.
^\
Sing.
in, this.
^\
\^\
this.
Oblique cases,
\fj\
]yW^
or
or
]J^\
34
A GRAMMAR OF THE
^^F an, that.
Sing.
f^T that.
Oblique cases,
\yX
piur.
^yur those,
\yur
or^l^r
or
^^r
is
When ^\ in
word,
it
IS
imshab, to-night;
i^;^^^L^\
(*;bJ3
^;\^
4Vr i^
.'
Heaven
night
how
grcat
is
my
for this
is
my
mdjjj^]
imroz, to-day;
\j
ei
Cii*-<U-o
4X;C>*
LmJyam CjA?^
"jjj
This day
spring;
fortune
is
day of
day
mirth,
heart
and
joy,
and the
its
feast
of
this
is
my
obtains
desires,
and
favourable.
prefixed to pronouns personal ^
or jJ
o' j\ az
ani to,
i.
e. thine^
as
O my moon
thine!
is
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
_.
%
35
:
The
relatives
and
final
is
as
Nom.
<o
who.
Oblique,
Ui whom.
iX^ which.
\j^ which.
and are very
^
i"i.M
*
kr
and
^^^
to
often joined
'^
CU-**-:>
who
is it?
ll^ii/SJil
what
is it?
O heaven
jewel
whose precious
that royal maid,
like
pearl,
is
with a cheek
?*
moon,
and a forehead
Venus
^S^ kadam
pronoun, as
(properly which ?)
is
also an interrogative
We
and with
rolling
eyes; but
who
is
same vices?
F
T^
36
A
Our
soever
GRAMMAR
is
OF THE
hyJb
bar or (j\j^
expressed in Persian
and
iiSj\Jb
whosoever.
whatsoever.
AA>yfc
and
<^\^
OF VERBS.
The
nations
Persians have active and neuter verbs like other
;
bufmany
and the
help
preterite
all
by
the
of the particles
^^3^ budan,
to be^
and
ijr^\^
voice
tive
is
The
passive
formed by adding the tenses of the verb substanto the participle preterite
7
^jOwj shudan
S(^\jSk.
of the active
jwi
kh'andah shud,
was
read.
The
inflexions of
these auxiliaries
compound
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
f^2ij}
37
budan,
this
to be.
is
The
present tense
of"
verb
irregular, but
it is
very
easy, and
the model
tenses.
Indicative
Sing.
J\
am, lam.
1,
em,
we
are.
Lf\
thou art.
^^\ ed,
ye are.
thei/ are.
C^^\
ast,
he
is.
jo\ and,
and
alif ;
as
with pronouns,
Sing.
Plur.
A^
(^y
CLu^j\
manam.
to
ego sum.
tu es.
ille est.
ma
r^^
im,
nos sumus.
vos
illi
yi,
4>jW^ shama-id,
tMjUL>\ eshan and,
est is.
ast,
sunt.
With
adjectives,
^^Us
shad am,
i,
lam glad.
LfyJ^i shad
3S
A
The
GRAMMAR
by
8cc.
OF THE
prefixing
is
Jsj
nah or
^j na,
as
A,\
^ I am not^
commonly
written
i,>.;.i)
The path of
in
love
is
path
to wt\ich there is
no end^
to give
which there
their souls.
is
no remedy
for
lovers, but
up
Hafiz.
to be.
jiL^ I am*
^_^U-J^
A w^ we are,
are.
Ikou art.
is.
i^JL^ ijou
C -..w^ he
Preterite.
Sing.
Plur.
j,^^ I was.
Lf2iji
2ij^
^^ji
we were.
thou wast.
he was.
Preteriie Imperfect.
PERSIAN KANGUAGE.
Compound
Sing.
A^
39
Preterite.
Plur.
been.
^^^ I have
we have ^\ <^^
<Xj\
been.
<^\ i2>jj or
been.
C-wi\
^^ he has been.
Preterpluperfect.
^<>^
jjjwtj
^^
S2iyi
7t/6
had
been.
had
had
been. been.
Ow
J^^ Ae
^ac?
Z'Ai.
Future.
:iji
Ji>\j^
I will
he. ''
^^.
^ ^\^
^^
i^Jb\jL^
^^^ '^^IH ^^
3^
you will
be.
he will
be.
Imperative.
>-i>ib tet
us
be.
O^^ be ye.
4^-tiU
let
tet
him
be.
them
be.
40
GRAMMAR
OF THE
Subjunctive, or Aorist.
Sing.
Jti\j or
Plur.
*y / h.
thou beest.
he
be.
(^^ or (^
t^--^^ or
we
be.
be.
^\j or lSj^
oJL>[}
Jo^ ijou
OJj^
Iheij
or
2>ji
oc^U
Potential.
or
be.
ij^-^J^
^^ would
be. be.
he would
be.
would
be.
Future Subjunctive.
Infinitive.
Present,
Preterite,
o-^
^7 contractiyi 3y
have been.
/c?
^JL>JL :i^j} to
Participles.
\th
being.
a^j^
been.
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Indicatiye Present.
Sing.
Plur.
41
j^
ijjti
^ ^
/ am.
thou art.
is.
^j^
i>^j^
^
(^
we
are,
are.
you
^^ ^he
4>J^
Preterite.
they are.
AtX^ I was.
Lfi\^ thou wast.
^^f^^ we were.
^x^tiw?
you were.
jwj he
%vas.
Preterite Imperfect.
Compound
Preterite.
ii<^J^
aS iii>.^
Ihavebeen.
thou hast been.
been.
^\
4>o\
we have been.
have been.
^jw you
^4^.2^
Jo\
Preterpluperfect.
^:iji
Lf:ij^
so^ I had
been.
^3^
i>^:ij^
3^ S<X^
4>J3^ 2^;X^
^^^-
42
A GRAMMAR OF THE
Future.
Sing.
Plur.
be.
0^ j^\j^
Owj
(J!^\y^
I will
(^JL
j^\^
JCjb]^
we
will be,
be.
Ihou will be
be.
Ow <X^)^
4\^
you will
they
%xill be.
Imperative.
*^^
let
us
be.
^
[^>^
yti be thou,
let
<>j^
be ye.
let
him
be.
jj^
them
be.
Subjunctive, or Aorist.
^ ^^'
ciyti thou beest.
^y^ we
iiu^ you
be.
be.
he
be.
^ t>^
/o he.
j^3y
^ jji^ to
have
been.
Participles.
^<xi
\yti being.
having
been.
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
(j<^\^
43
Aorist,
Compound Future
of verbs.
Plur.
I will.
thou
wilt.
^\j^ we will,
(\Jb\^ you
will.
f^\j=^
t^\jL. he
will.
The
OFTENSES.
It will
all
the
and
to
show
in
are
infinitive,
which
properly consi-
dered by the Oriental grammarians as the spring and fountain of all the
moods and
tenses,
and which,
therefore, i
called in
Avdhicj^y^^c^ masdar
c;<^^
fear.
The
is
formed by rejecting
from the
4X*jy
he feared.
44
GRAMMAR
OF THE
said,
is
is
caravan of
The
as
redundant,
CUiyj
From
.3wJ^<)s^U-
the preterite
is
he was arriving.
In the third persons the imperfect tense
is
sometimes
as
L^^U
he
is
was
common
J C^il^
ij^jj\
^\y
><W*^j
in pleasure
and were
melody of
the lute,
and of
The same
letter
L^ xidded to the
first
and
third persons
^cxJU
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
45
If I could sleep
should seem to
my
exalted head.
And
Hafiz,
Those
which
is
scent
The
participle preterite
is
infinitive
by
changing
made
several
compound
tenses,
voice
as *\
<2^4X-i5^^
/ have
sprinkled, m
/ had
Jw yu\Jl?lj
I was
spiinkled.
46
GRAMMAR
up
all
OF THE
We have given
narcissuses (eyes),
we have placed
all
our hearts on
The
and
it is
nect the
till
members of
in poetry
it
sometimes
is
used
fine couplet
The
light of the
steal the
moon;
young cup-bearers
:i^j
for
^j he struck.
is
contracted by rejecting
PERSIAN LANGUAGE,
The
breath of the western gale will soon
;
47
shed
musk
around
This short
as
^^(j^y
is
possible to do;
the
3^ooU it
is
necessary to
Anacreon of Persia,
It is
by thy
own endeavours
it
it is
will
come
to thee
without assistance.
And
The
life
of
man
is
a journal, in
good
actions.
The imperative
the termination
is
regularly formed
by throwing away
as
(j*>j
is
infinitive,
arrive
thouy from
(j^N-m-^
cj
often pre-
who had
48
GRAMMAR
OF THE
king
fearest
Mahmud,
if
thou
God
why
flamed
my
my
blood-dropping sword?
It
nah and
m ma,
^
as
na are changed
{j*^j^
mah and
do not ask ;
have
felt
ask not of
;
whom
have
m and
^->
changed into
^J,
and
^,
as
J^^
do not bring;
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Boy, bring a cup of wine; bring a few more cups
pure wine.
49
of
Say, ^n/2g
/zo
moon
of my beloved's cheek
in our banquet;
minds
is
The
compound
epithets
is
j^\ CJjLS'
mirth- ex citings
jyy^
L^
name of
a fairy in the
Dow.
formed by add(^L*^,
The
ij^g
a^
as
is
L^
and
noun of action,
as
^<^\->
a player,
,
50
A
From
GRAMMAR
is
OF THE
or aorist
by adding
to
it
from
(>S\
When
wine
shall rise
By
this affected,
that
when he
" wine
this forai
grammarians properly
answers
call
or indefinite
tense^
to the potential
mood
of other languages,
and
is
governed by conjunctions as
in Latin
and English
more
example
life
of Nader Shah;
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
c/LSi^ c5^
51
u^l^ c^wj^
<uWj
^\jCj\ l^-^LLo
i6\L.J^ f^\
It
is
intelligent
part
of
mankind,
whenever
hero,
whom
he
whom
commands
wounds of
lence the
bitter
the afflicted,
and
to
sweeten the
justice.
^3^
sazad,
gardad,
are
(X^
kunad,
of
pardazad,
gardidan,
and
^Lj
the
aorists
t^i^y^
i^^J^
kardan,
(jr^S^yi pardakhtan,
Ai
H ^
52
A
The
GRAMMAR
is
OF THE
present tense
aorist,
formed by prefixing
or
^_^
to the
as
j^J^tX-^
jj\fcX-^ he
knowelh:
by
the place
my
With
that sweet
The
particles
to the
according to the
for
autumn
is
season
is
passing away.
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
The
future
his
letter
53
lj
it
to the in
tense, as
>-^ /
Nakshebi
work
called
Night 35,
to
whoever labours
it
add
a table of the
moods and
tenses as
Verb Active,
Indicative
Sing.
^^4X--*j^
parsidan, to ask.
(*-^
Task.
thou askest.
he asks.
L^ (^
^*'^
^^^'
ij^(^
<X-j^
^^s^-^
you ask.
they ask.
tX*--^
i^
54
GRAMMAR
OF THE
Simple Preterite.
Sing.
Mi^^rf^,
Plur.
I asked.
Ifiou askedst.
^i>^:f.^
we asked.
i/iX---^
4^--J^
he asked.
Compound
J\
Preterite.
^tX:--^
Ihdtveasked.
*j\
^<X--^
Jf4X--*j ^J ..
w^ have asked.
or
^v uou have
-^
asked'
'
I
OrC^w;)4>
JvjJ
^^
Preterite Imperfect.
^;wi^
(^ ^ "^^-^
asking.
j^4X--.j^
4^jo<-
4>j
c/tX--^^
<X--j^
thcuwast asking.
/i
^ ^^
(^
Tvc
were asking,
7va5 asking*
Jsc--^
Preterpluperfect.
^:>y3iX--*^
Lf^j^ ^0^5--^
I had asked.
'/^ow /iarfi/ ^/:e^.
^i^
j^:>ji Si^^:*^^
we had asked
:y
JJiX---^
^^
a.$/:ef.
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
First Future.
'
55
Sing.
^(M-j^
Plur.
I shall ask.
thou shall ask.
he shall ask.
^^
je-^
(X-jj-J
tXLw^
shall ask.*
Second Future.
Jw^jjj
tX-M-?^
tX*-^i
^\)^
f^^
"ivill
ask.
will ask.
<Xf^jj
^\j^
he will ask.
Imperative.
(^^^^
U^jri
0^'
l^l
us ask.
U^j^
4Xj^
^^^ thou.
let
him
ask.
them ask.
Conjunctive or Aorist.
A-jy
I may
ask. ask.
c^ji
'^^
^^y may
^^^'
'Nr--^ -jou
ask.
^^^'
he
may
ask.
Potential.
^^^-^
I'^^y f^^^y
^;X-^
^^^tS-c**j^
we might, &c.
fjou
ask.
might ask.
he might ask.
is
This forai
also
commonly used
me
ask, &c.
56
GRAMMAR
Compound
OF THE
Future.
Sing.
JL\j
^j^---j^
^\j
(XL\j Plur.
2f4X*-j^
^Jo--j^
M>rr^^ ^<^s--^
fXJiXi
2(tX;M-j^
tX-S^U
Present,
Preterite,
(^tX-^-j^
(^^
HiXf.*^
have asked.
Participles.
Present,
cr"^ and
^tXl-^^ asking,
who
asks.
Preterite, ^4X--|%j
Passive Voice.
Indicative Present.
Sing.
A^ /^ iJ<x-jj
L^^
^yLi
I am asked.
thou art asked. he
is
Plur.
j^yii
i^oyJ^
t>jjj^
^ ii^^ ^ ^ ^ ^
^0<--^
asked.
^<XM-i^
2f4>--jj
we are asked.
yoM are asked.
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Preterite.
57
Sing.
aJwj
^tX--*>^
I was asked,
w^
>vre asked.
^4\-mw^ /Aey
Preterpluperfect.
Sing.
^ee/z a^^erf.
(J"^
Jjj
^t^wj ^iX-
^iX-is
^t^--^;J
^em ^em
asked.
Plur.
^3^
i\^^j^
4X>3*^
asked.
asked.
asked.
i^iXti
^tX^-jJ yott
Sing.
Mj^
i^Js--j*J
I may
be asked. be asked.
mayst
^<X-^ ^^ '^^y
^^ asked,
Plur.
/J*-i>> ^tX-M-j
we may
i^jyti
^x
^ yoM m^y
//ley
tijj^ ^tX,..^
may
58
GRAMMAR
OF THE
Second Future.
Sing.
Jwj
tXt?
tiwj
Ji>\jk,
f^\^
be asked.
Plur. iXij
^^
^-Aa// ^e asked.
Infinitive.
Present,
Preterite,
^^o^
^^i^*-^
^<?
be asked..
^3y
^j,^
^^V^
i;(?
Aav^
^^e/i 5/^ec?.
^^^
to the
Sing.
Jb ^'
eib
/ do not know,
</<?j-/5
nescio.
nescis.
nescit.
Jt
Plur.
A2o^ know^ ^' /^of^ tXjb ^^ he does n^ot know, j^\^ ^' we do not know,, t>^b f^ ijou do not knowy tX^b f^ they do not know,
nescimus.
nescitis.
nesciunt.
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
I know not why
eyes, bright
love.
59
the damsels,
as
tall
the
moon,
OF IRREGULAR VERBS.
In the ancient language of Persia there were very few
or no irregularities
gular in the
the
:
the imperative,
Persian,
which
is
often irre-
modern
by
all
infinitive
rejecting
infinitives
for originally
ended
^^
dan,
till
the
Arabs introduced
lable,
affected a
^'
tan,
yet they
still
retain the
them.
This
little
irregularity
is
ancient or modern, of
for-
which
i5
60
GRAMMAR
who
them
OF THE
may
as
it
be useful to those
will enable
of
which has
the
same
relation to the
modern lj^ or
Persic, as the
in
the age of
Xenophon.
were
first
Indian
the
but as
;
we
rejected the
Saxon alphabet
admit
Roman
so the
Persians,
when
religion of
Mahomet, adopted
the characters in
which the
language
into their
The
may
^jtXJ idan
to
to the imperatives,
by adding
a;
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
I.
61
Irregulars
that
form
their
imperatives
by
rejecting
a^or^_^
Infin.
Imper.
Aorist.
^jSawV to
f^yj\
to
draw a sabre
sow together
^f
j\
J\j\
^kf
jA\
^J\j\
A-tjji-l
.
^3,V,\ to rebuke
fj^^ji\ to embrace
(
^j^\
cAf-^\
'
'
..
r]
to cut
*
^
r]
j<^\
^jl.l3\
*jlli\
^SLlil
^4>jui\
to sprinkle to press
^^j^\
^
yL^\
^j^\
^^:Si\
\to
throw down
^^\
^o:S\
to Jill
^\
jjf andjl
weave
<5U
(tJJ^
^X
^^^
a^y
ij^
U^jjy,
to
bring
(jA3u to tinge, to
to
p^ ^U
^j
bear
io feed, cherish
^ j^
^j^
^j4>j5^
to
read
o]y^
(^W
62
A
Infin.
GRAMMAR
OF THE
Imper.
Aorist.
(jj(^\j
(
to drive
^\j
J)]j
J*
u to buz
to resign^ give in
U**^
charge
f^j
tV^*^
j^>^
^:>y^
jX^
and
jjL^
and^L-j
to
fj^
(^r^
j^\jL
j^a^Sj^
shave
^^ jolij to
comb
^J^
lJ\S^
f^s^li
jM^^;^
to cleave
to to
hunt
Jw
fV^
(t)^
{V-^
, .'.r.
^>^
^j^j^
j^ 3^li.
number
hear
slumber
J^^
jiw
jli,
to
/o
^3^
for
to freeze
^^
^f
^^^
^-^
to press
oir^'-*
and^lli
^Il3
for
^JcXfU
^-^
r^
^J\^
a ^\f to perform
^"^y^ to
stro-w , spread
kill
Jc^
Jy*^
frf^
^jlT
^J^ to
'
^^
(*J-lS^
^\'i. t. ^ to scatter
f^J^
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Infin.
6S
Aorist.
Imper.
to nicf^e
/(?
^jjj3
(j;
jj3 ^^Uo
^S
^\^
jsSUo
remain
/a fay cfo7v/2
and
c^A*A
**
^ ,\
^^^yjuLAJ
rr.
Irregulars that
change^
into cil.
i^^i^]
to rest
.,
L^t^t
^jU^r
Wo increase
or
cJ'^Jr^-'
or
defile
^?b^
L5^r
in
or^V)i
ij^pr
/>
^^r
compound
The
adjectives is,op^
as
^^\
in sleep.
f^:^jiX>\
to
hesmear
/^^^^
u^^^
U^J^'i {^^j^j
^j^iy:^^
lo strain
^^
to
measure
polish
^\ ^^
^^^
S^^^^
Ji^
(^W
(^\y)
(^J^^"^
to praise
64
A
Infin.
GRAMMAR
OF THE
Imper.
Aorist.
(J 2ij^ to stroke
Lf\^
^A^oji
A^
/^^j^
^^yrcj3
^j^j^
to to
command
show
to
^^*
j^
P
Aji^
and ^J^IlTJ
,Jf
open ^
ciUr "
III,
cJ
into
lj
or
j.
4
(^^^^
Wo
disturb
S^^^'
t-jU
(^U /o injlame
^^
/o
^U
(^^j^
understand
v>^^
^..i^
is
^^yi-j /o bore
^,:^
This imperative
^jl?c-l> /o hasten
very anomalous.
t-jb^
l--^-5w
*^
.^>\".
^^y^ax^ to blossom
^^^jlsy^
/o deceive
^-^
L^^
turV
this
(^^
{^y^
^^yiy
I
to smite
to lie
^S
hid
strange imperative.
^^\j
to find
Lj\j
Ay
PERSIAN LANGUAGE:
Infin.
.
65
Aorist.
Imper.
^\3^^ to dig
Ji
^j^
(J^^ to say
and
m
*
y
lS/
^y
f'y^
^laiw^
to
hear
IV.
j^
^
into
j, (j^ Into
{^
gjjlLUi^ io exalt
j\J\
^J^^y^
^jIa-^\
^Jicsyf^\
to injlame
to learn to
mix
i^y^\(^\ to throw
f^yk^j(^\
to
gain
^jjcv^i
{J^,^\
'
<
to excite to to
hang
plaij
^^yi>^v
^^y^\^
i^ysirt^jj
^jlrs^
to finish
to
beware
to holt to
sift
f^ys:?^
*-
f^y^rf^
:
to take
captive
^^yh^ to twist
66
A
Infin.
GRAMMAR
OF THE
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
VI.
Irregulars that reject (jm
Infin.
67
Imper.
plant
Aorist.
^A
-^
adorn, arrange
be necessary accept
- V
deck
seek
know
grow
live
\i*b
>')
y4j
wash
weep
resemble
^J
j^U
JU
^jJU*5
JO
view
VII.
Irregulars in
(jt^jyiV to create
^
cj^^
c^-^
^j(X^
to
gather
^(^^ to
choose
CD^r
6S
GRAMMAR
OF THE
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
XI.
Irregulars
Infin.
69
that
add
c/.
Imper.
to be
Aorist.
^:i\j
horn
^:>^
to caress
to
^
XII.
^\j
(^5)
^
(^\-^
^^
open
(^f^
C^\
^-^^-^-^^
f^^
^*^*^'
^^:h^
^j^y
stand
^^liiwjji to
send
CU->^
<u
f^^^t^
to place
^
|^^
j^'
XIII.
reducible to Irregulars not
any
class.
^:krcX
to
to
prepare
j^\
^^^
^ti^r
come
^j:>jitobe
U^^
jrt^
'
^'^
(V^^
'
^JLJ^
to rise
^:i\^togive
^^y^
to strike
:>
^^
^j
ch
^
and
\to take
o^
^j^
f'^
'70
Infin.
GRAMMAR
miXf compose
OF THE
Imper.
Aorist.
*
.
(Jf>Jiij^
to
(>2^;->
s .^
^yf to
and
,
do
break
^
\
^
Xt-^ "
^iV..*..S
^V^ J
Sn^ ^
4XLi
^(^ to rot
^j2>j>^
/ X^MI.
I.)
Mf^
^jyo
to die
j^
and
^jl^
Example of an
irregular verb.
4:/ii\j
CUiL
Present Tense.
Sing.
Plur.
^ ^\j ^ ^
^Ij
jo\j
/^/zJ.
'
^j\j
4\-jIj
thoajindesi.
he finds.
jCj\j
^ ^ ^
wejind,
you find.
they find.
Preterite.
j^U
Ifound.
^^\} we found.
<>t-^^ you found.
(J^\j thoufoundest.
CUiU he found.
^^^^
they found.
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Future, or Aorist.
Sing.
jj\j
71
Plur.
/ shall or mayfind.
Ihou shall or
he shall ov
^\j
j^\j
may stfind.
mayfind.
mayfind.
Imperative.
Lj\j or LJ>\jfind thou.
ixAjfind you.
Participles.
Present,
Preterite,
V\?,
c-->l>,
or
&0^\^ finding.
<^^
having found.
It is better for
me
not to turn
I
my
it
may happen
The
that
may
find
what
my
heart desires.
contracted participles,
as
it
_j^\ CJj^Lp
signifies
which
in
Arabic
(J^aSA
speak
to excite:
at large in
shall
72
GRAMMAR
OF THE
OF THE COMPOSITION
AND
DERIVATION OF WORDS.
0^'E
of the chief beauties of the Persian language
is
the
frequent use of
compound
it
elegance of which
German and
These compounds
to the pleasure
may
be
and
taste
contracted participle,
heart-
alluring; or by prefixing
lSj. ty-s
an adjective
to
noun, as
sub-
sweet-smelling; or lastly,
by placing one
compound word
to
is
often
read Ihe
I
I
shall subjoin a
list
of
I
that
can recollect
but
in English
by circumlocutions;
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
73
to
them.
eye,
I'hus
>. t
to the
Greek
it
eXiKUTrig,
in English,
we
translate
fawn-eyed
is
translation stag-eyed'^
different idea
not
much
better,
and conveys a
to express
by
this epithet.
Adjectives
(^\jiJ\
participles.
;J^gul
shedding flowers,
sprinkling pearls-
j^^ gohar
afshan,
shedding gems,
brandishing a scymitar.
dropping blood,
afflicting the heart,
^*
(J
tegh afshan,
c^ khun afshan.
3 dil azar,
J\j\
wounding
the
souL
darting flames,
tearing up roots,
bekh afgan,
sang afgan,
afgan,
casting stones,
^^koh
74
GRAMMAR
agin,
OF THE
overthrowing heroes,
full of ambergris, full of pleasures,
fulfilling
ij^SjCS' tambar
iji^S
fjj-*j
surur agin,
jj\ S\yQ
jijf
murad a war,
a war,
our
desires.
J^ dil
stealing hearts,
and
^r JU
)y (J^
fcalam ara,
^r ^_^^J^
majlis ara,
dil ara,
dil
A^
L>r
\J\
(J
aram,
Wjf y^
^jjj
nabard azma,
ruh
asa, asa,
appeasing the
spirit,
^jW jan
^fjUi. ^\ Wok
\\i\
ghubar alud,
khata alud,
-^j ruh afza, CUar^ bahjat afza, \^\ L^ H^ shahr ashub, .5'**'' y/^
^
increasing cheerfulness.
^^y^^jjj
roz afzun,
increasing daily.
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
j\j^\r^
j\j3\
sar afraz,
afraz,
75
(^^^gardan
J\ji
\
. ,
jj*3\
.
.i
or jjj3]
^jW^
\ )
mayikah
kindling thejight.
jjy>\ cJ^-"-^
anemone.
\yo\
(^jt>\^
danish amoz,
kar amoz,
skilled in science.
jy^yj^
expert in affairs.
K>r
jyc\
2i^yo
mujdah amez,
is
tidings.
This participlej^r
compounds.
\yo\
C^%a.]^
rahat amez,
gl'^i'^g f^^l'
full of threats.
jy^X
that
is,
j\<>j\
'J\(^\
Jy
parto andaz,
darting rays.
striking with fear.
C H^..(S3
dahshat andaz,
atish andaz,
tir
\\(^\ (j-i3\
j\i>j\j^
andaz,
shooting arrows.
76
GRAMMAR
OF THE
'
gathering darkness^
jj^^\
attracting wonder.
exciting respect.
jSJ\ ySJ\
olft:J\
angez,
{^J^
C
^i.
khulus angez,
angez, angez,
promoting
sincerity.
ySJ\
jSj\
jSS\
<C:X3 fitnah
raising a tumult.
;^^ khajiat
causing blushes to
rise.
making
jSJ\ ^l^\
irshad angez,
producing safety.
devouring men.
that created the soul.
'
(^W
jan afrin,
bar,
j^ (^^ dW
jjyi
<u\-*>
a ravisher of hearts,
bred in the shade,
sayah parwar,
man who
has not
j.y
\\j
ti^
^'^
parwar,
/J-i-c
tishk baz,
^oo
c^W
pozish pazir,
pardaz,
composing tunes^
a musician.
j\:^
(^jsi^
sakhun pardaz,
composing sentences,
an orator.
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
tMJ (J^ nakl band,
compiling narratives,
77
an historian.
Oslu>j<Xt fcadu band,
JfO
JfO
spreading sedition,
bez,
pira,
shedding perfume.
collecting
memorable events,
dawJat
joyi,
-wishing prosperity,
ij^ \^ yy\.
i:J\^
i!3)yJL>
chin,
gathering roses,
croppingflowers,
collecting
shagufah chin,
wordsy
an informer.
Jf^L vsr* sahar khez,
^j\jLtijL.
khush kh'an,
sweetly singing.
J\(yj[^ jahandar,
fj\^
yj
^^ khun
rez,
shedding blood.
7S
GRAMMAR
rez,
OF THE
ji)^f^ shakar
dropping sugar,
scattering jewels,
ji^
Ci^\
ashk rez,
shedding tears,
dispersing care,
dispelling darkness,
infesting the way^ a robber.
\^j^ ghamzada,
\^j
,
'^^jss!^
preparing inchantments,
ravishing hearts,
inflaming the htart
j^l:i*J^ dilsitan,
jy^'^
jSjLi
dilsoz,
j^W
jan shikar,
shikaf,
a hunter of souls,
destroying
life,
^J^iJiij^ Luinr
f^^Jii
(^y^Sj:^ shakar
farosh,
selling sugar,
Uhj^
"iP"
khud
farosh,
boasting of himself
<--^>^_^U nazar
fareb,
summa
gudaz,
a calamity,
jL^\f^
jy^\^
zaya gustar,
talam
gir,
spreading light,
Lii3^ dilkusha,
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
uLij^JLTkishwar kusha,
conquering provinces.
silling
79
U^ CtSj^\ awrang
j\y
u-^J^i-
nashin,
on a Ihrone,
showing
Ihe way.
gharib nawaz,
kind to strangers,
tuning a
lute.
II.
Words compounded
(Sjj
C-^^ khub
royi,
with a beaulifuljace.
Lfj^jL.
(jj^\(^\j
khusli khoyi,
of a sweet disposition.
with unblemished virtue. with a good voice.
pakdaman,
j\j\ LJij^
if^\j
<^^
^jX^ifJ^^ khush
80
GRAMMAR
OF THE
to
The
the bowers
The
sweet notes.
raftar,
walking gracefully.
with gentle manners.
^Isijjiuij shirlnkar,
U^^ ij^p^
shlrin dahan,
The compounds
may
be invented
III.
Adjectives
Each of
these epithets
a short simile.
]
I
^y^
^,L*^
^ib
tX....::.
>
Jamshid kulah,
fj^ C/!-*--^
simin sak,
uJ^yw
^\:Lfii^^jL
shakar lab,
tuti
guftar,
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
uJ
lS^
ji
<!(aL.
81
gunchah
lab,
^j-^-*3
saman
boyi,
(j-i-j
saman
bar,
with a bosom
like jessamine,
^^^gulrokh,
iJ^^gulroyi,
(^yJi^yt
muskh
L^ Oylj
yakut Jab,
sher
dil,
^^j^
When we
number of epithets
and
that
may
be compounded
that
those
noun
being expressed,
is
we must
These compounds
are thought
fill
so beautiful
by
like the
moon, scented
like
musk,
moon,
-^^a^
8i?
GRAMMAR
OF THE
intimacy J as
.;
,.
jjLiil^ hamashiyan,
C^v.lA hamahang,
(tjf*^ hambazni,
oj the
same
same
nest.
incliiialion.
oJ the
^, >./
i>>
hambistar,
sleeping together,
hamdam,
is,
The
particles
not,
^
U
little,
and
without,
^are
na
amed, hopeless,
4_^\:*-Sj
kam
takl,
with
little
sense;
c^b
this
fearless,
^J^\
to
bl bak,
is
bi
aman, merciless:
as
j^J^lj
particle
bl
often joined
Arabic vert>sf
tammul,
inconsiderate,
<--v^ <^^'
fartib, irregular.
Example.
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Henceforth,
S3
wherever
write
thy name,
will write
Jalse^ unkindy
^nd faithless.
Names
as
adding
J^j
goldsmith
jS^ a writer^
are often the
(jW^
^ gardener.
Nouns of action
preterite of a verb, as
iZ^j^Sj
Oo^
and going.
adding
to
nouns the
terminations
^L;
sar,
(j-^ gin,
bashT^ewo-
JC^ mand,
ful,
U'jf^ sorrowful^ V
l>
learned^
life.
oU^
and
sahib
(Jj^\
ahl
J^ ji
(JU^ u^o^lo
We
may
some
as
proper
names and
titles
and others as
2,
84
GRAMMAR
OF THE
;
epithets
names
<0j4i)\
^^
ShujaLud'dawlah, <Ojjo\
Najmud'-
dawlah,
<Oj(i)\
(^j**^ Shamsud'davvlah,
5jjjJ\
"Af^
^'^'
and
the
lamp of the
is
the
title
Zubdatu'lmulk,
<)JlxLJ
by way of epithet,
of
regions,,
3'AJ\
an Arabic
given to that
province by
u^ '^^^j^^
Some
Awrangzeb.
nouns by adding
in,
us c:^-l->\ Jierij,
i^j golden,
XJ\
The
termination
like
man of
L;
courage.
asa,
or
(^j wash,
to substantives,
as Li\
^y>^ tambar
asa, like
ambergris, Lj\
like
C^C^^c
like
musk, \^X
^Ijw
like
paradise; \^ jse^
hud^
magic; {^^
like the
<4^
like
rose-
(^^j^ or (^y^
moon.
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Some
adjectives
85
and adverbs
\
are formed
by nouns
lo
letter
alif
bvim^j^j^ from
md^yX^jSjj
or
^^\iy
manij-coloured.
Example.
A garden,
in
in
clearest rivulets,
an orchard
;
the
one was
fruits
full
of
first lines
termination
Jj
fam, as well as
^j^
gun, denotes
colour, as
coloured.
From
the
adjectives,
compounded or
may
be formed abstract
86
GRAMMAR
OF THE
J^,^*>iijL bashful,
i^L-.'*^ bashfulness,
L^(.v...,.l'?l^
learning.
^L-j ^/c^,
(J^W
is
blackness.
made by changing
^ into
as <u\x-j w7V,
^^^^ novelty.
to the
motion; or b^
rest,
\
adding^
;_^Li\
^^^b^) praise^
U^^j)
temptation.
The
letter
makes them
Nouns denoting
ti]e
by
j^b dan,^V)
^^^^
^^g^!? or
,^J<:*.^^^SJ
nagaristan,* a gallenj
names are the
titles
ofpictures.
many
excellent books
:
The
five
first
of these
of as
the
poetical compositions
by
Jam
;
is
Sambulislan,
of
its
name
;
author.
thus Pamphilus
AuftMVjSy,.^
a meadow;
^tj^--*
a garden of
violets, or a collection of
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
(^b-*jjL^ baliaristan,
j^l::.wiS^gulist5bv
87
the
a bower of roses.
;^
j
,
^^biw
or
^v:i-*>^5ilti
shakardan, -VCi
.^
a chest of sugar.
a garden of hyacinths.
the country of lions.
shakarrstan,
^^^.^JlJuj sambulistan,
fjc^^^iyj^ sheristan,
(^\^*y
ginistan,
fairy-land.
jKiTgulzar,
jK^]^
lalahzar,
^^iD^Lt tibadatgah,
U- t-j^pw khab
ja,
of sleep
these
2i
bed.
that
when
compounds-
^^ of
the
must be added
'
to the
^J"'->
end
of them, as
Sing.
Nom.
Obi.
^ ^i^3^^^j;p-|
\jJb:i^jJ:^]
Plur.
Nom.
Obi.
^J^^^ i^y^^]
>
'
"-
--
lips.
\jkjb:i^r^j
compounded
eitlier
The
and
with nouns
particles.
and other
88
GRAMMAR
'
OF THE
sort of
to
The
first
composition are
have, ^^^:i^Lj to
^^^ to
^j3y
vJ^
'^ bring,
^j:-ti\^
make, ^^'^yt^
to hear,
to
to order,
[J^jy^
i^^j^
to
show,
see,
^^^:i-li^or
^(^^j^
take,
to become,
to
jjiVof
Jind.
in all
come, ^i>^^ to
ij^^ to
is
and ij^^
is
of these
^j3i
which
joined
inflexions to a multitude of
Arabic gerunds or
as
'
"
^^AjI/^
ikrar kardan,
to
confess^
^jli^WicJ^ intizarkardan,
j'
to expect.
to return.
kardan, /o com/?/e/e.
to Jill,
Thus
Hafiz,
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
It is
89
morning; hoy
Jill the
;
rolling
therefore haslen.
The sun
of
the wine rises from the east of the cup: if thou seekest
the delights of mirth, leave thy sleep.
awardan,
lo assault,
lo
^^ yad awardan,
Lajab dashtan,
remember.
(jK^\^
<-r^
to lo
wonder.
excuse
(j^
^j^
(X-wy.^
hasad burdan,
burdan,
to envy. lo believe.
lo grieve.
^liii;\ ittikad
to
swear.
^^j
roshan sakhtan,
tar saktan,
iltifat
to enlighten.
(^fk\^3
to moisten,
to esteem to be
^^j^ oU:J\
namudan,
astonished
>
to be affiicted
padid amadan,
ihsan didan,
yaftan,
to appear.
to be benefited. to he educated. to be confirmed.
^OS^ ^jL^\
d^ U^JX)i parwarish
d^^J^y
karar griftan,
90
GRAMMAR
^^2>yoJ3
OF THE
are very frequently used
to call aloudy
^'^iycy
^i
fikr farmiidan
Rozbahar,
While
I
am
the rose-tree.
And
Hafiz,
is
Some of the
are significant,
particles,
^jtV\
j^
i^^yj^
U^\js^j^
bring
in,
to require*.
to
understand.
to ascend.
to return.
to rest.
U"^*^^
j^
^'^^
asudan,
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
(jiL\^j^ baz dashtan,
^4Vo\
2ijj3
91
farod
amadan,
crui^b^^l^ wapasdashtan,
j^3b j-^
sar dadan,
compound verb
is
com-
i^ i<^ j^ thou
(X.^
fittest.
<^-i-i
i^j^
heJills,
OJ^ ^jj
a verb
compounded
\j\^ *2(^bjJ
c;^Wj
^^^ ^
western
and
where ^^b
guer,
is
wmj
The noun j^
therefore
has a
number of
senses,
and
is
the
most
92
A
word
GRAMMAR
OF THE
it
difficult
signifies /A^^garf,
the top, the point, the principal thing, the air\ desire^ love,
will, intention,
its
meaning
is
so vague
that
it
doubtedly
in Persian, as in
;
Hebrew and
may
be called causals
^jcXj intO(^txJ\,
and
jjJojU
to shine,
a'^V^
and jjiis-^vv^
(j^tX-JU^
^
-'
/o
cause to shine.
j^j^-^-i^
to arrive,
to cause to arrive, to
conduct, bring.
heaven! bring that musky fawn back to Khoten; bring back that tall waving cypress to its native
garden.
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
93
OF PERSIAN NUMBERS.
The numerals and invariable
parts of speech belong
more
to learn
them by
:
heart,
common
of them
Ci$S yak
one,
V
3
a
j3
<5w3
do,
seh,
Iwo,
three.
^
r
f^
_J^f^ chahar,
^nIj panj,
four.
Jive.
1
V
A
J J
\s
{j^^ shash,
CLjJb
haft,
six.
seven.
eight.
C .M..6
hasht,
'\
u nuh,
ii^
nine.
ten.
lS
U,
dah,
W
\
i^^Uyazdah,
^^J\y^
eleven.
u^
dowazdah, twelve.
sezdah,
thirteen.
^
00
<Xj
&yj^
\f'
^^W-
chahardah,/(?MW<?grt.
fifteen-
^3ylj panzdah,
4
11
GRAMMAR
OF THE
sixteen.
syy\jL> shanzdah,
^txiib hafdah,
seventeen.
eighteen,
^iXJLA hashdah,
n
r.
^^jy nuzdah,
nineteen.
C
^ CiSoJ r
t......,>;
bist,
twenty.
n
r,
^,M,u.;
bist
wa yak,
twenty-one.
thirty,
jj^
Cm 1
1
chehal,
forty.
^la^o parijah,
1
ii
snast)
sixty.
:k^
1
haftad,
seventy.
eighty. ninety.
^li-lA hashtad,
2>y
nawad,
4>wo sad,
a hundred.
two hundred.
three hundred.
r.
tXoj3 dosad,
i^^^tc^ !;e$ad^
tXcjjlp- chaharsad,
Jour hundred,
7?^^ hundred.
tX^lj pansad,
1
.
c^.^cJL^ shashsad,
six hundred.
seven hundred
eight
0^zJji> haftsad,
cX..f."..,l
hashtsad,
hundred
Om^^
nuhsad,
nine hundred.
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
1
.
95
?
.
J\ji^ hazar,
a thousand.
^
J3
J\yb ^3 dah
Jcjib
or
(^ iak
ORDINALS.
(^,**<^ nukhustin,
firsts
Myi dowum,
^^t^
second,
third.
sewum,
l%^L^ chaharum,
jA-j
fourth.
fifth
-
panjum,
ADVERBS.
jLJ
bisyar,
much,
here.
<^Jo\ andak,
little.
\alJ\ Inja,
U^t
anja,
there.
If
could send
my
it
very soul
!
to that place ^
how
trifling a
present
would
be
96
A
UijIj\ az
GRAMMAR
hence,
OF THE
\^\ ^
^lz
Inja,
anja, thence.
J:^\
*j
insQ, hither.
j^\
an^u,
thither.
lad kuja,
where or whither.
\^ j\ az
kuj5, whence,
l^
ujj^ darfm,
,.
^
}^
within.
(^^4X>i andarun,
The
and
the
jj3
-^^
faro,
or
\below.
farod, J
^5^
That
evil
is
not evil.
ii\o^^U
b'amdad,
-\
jsr*^ sahar,
L$^
dl,
yesterday*
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
^jL^\ aknun,
^ijj^ chun,
91
now.
when,
ever.
yet.
c)'
ii^\ angah,
ihen.
directly.
^(>j\^ hamandam,
j^j^
t?argiz,
^j^yb
j^ *^^
<is..l,>,<S
hargiznah,
^^^''^ '^^
never.
jjUb hanuz,
^^^
afterward.
ta,
until.
hamlshah,
digarbar,
niz,
always.
again.
ev/i.
iSjj ban,
once.
j^Sj^
Jfo
Jb ham,
also.
The
same manner as ;
y^ hamchu,
U<^ chunin,
^\l^ chunancheh,
^ku^ where. tX^ chand, how many?
^
uy^ hamchun,
(j-Cjs:^
hamchunin,
chunankeh.
ch?iYdi,
^La^
\j^
wherefore ?
^Y^j\
az bahr cheh, on
what account?
f^^^ chun,
i^S^\ Inak,
X/o magar,
how?
behold!
would f
lest
perhaps.
1
bU^ mabada,
1
by chance.
j^ ham,
rtogether.
J
and j^ baham,
\^
o
tanha, alone.
98
GRAMMAR
OF THE
CONJUNCTIONS.
J
\j
6,
Jb ham, orj6
niz, also,
ya, or.
^\ agar, o\
^^O
gar,
if.
*5^
^^\
UjI
amma,
t\.\;x
because.
except.
y^ juz,
PREPOSITIONS.
j\ az orj 'Zffrom, bij,
l^jt^
of.
^\
abar, or
j bar,
m/;o/j
pas,
a/i[er.
ba, with.
f^
near.
bl,
without.
^j^ pahlawl,
fS^
CU^jl
^j\-M^
j^
dar, in.
baray,
CU^ bajehat,/<?r.
of.
^y^
Jj
-juwi,
zir,
toward.
ymj3
beneath.
under,
/zer.
^y
nazd,
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
99
INTERJECTIONS.
\J\
oh!
aX
ah,
ah!
xjj^
or
Thus
in the
Jalaluddin Rumi,
^
Alas
!
jj)
f^
(jLS
^U
^;l:*:^^
alas
that so bright a
the clouds!
(jlii fighan
and
(^y^\
afsos
thus in a tetrastich
Ben
Erslan,
my
fills
beloved delighted
my soul
;
me
with bitterness
alas
the
grief
alternately in the
my
life
100
GRAMMAR
OF THE
last
and
in the battle in
which he
he was heard
:
When
but
raised
my
battle-
and with a
:
single stroke
opened a passage
for
my
troops
my
and the
* These lines are quoted by d'Herbelot, p. 1029, but they are WTitten differently
in
my
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
lOl
very easy,
it
has in
common
The nominative
it
is
usually
agrees in
number and
\jj\
^i>iii>^V^\
^^\ c^w*J
\jj b\j
^\
if
to learn the
taken
this;
and
thou
if
seek him,
know
that
where
first
'I-
102
A
it is
GRAMMAR
OF THE
plurals are con-
yet
remarkable, that
many Arabic
By
There
syntax
;
is
the cardinal
to
nouns
and verbs
in the singular,
^-^ jj\j^
o.
thousand
over the
will spring
to
aU j ^5
L-k)\
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
too a
103
noun of
life,
the plural
number,
if
it
signify a thing
without
The
rivers
murmured, and
their
Maker.
my
Most
them, as
\j
If that fair
my
heart, I
cities
would give
of
the^
is
omitted
the
noun be
it is
indefinite or general,
i^j^^ fV
Jill a cup\
but that
and
this
limited,
^^
104
GRAMMAR
OF THE
is
The
to the
syntax
in a period of
of
is
understood in
The disadvantages of
haste are
The
adjective
is
placed after
its
governing noun
is
governs, as
c-)^
but
as
^
lSjj
a beautiful face
lS^
the scent
of a rose;
is
if this
formed,
LfjA^ rose-scented.
very small and obscure
star in the constellation
the Arabic
name
for a
of
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Conjunctions which express conjecture, condition,
motive,
8cc.
105
will,
If
thee a single
moment.
nominative case, as
have heard
that
in
one nest,
;
and whispered
one chamber
the dust
106
GRAMMAR
OF THE
The
spicier
that
have collected
for
little,
own
re-
grammarian
is
to
open the
mjne of
literature,
but they
who wish
their
to possess the
gems
must endeavour
to find
them by
own
labours.
is
tttrn,
a change^ a
zcalch,
excubise^
hence
^^^J!j
v,^>J.J in
^_^l>-
c^^^jj-
This
office is
of
,\
J 4 Jj
or chamberlain
is
Some
sense,
instead of
vc^y
but destroys
tl^e
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
107
A PERSIAN FABLE.
the
Nightingale.
-iJ
^^J\
^jCik^L)
ijt^
*<Js^li.^
los
GRAMMAR
OF THE
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
109
iS\
(.^^^^-^.s:^
3^
Uj^
.^3^ ^j^
C^w^aeJ ^^:j^
^^^^
O^^ jf^
.^tX^
iJjU
\yQ .^tXJ^o^
(^\::M-if
JL>
110
GRAMMAR
OF THE
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
in
y^ literal
The
gardener
It is related that a
husbandman had
The
air
of
ii
gave mildness
its
and
the scent of
perfume
to the
very soul.
VERSES.
A bower
hke the garden of youth,
the notes of
a
its
And
in
more
maids scented
like jessamine.
The
112
GRAMMAR
said,
OF THE
cellent roses,
and
A DISTICH.
I
know
lips, that
he brings
back the
notes.
nightingales
with
their
mournful
One day
went
to
roses,
and
volume adorned
with gold.
A DISTICH.
The
he
nightingale,
lets
if
thorn of uneasiness.
The
by the
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
me
this service,
115
Is there
any recompense
but benefits?
that
it
is
Know,
under the
;
is
take
and spend
to
words
!
he then said,
O nightingale
what
wonder
it
is,
gold beneath the earth, and not discover the springe upon
the ground
!
The
nightingale said.
fate
vain?
AN HEMISTICH.
It is
fate.
When
mains
to the
Q^
116
GRAMMAR
OF THE
OF VERSIFICATION:
1 H E modern
from the Arabs
Persians borrowed their poetical measures
:
be
Grammar
but
when
the learner
may
upon
versification
by
(Si>Ui)j
sorts of metre
common
J^
pounded
which
nately,
feet
and
alter-
are
as
composed of iambic
(imator'es
and spondees
pUellurum.
In lyric
poetry these
* See
abo Dissertations
ci
Rhyme
of the Persians, by
Franci* Gladwin.
Calcutta, 1798.
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Babo
i
117
na
|
fahi k'akhar
|
rah bak'shayad
Zajafcdi zul
fi
|
mushkinash
|
a dar dilha
When
musky
locks,
admirers
They sometimes
as
Ta ghuncha
hi
|
khandanat
|
dawlat ba
|
Ay
shakhi
|
guli ratna
az bahri
|
|
keh miroyi
Ah
to
whom
delight?
for
whose
-"1
as
\--,
118
GRAMMAR
bar kuli
|
OF THE
Gosham ha
mah
nay 6 nagma
to o
|
ti
|
changast
Chashmam ha
mah bar
|
ladi
garda
shi jamast
My ear is
and
fixed
continually intent
pipe,
my
eye
is
continually
lip,
and the
circling cup.
quoted by Hephestion,
Swotfjiou
yMTto Utoi
Ho^u
doi[j,ii(rcx,
Ttrocidog f^puotvoiv St
re^,
(ra
iiTOi
06
|
votfjcoti
xpiicnv
Ji'
tov Igov
I
Tli^ta
oujxiT
"zs-ocidcg (3poc
dtvuv
j
*A
(ppollruv.
in this form,
<>-^i
niati pi
ri
|
mayfarosh
amad
amad
Keh^mawsimi
tarbo tlsh
j
wa
naz
wa nosh
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
common
letters written in the Persian
121
and because
to the
all
pauses of
scansion
by
Meninski,
Tabadar chl
na har
|
tarl
|
buwad
zulfi
|
tara
sad chin
Keh
sazi
bar
guli surl
zasumbul pu
and
it
may
As
simple
to their prosody,
;
their
vowels
alif,
waw, and lS ya
are long
by
nature
which
they
commonly
and every
long by position;
^j^..^^
saman
many
licences;
122
GRAMMAR
first
OF THE
ode of Hafiz,
lACl^
and Uc
2)Cj\
^Jj
jJW
4>iU\^
W kuja danandi
some long
\
hali
ma.
They
omitting
also shorten
tire
syllables at pleasure
;
by
vowels
is
alif,j
waw, and iS ya
thus
foot
is
berun, which
it is
a spondee,
becomes an iambic
^jj^ when
used
written
^jjji
berun
for
in the
for *xj3
and ^^t^
:
(j^.
The omission
alif is
more
common
so
is
*'
" canst thou expect from fortune ?" so spake the rose
this
morning;
nightingale
to her
maxim?
In which lines ^LtilTis used
hr fj^)^ sheddingflowers,
and
^Sjss^
for
iWjsrr'
the morning.
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
1
123
'^^^^^^^
which
differs
m nothing
but the
number of
fewer than
I shall
not set
down
select
beauty of sentiment or
delicacy of expression.
p\j-^a.^
AN HEMISTICH.
He who
A DISTICH.
The caravan
lies
is
before thee
of
whom
wilt
way? what
R^
124
GRAMMAR
OF THE
i^^j A TETRASTICH.
^j ^]b
At
dawn
know
for
He
is
shown
Another.
to
maxim more
gem
Despise
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
In
stichs
all
125
tlie
two
first
hemi-
continued through
the whole
poem at
short piece
lines
do not rhyme
called <Xxbi
a fragment;
j^\
1>
(J^ V
ij^^^^ i:^^j
One
day, as
was
my
to
hand
took
I
it,
and said
it,
musk
or ambergris? for
It
am charmed
I
answered,
was
a dein
but
the
*
<^J-wiJ;^-
Ji
gili
claj/,
fume with
126
A
company of
GRAMMAR
the rose
;
OF THE
com-
"
*'
should
appear to be."
When
a
whole composition,
:
called
^jJL^^
as in the following
examples
Such
is
the nature
of inconstant
fortune,
neither
her
no one
whom
for
she
is
light in
hatred.
An
eminent
virtues.
The
made
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
of
127
musk
or ambergris.
liberality:
He
justice
and
and
\yo
There was an
affectionate
betrothed to a beautiful
were
sailing in the
together into
of
he Lj3 HAPPY,
made
a proper
name
of
it,
and
tell5~
maa
whom
128
A
he
GRAMMAR
When
a mariner
OF THE
went
to the
a whirlpool.
that
young man
might
him from
perishing in that
unhappy juncture; he
called aloud,
and pointed
to his mistress
my
beloved."
The
and when
he was expiring he was heard to say, " Learn not the " tale of love from that wretch who forgets his beloved
'*
in the
hour of danger."
These examples
those
will, I
who
in lofty figures
There
is
scarce
may
The
rhyme
toge-
ther in couplets.
It is
unnecessary
in this
section to give
it
differs
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
riment, like the lighter odes of Horace
129
and Anacreon.
The most
^W Jam!
whom
I
has
left
an ample collec-
poems.
may
more
:
poets
original dress,
and
feel their
I
vantage of a translation.
Hafiz that offers
itself,
:
ode of
I
have paraphrased
the images
when
able to understand
and allusions
in the Persian
poems, he
will see
lite-
why
l?o
GRAMMAR
OF THE
^iXlJ
(Ja^
C^w>3
&^(y:A)y^
Tlie rose
is
my
beloved;
the spring
The motion
flowers
is
whose cheeks
The
lips
plexion
my
beloved.
All the pictures that the hand of art can devise are not
agreeable without the brighter hues of a beautiful
girl.
PKRSIAN LANGUAGE.
Thy
life,
131
O Hafiz,
is
a trifling piece of
money,
our
it
is
not
away
at
feast.
The
ing
money among
upon any
money
collects
shall
see
If that
I
lovely
my
heart,
would give
cities
of
Alas
these
fair deceivers,
whdse
my
heart of rest
seizing
their
and patience,
plunder.
like
the
Turks
that are
132
GRAMMAR
;
OF THE
ini*
ornaments?
Talk
to
me
for
how
her chastity.
Attend,
O my
Own
soul
to
prudent counsels
for
youths of a
souls.
Thou
hast spoken
ill
of
!
me
yet
am
not offended
:
may
do
but
words become a
like a
Hafiz
make
a string of pearls:
to
sing
them sweetly:
for
heaven seems
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
The wildness and simplicity of this
133
me
so
much,
that I
have attempted
to translate
in verse:
which
have used,
if
many
I
have endeavoured, as
was
able, to give
;
my trans-
and
have, as nearly
measure;
PERSIAN SONG.
if
Sweet maid,
my
sights
And
hand
Would
Than
Than
more delight
all
all
gems of Samarcand,
134
A
Boy,
let
GRAMMAR
yon*
liquid
OF THE
flow,,.
ruby
And
A A
bow'r so sweet
as Mosellay.
Oh
when
these
fair,
perfidious maids,
Whose
Each glance
my
And
As
robs
my wounded
Can
all
our
tears,
can
all
our sighs
?
New
Can
lustre to those
charms impart
Where
'^
i^\X< JaJ
vi
melted ruby
is
periphrasis for
wine
in the Persian
poetr)-.
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Speak not of
fate
135
ah
And
Talk of the
flow'rs that
'tis all
round us bloom
a
Tis
all
a cloud,
dream
To
Nor hope
gloom.
resistless
pow'r,
*
Hebrew boy
fatal
was
the hour,
When
f
to the
But ah
sweet maid,
my
counsel hear
Whom
+ Joseph.
130
A GRAMMAR,
What
cruel answer have
1
Xcc.
heard
still
And
yet,
by heavn,
love thee
that bitter
word
fill,
Which nought
Go
boldly forth,
my
simple lay,
Whose
random strung
Thy
But oh,
they please
these notes are sung
!
The nymph
for
whom
CATALOGUE
OF THE
IN
THE
PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Oxf.
The
Par.
Priv.
Men.
HISTORY.
^Lt>4>j\^_jvo\
^
lJc^
general history
Oxf. Priv.
The
history of the
life
of Sultan Acber,
by
the learned
and
elegant
Abu
Fazl.
Oxf
138
A CATALOGUE OF
^j^\
c^i^r
lj^
by
the order
transto
the
European companies
full
contains a
OxJ,*
either
This book
by
himself, or
Oxf.
entertaining work.
Oxf
originally
PERSIAN BOOKS.
139
The
head of the
OxJ\
The
select chronicle.
This work
is
an excellent history of
Arabic and Turkish.
Persia,
into
Oxf.
A short
by Khandemir, a
Oxf.
A copious
elegant style.
2,
140
A CATALOGUE OF
The
history of the
life
written
by
POETRY.
Shah nameh.
histories
collection of heroic
of Persia, by Ferdusi.
life
Oxf. Priv,
The works
Priv.
Oxf,
PERSIAN BOOKS.
Ml
The odes
of Hafiz:
see
the
treatise
above-mentioned.
The words
of Sadi
The two
but
I
first
common;
they are
all
all
upon moral
subjects,
Persian language.
The works
of Ahli
containing,
fj^js^
^\VvJ
OoUftj
oLKi. Ljh^a
The works
L^<jJ\
of J ami
containing,
among
others,
<d*J,Mj the
chain ofgold, a
poem
in three books.
142
A CATALOGUE OF
(^wLj <Uci Selman and Absal^ a
<Jmu^4mC-j the
life
jJL-j\ J
tale.
of Alexander,
of Joseph and Zuleikha, a
UJj J
t Q.M
//^e /(?vc5
{j_^^j
(^
f/*^
j^vii^Lj
Me mansion of the
spring.
j\y'S\
'k^
the
Oxf
Oxf.
(<*jj
c^^' l3^^
^Qj\r\
>
poetical
work
called Mesnavi,
upon several
politics;
subjects, of
and
This poem
composed by
is
greatly ad-
mired
Priv.
in Persia,
and
it
Oxf.
^j\y\ ^\^^
are quoted
by Sadi
in his
much esteemed
in the East.
PERSIAN BOOKS.
t-
143
The works
of Nezami
(j^SLti\3d\j\j^\
of lovers,
^^Lj
CUaA
of Alexander.
a tale.
^j.-f^ J
\^
Leila
and Magenum,
Pendnama,
^JJ^jo^
Ferideddin
Lond.
Oxf
The works
^jj^s^\
of Catebi
J-*^
the junction
of two seas.
(jA^j
Cir**^ beuutij
and
love,
jy^J^ jyj(i
A^\^^^J aX^^
and triumpher,
144
A CATALOGUE OF
histories
'
in
Asia.
The
poets of the
f^^jj
L^tXj^i^
Roudeki, who
Reshidi,
who wrote an
;
c/tX^a^l
not to
lyric poets,
who
are
known
in
Europe.
PHILOSOPHY.
The
light of Soleil or
canopus.
Oxf.
The
touchstone of learning
more simple
translation of
Pilpai,
by
Abu
Fazl.
Oxf.
PERSIAN BOOKS.
145
The
into
French by
Petit
de
ia
Croix.
miscel-
There
is
a beautiful
copy of
this
library at Oxford.
Marsh
397.
A system of natural
philosophy, by Isfahani
Oxf.
The
Oxf.
There
are
many books
in
Algebra, Astronomy,
Physic
all
which deserve
the Europeans.
The
manuscripts
all their
upon
146
A CATALOGUE OF
:
the
two
first
monly
illuminated,
sometimes per-
Oxford
is,
gilt
degree
it is
No.
I.
The
is
Asiatics have
many advantages
in writing
their ink
its
colour; the
Egypthe
which they
flourishes
;
make
and
and
their letters
run so easily
into
faster than
any other
nation.
manuscripts
and
if
they should
do right
to
shall
147
I.
NISKHI.
This
is
the
onl/
we can
imitate
exactly by our
typ
the
it
and
we
attempj
:o
it is
frequently
used by the
written in
it.
Persiais,
II.
T ALIK.
This beautful hand
if
may
them
easily be read
;
by Europeans,
and
if
they do
not,
what wll
it
avail
to read
it
In this form of
The
characters
are the ssme with (or rather only a variety of) those used in
"
Types kave
it
since been
made
though
easiest character to
[ 148 ]
that ^j^ printing, except
and
<^
a r often
expressed by a
As
the
words
in a
they lengthen
by a
fine stroke
of thireed;
if
too long,
In the Persian
poems
the
on
same
as
we
do:
a Persian
would write
Assumes
It
the god^
that
this
must be confessed,
irregulariy in writing,
it
very
difficult
to
the
us
by
149
III.
SHEKEST EH.
In
this inelegant
hand
all
ed
'^,
the points
C->
from
^and
and
from
O,
Cj and
c->, Sec.
\
^*^jjjj
connected
This
is,
which must be
letter:
it
am
who
chiefly complain of
is
have another
greater,
which
their imperfect
-V
s-^V
'% f
0-
^i'^
I'
N^^rV-
A
.%
>..'(
ADVERTISEMENT.
will
be
founds
to
it
is
hoped^ oj
and
those in particular
It is
who
'tire
Grammar^
but,
as a vocabulary,
may
iiChnory a
M*may
^'^^
who
havefnade but
and annexed
to
for
^
.ii
example^
,^
\ C^w*^^
which
literally signifies
letter
to desire
is,
must not
152
ADVERTISEMENT.
for^ to, in,
jX implying
and CU-^
person present of
it is
unnecessary
to
it
will save
the learner
cipal
jj\
much
CJ
istic
(or
before
\)
the character-
kc.
to
which no
with.
^
J
M
without.
8cc.
C^(for
which, what.
^^
A [or
before
\)
the negative
prefixed to imperatives.
ADVERTISEMENT.
*i or (J
(<?r
153
the general
\)
to
words are
or j^ my, mine.
thy, thine.
his, her, its.
Uo our.
Cj Cj\ or CUj
U-^ your.
J
^j\
^
nouns
.
or
^^ their.
to
the plural
living
creatures.
or
\j
sometimes equivalent
to
our a or one
\
and
at other
or ^
;
it
marks
it is
lowing noun
is in the
genitive case
and
then equal to
our
-"
of.
Notwithstanding the above observations, which will save the learner some
from
for
and
154
ADVERTISEMENT.
when
the learner therefore
%* The A put
after
some words
in the
Index shows
151*
Jn Extract from
the
Jahanglr,
written
Himself.
<^jjS
jIjI-'
c:,^^ j
0--?^
^'
1^(^^,
(*'^J^
u*r^
ci^-^iiaLo
ci*->^
<S.s^^^ j1_)^'
i^^j^
Jjj^--^
Lsr-l
(^:;,,wc^
J-cU-
^^
ili^JJ
ij>^j)j f-r'j^
At^i
(j:^^-j^
Sjo Jys^j
^^**^.
c)^.^ **tx^
JjJ^Jj^
^^!
^^
J^\/^
J^
^^W
^1
cJ^
'^
C>J^
Ji
<u
C^-^i^Ls
^_5^.jj;t)
*-L
(l5
(<-^j '^j'^^j^
c:,.^-''
j_*isi^
i^S^^
,1x1 xOls^,
aIJ
'^'-v;^*
'^.'^
cJ_^
(****'-' *5j*" /w
Jjy"
^Ij
U:^^
^J
(JLiSi^
b
.V."..y;,<,
t::^'UL'j
Jw.
.^-^ |*Uj
u-^^
'^^ ^^^J,
^f a^
J^
J
j^-3^
*^^
J^j Job
^J '^IrF
jjjtj
-^J^
^
jcj^i^
L^y- ^^^V J t^
z**^ illi^b
Jj^
^\
<s^
jj>-
^b a^
j^^'
(.:>,ir
(^y^^
\Z
-'-^^
'
j^^
ixLii^
^U
^jJUy
allob
-i^\
X>.s:*
i\,':l'^^
c)^
(J^) J
155*
A Description
j:*JL^ ^^\i\j
CjJ^ ^ <U^j
'r^r^
^^V
^'^^
^1?J>^^
154*
Lr^J^J lM l)^
"^J^
^^^-*r-i^
J J>*
ij^
^ L^%-^
j:j
j^ ^yy-
^y^
^J^c^
3^*-*^
M^y\
:ijL.
^3^
t/U. ^tv^r
^\j
c^w;\ cMjb
^j:>
to
txJ:^^.^^ lL>^4X^\
^^-^V^ tc^.?w
INDEX.
c^r Water,
fountain: lustre.
tX-f^\ A.
Ahmad
(most worthy
J\ upon: a cloud.
affairs,
con-
iJ^\ todrdwasword^knifei&c,
^L:iL\
A.
JLj\
A. Absal,/7r(?/?r A.
name.
choice, liberty
pru-
(J-a3^1
^^\
(father
cLn-J^^ a. Abulays
of
^jj^\
A.
j*^\
A.
moderns
a
posterity.
Adam;
man:
a mes-
senger.
\^\ A.
fiery.
when.
9th Persian month;
S\ A. a mark, impression.
_j\'2\
the
vernal,
^bl
fire.
J\y^\
A.
pi'
ofj^ the
^jsJ\
noble, free
care, grief.
^Jssrt^j!^]
i^j^\
(^L-^^
benefit.
A. or.
A.
j\
present, favour,
,
156
to adorn.
^
j^L^\ from amidst.
^y.j(^^j\
(jfl>J\j]
a\j\
rest.
is
yjj\
^y^\
L;\
ing.
to
sew
together.
^\
may
A.
brings from
o^^
like,
resembling:
appeas-
^l^i^l
safety, rectitude.
Aj\ Iram,
name of a fabulous
(^LjV
c^w;\ or
rest,
both from
a horse.
^J2y^X
garden
in the East.
c^wl V
j\ from.
^
j\j\
^|U^^^^
A.
hearing, sound.
^\j\
he
set. at liberty.
^Mji
j\^\
rf^^\jX
liberty.
k.pl.
ofj^
secrets.
Micting, from
rebuke,
that.
afflict,
(^U->( heaven.
^j3,V)\ to
wound.
^^yJ\
to rest.
^\j\[rom
{^
_JCl\
Wr j\ thence.
^>j\j^
l=lj\
i^jM
from
this.
j\
hence.
of.
^^ jl
on account
knowledge.
? <j^j,jj\ wherefore
why ?
'
C^^j\
on account of
to disturb.
^^S
afiHcted,/row (j^j^
a nest.
A. confusion, pain.
/?/.
^j\ whence.
Wj\ cxperienced,yromjjJ>^-^\
L^\ya^\
4-JUib\ A.
tracts.
o/^
ui^
parts,
157
:>U:xc\ A.
J-a^-^ A.
J
(^Ulil sprinkling, shedding.
belief, faith.
great; greater.
"
jVc-l
a beginning.
o/^^^-Afr branches.
^^^J^\
to press.
f^Las] A. pi.
(j^ji\
to
embrace.
oJj\' rivals, jea-
_j\^\ A. pi.
lousy.
^\jJ\
A. pi.
A.
of^(^
cups.
^^\tXiJ\
to cut.
their cups.
iJlL^\
j)j^\
^j-o
\
A. affirmation, confirmation, A.
lJz^X
i^\Li\
coffer.
the sun.
Akbar
(greater)
proper
.-r-r
or ^uliijf a bottle;
name.
'J^^ t)r ii\S]
intelligent, vigilant
^j:kLi\
to fall.
knowledge.
j^\
name.
^
jj\
1S\
if.
<!^a^\ though.
(j4^i:>l
^r
(^^y-S'^\
filling.
to
fill,
now.
full.
(jr\^j)S\
to inflame.
cnff
A.
^jt>o^\ to create.
^jjji\ creating,yrom
\j5\
//^^
A. but, except. A.
above.
oU:J\
esteem, respect.
A^\
(j;Ui-\
A. A.
A.
gentleness, lenity
(jj3j3\
(^^<j^\
musical notes.
the mind.
increasing.
alas
to
!
^jy^^\
L-fl3\ A.
(^y^\
^j^\-li\
a thousand.
speak
idly.
^^
158
to stain, sprinkle. A.
^\
(^r that: time: now.
(j^^\
^^Jl
O God, heaven;
divine.
^Ul
those.
fill.
4xJ\ A. the
C>i.L)^ to
j^aCLj]
fixed
fcc.
to
oo
aid, strength,
A. desire, expectation.
Ur\
[annexed
to
m\
to
words) my.
;
^\ A.
j\tx31
or A:f\ stars.
j^^Ucf
prepare
to be ready.
jUr
preparing.
j^U)l A. security,
cerity.
mercy;
sin-
i^jji^\
t^5jo\
;
tX^r he came
(^4X^\
to
coming.
C:/i^t>o\
to gain,
gather
^j^jJ\
to
besmear.
coming, approach.
thought, consideration.
JD^
to-d ay.
to-night.
to learn, teach.
^^Ji
iSiiof
thither.
L->^JL^\
that
which; he who.
at that time.
^iwj^l
jyc\
skilled, teaching.
ijrcsyr^\
to mix.
ySS\ raismg,
j\y\
A.
exciting.
Anwar
(splendour)
proper name.
jyoX
J^^\
oj.j^
rivers.
(J\
159
his,
U
i/\
lSj\
orj\
or
her,
its.
^ijA.
herself. jl himself,
lS\ or
\j\
j\j\
f^\j\
a voice,
A.
sound
fame.
case,
pL of ^\
times.
aW
A.
times, days,/?/, of
to stand.
:
j^^j
(^^l:i-*j\
Jrom
(jritXiJ\
(^Ulj\ they
to devour.
their.
3^ o^^
:
themselves.
\yLljl
them
to
them
jjX hnngm^Jrom
V)J\
^y^^\
him,
Xcc.
yy.
^j^\
iy\
lalj\
lS\
A.
this.
Sir
him, her,
A. pi.
it
to
(jU^
of (Jjj leaves.
ij^\
these.
^jy^j{
to bring.
here.
so, thus
Csij^\
throne:
a manufac-
C^<*j\
j--lj\
turing village.
hither.
^j\
actions.
f^j\ A.
A.
pi.
of
^j
affairs,
eilj\ behold.
<Ckjr a mirror.
first
the beginning.
the
L^j\ these.
(j^j\
cients.
A.
forefathers,
an-
C^\
nature.
L^
(j^^j\
jJjk\A.
to
hang.
skilful:
endowed with,
C-J
with;
with,
to, for.
possessed
a gate;
of:
since.
CL^t^
j^]
(Jjb\
wise.
LJ>\j A.
a chapter,
a fawn.
jb
b V
UKkXi
2)[i
160
to play.
;
jL^U
let
it
affectionate.
be.
;
^^\j more
^j-^\
pure.
u-o ^U zephyr;
the east or
i{2)\j
a gentle gale
morning wind.
wine.
JV
a wing
an arm.
j^^U
Lfj\}
Persian.
"iU above,
upwards.
once.
(j^lj
to strain.
jV
jU
from
^^4Vl> in the
morning.
2(>^U
again, anew.
tX-oJlj
fifteen.
five
hundred.
UiJL>\y^\j with-hold,
i^jo^\j
keep back.
j*jiU
together.
it
player; playing.
4^J\J
is
necessary, /ro/?i
(^U
l.tjb
a basha, governor.
it
j^tNjlj
permanent,
yrom tJu
(>JL\j
may be
it
may
happen,
foot,
and
^b
to
//le
participle
of
from
^:>ji
to sprinkle, diffuse.
(jriti\^ to
have.
jjjt>s--^\j
iji^\>
be necessary.
?^
C/u^U
to accept.
ijrs^ to
weave
to tinge.
;
^
7/ie
^b A.
nent.
the remainder
perma-
(jl^
t,V>*^>
fear, care.
he kissed,/r(?m ^j4Xj^
L_)
ob
C^U
^rj/
appears to be
rC'
dundant.
^
^,
^
161
infant.
(/;/.
u^^^) an
full.
the
bosom: upon.
carry-
C^r^
for.
y^
A.
^^X)
J;->2r^^
to rest.
I
ij-^ot^^
sure.
A.
mea-
^2>jJ\j^
^j;4X^\^
should
ascend.
rest.
to
^y^jj^^
A. a
^\j^
i>^\^
for,
because.
sisting of Iambics
i^j^j^,
and Spondees.
arises,
comes,
from
A.
o
i^Vy
a harp, lute.
a ray, splendour.
to rise, arise.
to finish,
seas.
j5^
CA^
>-i^
to boil.
I
CiriJ[s^
would giYQjfrom
(j^\:^
3^\Xj he
(jriJti\^
v
compose.
(jjo-Ls;:^ to give.
oo bad.
^j^
4>->
j*t>o
6>r
bad of me.
to
for these.
to raise, exalt
^j\i^
know
thou.
::.>..^.
\tX) I
ij^
jJ^y
c/w>b
they carry
off.
^^
(j*^j:>
a veil, tapestry.
a chamberlain, porter.
iSj\^^^jj
become conspi-
cuous.
Jw^y
arrives.
i?r
j-^
bead.
j^<X>-wj
162
J^
jj^liu**^
^\
Si^,^f^jj
we have
asked.
garden
(jtw-J a
CU3y
L^jj
he went away.
a leaf;
breast.
power; arms;
C^w)
to bind, shut.
^3^
ijrlL^
to
fill.
to return, recede. to
blossomed.
iifu*^.L')jJ
ascend, mount.
let
us break.
sight: prudence.
;
AjU^
a butterfly, moth.
OfeM^
(JliaJ
A.
jjjj a protector,
nourishcr;
A. A.
lazy
a miscreant.
(Jkj
vain, fruitless.
ij^jj^
to educate, nourish.
U^jj^
ment.
education.
Nourish-
Ucvij
tive^
from
8cc.
com-
(^ J
without, out
of.
mand,
Jbjj together.
0>-y-^\^
is
to
my
desire.
Cj^rf^j^
to
beware, abstain.
Oo^US he
u^^
j^:^
Lfjj
abstinence, chastity.
an angel,
fairy.
^
Jj
(j^
from
j^Ulj^ ruinous,
scattered.
disordered,
^oSj
shall
pass,
but.
A. A.
j^X<Jj
to wither,
decay.
misfortune; without,
a country, region.
i^
(JJj a nightingale.
y
ii^
but.
a tiger. yes.
it
163
(J.
(jt>s--ij^
Ctxij
an owl.
^^
to the
owl
(^
A.
^j^^
shall
perishj/r^m ij^j^
Ji^Liy
the rose. <U good
:
rose-scented. Scent of
ij^J^
therefore.
in, into.
To.
^fUlJ
fifth.
fifty.
j^
;
the spring.
the
j^\::s--j^Lj
bind
spring.
CUsSt^ cheerfulness.
advice, counsel.
j^
all,
because,
for,
on account of:
cellence.
a garden of violets.
:
m\j^
Baharam
(the planet
Mars)
J>j-^1J
the
proper name.
ci^uj the breast, side:
near:
c_j
dant.
(^3^
^jJ>^
without.
little
branch.
an excuse.
a kiss.
uncultivated.
(jio^
^Ijj
shall find.
^j\:l*^
Jo-**5y
a garden.
Jlj
from
i^f^^rt^j^
he kissed,
LT^
164
I
<0L) a cup.
II
4_>2lj
before;
the front.
oL-j
fearless.
^l :'._..) innumerable.
j^y^
<ulx-J
*5Cj
inconstant
afflicted.
new.
(^%f^
novelty.
C-^A.
jj-^\i-j
house; a distich.
^J-o
j-J
an elephant.
fear,
inconsiderate.
danger.
u^^-JjV:J irregular.
ijJLas?:^
iJ\L^-J unequalled.
without assistance,
^J^J^
J
^>
to measure.
ir^
J'
a root, origin.
4J1J seeing.
1
may
see,
^o//i
/ro/n
Ignorant.
(jyGs^
ijPcsyfi
to sift.
L::,.-^
or
Lu\ ^^
endless.
to take captive.
false, faithless.
:
^^^
helpless, unfortunate.
to join, touch.
c:^fl,,.g.s?^
ij^^j^
^tX-j
openly
a discovery.
<ij^
ing.
O
o\
thy.
or
O (annexed
flame
; ;
to
words)
to deck.
until, that, in
order
to.
y^
shedding,
lJ6
heat,
;
splendour
;
strength
<' ^,^^^
desire
a fever
con-
twenty.
torsion.
y
j^tX-jljU to
165
thee
0>
\y
;
cause to shine.
turn, ^c. from
to thee.
^U
may
jjtXjU
C^^P
A.
a tomb.
make warm
to
be able.
(^y
wager.
a wire;
thou fearest,yrom.
to fear.
fear.
hasten
(^<X---jJ
J^
obscurity; a hair;
;
a thread
the summit.
j-iy^
anguish.
A.
pointing;
shame,
'
_^15
op*
woman;
A.
a beautiful
man
or
f^J^
A.
a history, chronicle.
Turk;
leaving; relin-
C^^U
dark.
_y^J^
darker.
quishing.
,^^-o-oJ correcting
;
arranging.
in-
J^jU more
CJ-CsV!)
fresh, 8cc.
L Q ./,** A ) A.
composition,
to inflame, burn.
vention.
^^
'Oil
om-
LJ
let
jj-^ajo
A.
haste.
^^
gant.
A.
a present
rare,
ele-
^jJxJ
A.
hanging, dependent^
J^jJ
prudence,
advice
hand-writing.
government*,
.
regulation.
^<jJ
A.
a record, obligation.
j^yo
A.
relaxation,
walking;
Ji
moist, fresh^
contemplation.
J
^^U
bitter
;
166
y.
severely.
U*^
k. precious:
the eighth.
mouth.
a
Li^Uj diversion
seeing.
spectacle,
W
full,
a place.
aI*J a.
tion,
perfect;
comple-
j3U- aninchanter;
inchanting.
end: completely.
a wish; supplication.
^W
^J^j
remedy.
fissure, a
llL*i A.
(^U.. a
breach
L^U.
to tear.
aU- a cup,
glass
mirror.
jJ thou
thy.
[pi.
^y^y
thyself
<UoW
a mantle, robe;
a collection.
bed.
^\yk.
f^y
Xiy
it is
of^Jo)
histories.
^l>^Uwoman.
possible,/rom4:>U-3\y
;
the
soul;
beautiful
A.
repentance conversion.
to collect
;
ij'c^y
to
pay
debts.
(^UW
c/V^
CU-lui A. congratulation.
uV
^3
poor.
j^W
tXs. A.
having
an animal.
(j^n-^ A.
*.
the forehead.
j'3 an arrow
study, endeavour.
JO
^
^y
J> U "if
oU.U^) a wound.
^y^
A.
i^j^y^ Circassia.
moisture.
<iL^j^ A. a crime.
V^
167
i;Ju*^ to leap;
amine.
to
4)^
seek, ex-
^vl*^ in
like
manner.
A^L^ an eye.
<^4..1^
ivjtX^
5^u^
CC*A.
cV .
A.
in this
manner, thus.
a fountain.
to taste, try.
or <iC^ paradise.
^ how many?
^Ujs
..m>^
have
tasted.
tXx^
A.
a curling lock.
'^
fairy land.
C>1> ;^
>
a harp, lute.
[or
ment, a lyre, a
^^^x-
lute.
^^
liver-
when
LK^)
like, as.
the
liver,
j^^^^^
_^
piercing.
^-i]^ an answer.
thou do?
c^
//ze
i^) what,
<^\y^ youth.
^\js>^
A.
[pi
of ^yi*-) jewels,
^y^
how? what?
<5^j^ when
that.
t>W
A.
volume:
a skin.
Jl^^
A.
beauty, elegance.
Jamshed,/?rc/?^/' ame.
^^y^
<3ci..
tX,.,n-i,^
j-^
troops.
A. collection,
assembly,
what, which.
leaping, /r<?m
four.
^ijs.-
c^w&-
{^y^
garden, meadow.
ju-^
^^L^
fourteen.
168
A.
miprisonment.
(/;/.
^iW
^^Jci.
dens.
A.
of
i!Ju<^.js^)
gar-
^l^
Oojca^
A.
news; an accident.
jb^^
A.
Caution.
A.
tX,^
A.
dihgence, solicitude.
C-o^
^;^
motion: a vowel.
envy, malevolence.
iS{^
,
forty.
c">i
's
A.
-^ what?
what
is
it?
i^jss^
seek?
j*^
A.
a decree;
A.
wisdom.
Cn^
^:...>x
China: a
I
ringlet.
CU.^^
j;-5^
science; a miracle.
A.
i^^
O.&^l^A. necessity: poverty.
A.
A.
lawful.
a bath.
^X^^
jJjoW
a. arriving; completion;
:
cX.^ A. praise.
harvest, produce
profit.
C^:>\j^
A.
(pi.
of Ll^^W)
acci-
iaiW
A. Hfifiz (a
man
of great
dents, news.
iiS\js^
A. assistance,
support: a
A.
condition, state*,
fortress;
eminence, mountain.
A.
(/?/.
time present.
0ff\j^
of
CL-^^)
neces-
1^
oLa.
bule.
{3n^i-
a. life;
a portico, vesti-
\j^ God.
OOj^tXL a prince, lord, patron.
A. {pi.
A.
(?/21^) frauds.
an animal.
jOj\
j^ O God O
!
heaven
(J\j^f^
Jiving, life;
<ul^ 4^Jj\4XL
the
only
Lord
God.
j^i^
j\^
a thorn.
friend of
God, proper
name.
^^UoLa^ stately, pompous.
j^XL.
anguish, resentment.
to rise.
cA^^
j^lk
_Jo\^
A.
O^
3*^
A.
murmured: kWfrom
intellect:
small.
(j}j\L.
^.5^ minute,
4^1-^^
subtile; minutiae.
AtSC*-^^*^^
I
C^Uw
contented.
JIL
a.
am
A^
;
charming, "pleasant.
a cock or hen.
:
an
inn.
U^.^
tack.
IjLL
{pi.
^'<uIL) houses.
an
at-
^yy^
4^j^ buying; he
fj\j^
the autumn.
bought.
^:i\^j^
ashamed,
blushing;
envy.
kuk
A. a
A.
mustacho
a line, rule.
Ik^
a crime, error.
J^
^laAk
70
(Ji^j^ sweet;
\jLjL,
b
happy.
to
CU^^
j^^p^lk
joy be
LfjjJtijL,
sweet-scented.
sincerity, purity.
Lfj^jk. sweet-tempered.
^^js>^
blood,
j^j^
blood'
dropping.
LJ>\^ drowned
the place
in sleep.
4jyL
disposition, temper.
to
Wl-)\^
bed.
of rest; a
(^t>o^
chew
the cud.
Jul
a spectre
to
imagination, phantasy;
:
vain, fruitless.
(jLJ\j^
ij\j^
be willing; to want.
^JJJ^L
risen.
to read, sing-
i\jk.
ask, call,
wish
for.
C-^)^
gentle,
-b
2>\^
darkness, night.
equity;
gift;
lamenta-
good.
tion.
J^j^ more
^jfSfjjL,
beautiful,
See.
(j^b
to give.
most beautiful.
t^\^
house
;
jb
self;
his.
A.
a family
town.
^^
or (J^^ji^ one's
to eat,
\j\^
Dara, Darius.
I
^..^^
iX-^j^i^
devour.
Ajb
the sun.
71
ib he had.
0-bj)j^ to carry
in.
CA^b
p\3 a
to
have, hold.
scar,
U^^)j^
provoke.
to
suspend
contend
wound,
mark.
J3
CUk,^
lierii^
a tree, a plant.
^^b
skirt,
a fold, lappet, or
border of a garment.
a vessel; sheath.
^^
dregs.
wound,
pain, torment;
j^b knowing:
Ub
a wise or learned
man.
C^^^
3jj
right, complete.
<!^jljUb
prudently^ wisely.
I
knew.
(j^u^\^ to know.
r-']'
C.^5o,3 delay.
^_yjb learning.
<M.i,.:LSb
learned
a doctor.
(jrL*)SJj:^
to view, behold.
Lf<X>
^J:..!)\:i
learning, literature.
;^j^
trails.
within:
the
heart;
in-
^b
cannon
snare, allurement
ball.
a grain
l,^
\j^^
the sea.
to
dost thou
4:^\j^.5
understand.
alas
!
know?
administrac/,jbA. dominion,
tion of justice.
Iijj3
(?r
^^
an enemy.
;
j^
in,
a register, journal
A.
index.
subtile,
J^
{pi. ofij:^)
CuLii
small
;
minute
;
^j(^^\j^
to enter.
a subtilty
a minute.
z2,
j^j^
ju*.^.> a hriend
harmony, comp,
C^t-<*\5^3
passes away.
of m:> breath,
to do,
'dudj^from
c^Lj
^^
again: another,
make.
two.
A.
j^
dehghtful,
ji^^
ravishing,
^^^-^^j^
species
of large
for
'^J\ participle
of
trees;
an orchard:
rattles
suspend.
children.
j^^
of 1^^
j^^
A.
andj^
rolling.
^j3
p.
far
ofF,
distant.
J\(^^ as mistress
ing,
heart-ravish-
j3 sewing,
piercing.
of uPJl\^
j*-J.>
have, hold.
^^^ for
CU*^^
Jc^yi
(Xw?^^
to
^^\j3 twelve.
heart-wounding, comp.
a friend, mistress.
dearer,
more
friendly.
two hundred.
jj3
to
kingdom,
state.
deceive.
of J^ and
f^JiS
from
^j^tX-Jii^
to
world.
open, conquer,
8cc.
gift, liberality.
CUJLA3
^j\ijfe.i
fear,
astonishment.
a villager.
'70
^
C^i\j A. compassion, favour.
j\y^ ^i
icn thousand.
first
iS^ winter,
winter month,
^(^\j
to drive, banish.
December; yesterday.
J^:i
[pi.
Aj
way, path.
to rob, steal, infest the
^yj Aj
highway.
^^^\j
A. A.
habitations
a country.
Oo3 he
s?iWi
from
fragrant; fragrance.
a verse of four lines, a
letters.
j^tNj^ to see.
j\i>^^ sight.
^V;
word of four
j^o
yesterday.
Pj^
again.
A.
returning.
;
S^^ another.
\^S^^
'^j
a cheek, face
a groan
the
a royal
A great
A.
an embassy; a man-
of government so called.
date.
^txJLj^
(jrLij
to cause to arrive.
to
grow;
to
be delivered.
jb
with.
A.
possessed
of,
endowed
wj
A.
(X^
A. majestic.
arrives, /row
to arrive.
J\Wj'3
^jtN-^
<x::-^
L^b
C^^^U
j\j
gold.
a line, thread.
A.
<X^
A. tranquillity.
Rashid
(a
conductor)
proper name.
a secret, mystery.
a declivity, foot of a
hill.
t^
^\:ii^
A.
9^
motion.
174
^j
ijr^^
went, /row
J^j^j
motion.
an
logo: departure,
to
age; wind,
vanity.
j^<X-^
J>j
A.
:
dance
<ii-^vj^lSjjjj
a journal.
CJ^jij
(j-Sjjjj
broidery
racter; arithmetic.
^Ul:-^,
J^^^j more
name oj a
splendid.
Rokncibad,
(S^JJ
^igJit*
splendour.
place,
C^^jj
A. A.
[pi.
a garden.
jytj
ofyoj) enigmas.
;
^j.^j
A.
beauty, elegance.
f^^
he threw
throwing.
^jj
fSjj
or
jj
^j
person.
sorrow, pain.
a road,
way.
CiGj colour
C^iojlS,
rious.
paint.
4jl:^
va-
many-coloured,
C/Ls^
to pour.
i:J^j coloured.
\^A. right, competent, worthy.
(jru^
to buzz.
^jj
\j3\
A.
^j
spirit-raising,
from
name.
j^^Vj to
be born
*.
to bring forth.
j\j
c)jj^)jjj increasing daily.
complaint
a bed, a place.
U^\)
^^ complain.
175
rJ
U
^j
striking,
^\j dew;
hail.
frost,
hoar
frost,
disturbing,
Jrom
f^y^ to strike.
(:J\(^j
A woman.
prison.
life.
(JlioJ)
cream.
Jl^j
A.
decay, misery.
^j
aJ^
^j poison, venom.
i^^ybj poisonous.
wound, blow,
stroke.
\y^ dispelling.
y^ Venus;
^jlj)
courage;
gall.
^y^
loss,
damage.
i^^jy^
L-^j)
\>jj
an ornament; beauty.
beautiful.
jj
^j
gold.
pale, yellow.
S^j
a goldsmith.
j^jj
to
^j
ijrUij
under, below.
because,
for.
\jSj
^j
\^j
from
whom ?
lJl))
a lock of hair.
Lj
like,
resembling.
a shore, coast, bank.
^Wj
world;
fortune;
A^Lj
a.
time, season.
JU
full
of
jL; preparing.
uyaj ground,
earth.
176
j^
a^J^
a composer, performer.
iiSL
177
the
J^
JL*Li
A.
-^^
sun.
A. a
lamp, lantern;
^WLj
A.
Salmiin,/7r^/?er
name.
glorious.
to
C/uts^
to mix,
compose.
kand.
^j-^-j
C^oi^
dent
:
jessamine.
tal&,
_jC^^^ jessamine-bosomed.
jj-*i^
a hyacinth.
<JCJLij-j
wanton;
confused; a vagabond.
jj**i
a cypress-tree
A.
C^v m.
a stone.
jfjj^
CJiXbW stony.
:>\^ A. blackness
;
(^jii-^j^
(jiti^
melancholy.
proper.
f^^j^
from
^J2iJ^
l,j--j
happy, august.
L^jjt-j
S^tdl^nameofapoet.
an endeavour, diligence
thou piercest./row
^jt^
4
A.
rose.
^_plfi-j
jy^
in^'dming, from
(j^j^
4X^jj-j
an oath.
a place, part>
ti^-j towards;
side.
A a
178
A-j three.
^
(jU
(for
J^\)
comb.
they; their.
l^
Soha,
tall,
name of a
erect.
star,
^;0Jl2 to
i^^
^J^^
j(>pij sixteen.
name
'
ilij
a king, emperor.
of a Persian author,
f^'
thirty.
<L<j
u^w
black.
night.
a.
^Uj or
cjLw?
(Jlj
youth.
^L-j
blackness.
full of"
one night.
haste.
f-r^y^ bathed,
^^Vu-j thirteen.
t.
water.
lJcJ^
^j^li^
crii>\::JL
or
^i,\l-i;
make
haste.
to
make
haste.
j-wj
_Jiti (pi.
^\f^
or\ibjiti) a
camel.
y^
5?cH
A. a tree.
A. strength, force, agility.
silvered.
<!C--j
to be, 8cc.
>
L->L.t>
wine.
bashful.
-i
lA
^L^iOj-ij
4^\ or
his,
(^
{annexed
to ivords)
l,L^io^ bashfulness.
C^w-ij to wash.
(^^L^ six.
^lij
C
[pi.
^>wiM>
sixty.
^]U:iliJ
*\-i-
mirth.
^lyt^
A.
of js\Li)
poets,
the evening.
in the evening.
^f^X^lij
flame, splendour.
r
JCti
a hunter.
179
L5^
^"^j,^
to
number, enumerate.
;
gold.
a scymitar.
C-o^
A.
a complaint,
^yiwj sugar.
j^,|^^^5Cij eating sugar.
^4^ <W^
A.
A.
a candle,
wax
taper.
an atom.
(j/iklluij
(j.u\lwj
(^3^5w
to
understand.
^ --^^ U
chest of sugar.
have heard.
C/uXij
^JC-^Xt?
to break, defeat.
jrom
current Persian
(j^JiSiti
hand-w riling;
to
blossom
to admire-
from
the
4>^
A. A.
honey, honey-comb.
a city;
the
^^
patience, toleration.
moon;
a knave.
U-X^
^LjCtj
also a tiger.
U^
selves,
jli-ts
the top
S\\iY2iZ^
band of a book.
^j\y^
number; numerous.
you;
to you.
name oj a place.
^J^L^^ijxLi
j^lvij ye,
^^Uo;^.^ a lioness.
^^U^
A.
odour, fragrance.
JjUj
A
a lion.
^
^^^l}^
180
L-ft-o
>
a rank, file; order. \suc A. purity, pleasure.
\>^*o A.
proper name.
JtuivJii
of gentle manners.
a calamity.
C^yc
A.
^^jy^
.Ld a. a lord, master, possessor, friend;
A. fancy,
image, form
a spectre.
endowed
with.
^2>^ Cjijya
to feign.
;
JL^ u-'A^l-o
J3
U-o
A. the
beautiful.
\^
fasting
A.
fasting
the season of
Lj^^awL? honest-hearted.
among
the
Mahomedans;
zephyr; youth.
A.
.^TT*^
or
^Vwo
morning,
hunting; prey,
to take prisoner,
aurora.
A^^r?*"^
in the
*
^J^^ i^.^
morning.
^ one morning.
^(Xv/
j^
A. patience.
A.
J^f^
L*o
society.
A.
mind, conscience
^_j-u^
a boy.
A. light, splendour.
CU^^
^u-2^
tXo
company,
A.
leaf,
book, pa^e.
LJtJo
A. joy, mirth, festivity.
a hundred.
jitX-tf
Sad-dar
(a
hundred
gates)
b^^jk^Ja
name of a
J\jib
Persian book,
ui^
part.
A.
a border, margin,
tx-o a
hundred thousand.
to
^^xTlJ-o
LJu?
A.
expend, employ.
A. A.
a lock of hair.
difficult, severe.
^Jj^
181
A.
{jLs.
^_^-i!b
^|jil?
thouaskest,/rom (jtX-Ji^
A. rising,
f^
universal;
plebeian,
as the sun,
public.
j-l?
A. A.
desire, avarice.
a circuit, walk.
i^y^^
A.
tabbasi,
name of a
4-j^jL
^jL>
a parrot.
A storm.
folding.
Ofu:
ample.
(--^af"
A.
^
j^
A.
a fold, ply:
A. a bird.
A.
wonder, admira-
tion.
cJW
^jsiio
A. justice.
A. victory.
jOo: A. an enemy.
C'l.Jds A. darkness.
J[b^
A.
cjj^
Sl
^^>j^
A. a wild
A.
Arab.
an Arabian inhabiting
Oils
^j^lc
accident
;
A.
A.
custom, usage.
a cheek; a tooth; an
a city.
<5yo^ A. a
field, court,
:
area; an
heavy cloud.
empty space
U^jfj^
jSjS.
rable. A.
a dice-table.
lover. ^3^Vii A. a
A. poetry,
prosody.
CAft-^^i A.
two
lovers.
magnificent, incompa-
Oj-i^
A. mirth,
conversation
Jlc
A. the
^jy^
/*5^
^3-^
A.
love.
L^b
^j-t-&
fondness.
182
^.^*^S
'
A.
chastity, integrity;
life.
defence, safeguard.
a fountain
an eye,
yos-
A.
look;
goU; essence:
paradise.
\^ysj:'
<05\
perfumed, fragrant.
A.
^lic
God
preserve.
t
L^licealed.
A.
oJl^ a.
a string of pearls: a
knot
treaty.
(Ja^^
a. prudence,
;
memory,
art,
j^J-
A.
knowledge
a narrative.
C^o^ A.
Ulx- A.
punishment, torment.
poor man.
JVji' A. a fawn.
fjfj^
A.
an ode.
^^
A.
A.
j^j^
my
life.
J-^i
action,
operation.
A.
vexation.
Anger.
A^ A.
j^
A.
L--^4M^
Oj-N^l^
A. A.
a ni^htins^ale.
a spider.
i^j'S^ sorrowful.
L^\j^
<X-c A.
A.
(///.
o/u-^-x) vices.
time;
L^L^
iiA^
i^^j^
afflicted.
age,
compact,
a rose-bud.
bud.
promise.
to sleep, slumber.
j\^
A. a touchstone, proof.
L--^-x A.
^^-.t A.
solemnity;
C^-iols A.
overffowedj/rcm ^^^^^-j
Jls
A.
an omen, presage.
183
fcli
coloured.
a tumult, faction, dis-
^J^y
from
lPj)^
orna-
(/^/'
'4jjj^^) inflamed,
<U:X3 A.
cn^-jjil
lie
sells,
both
from
^pJ
ment.
ItXi
A.
glorious;
glory,
^jj3
A.
splendour.
to
A ransom, redemption.
A.
i^i>j[ytjj3
be dejected.
^j^
absence, separation.
(^ji
or L--^^ deceit,
from
forget.
happy.
to deceive.
to freeze, congeal.
(belonging to
name of a poet*
to send.
to press, squeeze.
A. eloquence,
^^y^^^
^c^-ii^
fairy.
CU^uof
messenger;
melody.
:
an
angel,
^Ui
iS
A.
sorrow, complaint
alas
consideration, care.
CU3^
sect.
A.
absence; a troop; a
Uo^aj
ii
consider;
\^Jo
is
the imperative
to
of ^i^yt^
thou,
^
from
C-^^^
command.
f^^
from
sold,
throwing, throw
below: dejected.
selling;
C^-^j^
he
(J^^
to sell;
to
c53i
A.
heaven;
the
world;
(j4>wio\ 2)jj3
descend.
fourtune.
184
e^
SjtLi A.
fj
A. in, into.
a fragment
segment,
f^jo^ A.
fused.
abundance.*
he
dif-
part.
(^jJi^
a cage.
[pi,
^J-i
an
elepliant.
2jl5 A.
oUx)i)
a castle.
J3
A.
a pen.
ofL^)
moon.
hearts.
mountain,
y^
a form, figure, shape,
A.
the
jJ
A.
U^jr^
(Jy
A.
like the
moon.
stature.
--(>i A.
a cup, goblet.
fate,
quence.
j(^
A.
predestination;
y^
sion;
A. violence,
force, oppres-
power;
chastisement;
^y
A. constancy, consistency,
anger.
(j.wLi A.
confirmation; quiet.
^jjyj
to.
measure;
reasoning,
A.
contiguous, related
thought,
syllogism.
advice,
argument;
OoLoJJ
elegies.
%-tf3 A.
(pi.
of
^Js--^)
poems,
j^Li
rection
confusion, tumult.
A.
a palace.
j*oJs
Cesar, an emperor.
Uji
A.
fate,
death, judgment;
(^
A.
as, like,
in the
same
jurisdiction.
manner.
^
(^jr^^
185
^
^\yo^
desire;
the obtaining
one's wish.
^ItioJ^ A
like
my eyes,
comp.
^\f a place.
H^
a ^traw
les.
-r];^
pronoun my.
(j^l^ to caress.
^jS
;
a.
dove.
book,
letter, writing.
X
.
business, object
maker.
^-^\::o
A. a
ula^i^
;
a work-shop, place of
the world.
If^
business
J)[)J^
a battle, contest.
j^^
to bear.
expert
one
who
\(^ who ?
C^vio\jo
who
is
there?
(jflti\b^ to leave, neglect.
(^txJ>\^<*xS^
Workmen.
to pass through.
:
iJi^cS
a caravan.
to lessen.
to pass
to leave.
ii^JJ^
j^
\p
rent.
if:
a performer, maker.
;
(j^^^
whom
to
whom ?
hire,
(jt^ would!
i6[tX a house,
chamber.
hall,
gallery,
^4\yjUr
strutting.
sporting,
skipping,
(j^^
^Ji
1^
to dig.
<!us.^
though.
a curling lock.
^
cipice.
-
business, labour: he
made.
<xJ^
the
body
a form, model.
f^y^S
J^
desire, wish.
Bb
J
j^>^action, labour, profession
life.
186
^Jf
(jS
a person,
any one.
aW {J^^S
glass.
jj^jwS'
ijr{
^^^
M^
^j3^
rmde, from
to do,
make.
4j3^
the neck.
battle-axe, mace.
to take.
''
from
^j^Uj
to
yS a
iJ\iS
quer; to rejoice.
4X>l-ti
ci^
a wolf.
he discovers,
from
the
A^
place.
warm.
Uc^ warmth.
above.
(J\JiS to
cri*....:s
become
c^^
to kill.
to break, rend.
^^or ^^^lamentation,weeping.
iins^S
to flee, escape. to
2>y^ he
from
^j^yi^
has discovered,
Sec.
{j\^S
ji
that,
weep.
to discover,
open, con-
which.
to
quer, delight.
<^^V^
(jrJ:jj^
perform.
pass.
to bite.
to
jyJ^ A
drawn.
?L
iJiSj,
have suffered or
(j>xy^
to choose;
^^^
select,
most excellent,
bitten.
lJo
noble, glorious:
cuaT
he said.
^l::>i^ speech.
Jf
f;:Jif I said.
187
y
jjl-lil^ strewing flowers.
(j^
(jCkj
to speak,
say
speaking.
;
CU-iLxL
rose-walk
bower,
he said.
delightful place.
(gul) a rose.
i^y^
rose-coloured.
(pi.
Jf(gil)clay.
oUTa.
universal.
of^)
the whole
lS^
^ib
rose-water.
hair, Jocks.
j^
mit
little;
U^jXS
:
com-
aIjJ^ Gulandam
bnng,yro/7z
(rose-resem-
to loose, liberate.
J/ a
8cc.)
rose,
and A(^\
J\^A.
of
perfection, accomplish-
form, figure,
a proper name.
ment, finishing.
\-^-w*r
little
d^
a diadem, cap.
a rose-bush.
value.
Cnl/
jp^
less.
little
C^^Jl^ rose-scented.
jji*^ with
;
sense.
^lJ^ a
j\^
bed of roses.
^j\::-J^Gulistan (a rose-garden,
an embrace.
bower of roses)
book.
title
ofa celebrated
tV^
pola.
:-
L$jyJ^
red rose.
^^jJl!^
a beautiful species of
f^(^ixS or (^iM^to
a rose-garden.
rot.
_yc^
slave.
a servant maid,
female
J \b3^
\iii^
rose-cheeked.
rose-coloured.
ji where ?
R
h2
188
.y
J
J
<0'i
thou
from cjrjif
U^y
an
ear.
listen thou, /row
listen.
{:fU^y
a tulip.
a border or
to
a^O^^ to
A^j^
Lni^
I
^Vj'^J*
bed of tulips.
<^-^^ a corner.
smote, from
^jtXJ^
move.
(^\J) a lip;
u^
JJ
(/?/.
margiih
to smite.
marrow.
4_^U^various,many-colourecl.
L-^L) up
^
^
(^
^-^
a mountain.
a jewel, pearl
;
jCl) an army.
lustre, es-
^;J^
(^^SLl^
L-flisJ A.
conquering army.
sence; self-existing.
benignity, gentleness,
who, which
who.
since.
grace,
rosity.
favour,
humanity, gene-
^JjO
a ruby, ruby
lip.
(^5o a lack, a
hundred thousand.
worship (of
3^ might
C^-i who
^o/A
from
^^..A^
A.
for the
God) comp. of
is it?
1^ for,
*i
and
^ for
comp. of
the
Arabic
article
and
y^
U^>
^^
rancour.
LJ-p
hatred,
of.
revenge,
of pearls; beautiful
women.
(^^nTfuU
(^^
ofi^ and
A.
a lion.
that these,
comp.
c/^
^JJ
but.
A.
Layl or
jJJ night.
89
is^
^^^*:*^ A.
extended, dilated,
spread.
(Jwio
blance.
A.
similitude,
resem-
Uo
A.
that,
which.
^yJt*^
A.
rhyme.
woman.
Majnun
(distracted
jUo
a serpent.
;
UUc us
CU)l^
to us.
^-^
j^J-.^
A.
a place
where people
A.
bent, from
to
remain.
affection;
A.
company.
C/uJU)
to resemble.
L^y*s^
a friend, mistress;
Osljl^ theyremain^yrom^jtiJUo
A^
moon.
the
moon
.
month.
confined,
impri-
^j^Uj
soned.
*vj^
a face like the
A.
a friend, counsellor;
LfjjA^ with
moon.
who from
lunar,
A.
^L<
jJjUo
monthly; a
fish.
is
haram or
inclining,
having a
women's apartments.
jAsr
A.
vile,
propensity.
contemptible^
\iU/
lest,
by chance.
trifling.
r*
j^fl^
tunity.
A.
190
to die
A.
^^
f^^jy^
;
place,
time,
oppor-
to
be extinguished.
C-^jj^
courtesy, generosity.
uV^*^
Muhammad
(praise-
CU^
enamoured, intoxicated,
A.
C 'l,ri^
j*cz3s^
tome.
A. affliction, disgrace.
A.
^jvis-M-^
disdainful;
rich;
contracted; an epi-
content.
j%\jL/
A.
C-fti::ii* A.
discordant, confused.
{^y^
a magazine, treasury.
magistrate.
OJw<
A. a space of time.
C^Ct.^ musk.
dis-
^yJ^JL^
smell-
4_^K^tV A.
turbed.
^^<*vo A.
palate.
to
astonished,
ing of musk.
?-
i:j'SjLyc
musky.
or
?^^^-fi^
A.
an hemistich;
taste;
the
taste,
a source: infinitive.
^-^
of
Musalla,;?amg oj a place,
A.
^V^
^\j/c
A.
[pi.
CU^a^)
0-^
tage.
damage, disadvan-
iavours, graces.
A. desire, will, affection.
A.
(/;/.
c->W
A.
a singer, musician.
j!i\yc
plasters.
of J^yt) remedies,
jy^juc
A.
an excuse.
^l^yLJt^
A.
a friend, beloved.
a mistress. ii^ylLs^ A.
(J^
^JbAro
A. A.
191
J^
oUl^A.
;3-^ wine.
scented, perfumed.
reasonable, rational,
a recompense, reward
(jjAx^
^yix> perhaps,
by chance
unkss.
probable, pertinent.
W*-^
A.
an enigma, mystery.
^iLo
a.
a sailor. a
4jU^
cation.
Ltfl^ A.
kingdom, power,
;
possession, inheritance
A. established,
an angel.
3^^x^
known.
CU3tJu A. rays of
light,
^J^
I:
my.
^ja.
^^^ myself..^
Owi8
full of,
endowed
with.
days
Ci3j\Juo A. separation,
tion.
conqueror,
tri-
a\a^
a.
condition,
:
station;
:
umpher.
dignity; office
tone.
residence
musical
CL^xk^
A.
advantages.
bill.
^Ul^
space,
A.*
a bird's
j\<^^
number.
A.
quantity,
(J^jJi*^
a.
uAa^
disposer.
a conductor, mover,
imperative of ^i^^j^
,^yo
A.
a wave.
<^
^.-^^>^
A. a
192
i^yszrf^ a
,U
cause; an acceptor.
wine drinker
an
i^jr^
^'
nielodious; adjusted,
arranged, weighed.
A^j^
A. time, season. A.
^jyo dyiugyfrom
^^yt
jj-o^
place.
Musul, name of a
^j<o
hair.
4)0^
A. firm.
(^jjyo
dost thou
grow? from
jj?^ A.
abandoned.
separated, repudiated,
(jjjyc thou strikest.
;
j^
1/.
the sun
a
moon
love
a
i>':'>^jy<i
is it
becoming?
seal-ring;
165.
gold coin
about
^-^
a cloud, a fog.
^ seller of wine, comp.
Ohy^^f^
like the
^A^vo
moon.
of
wine,
^< wine.
f^iSi^
^
tense,
J\l-^
\j^^^
complain,/row o^xJU
fruits.
j\^
imperative of ^j^ij]
^jU/ between,
among middle.
:
not.
4N-M/c\
hopeless.
;
jyx\^ do
LJ)\j
pure, sincere
like.
of(j^x^\
a\-^JU imperfect.
J;\a^\j
&j2>\j
(jLj
f^
woriiiless, despicable.
A.
memorable events
rare.
193 Ats
y
^jfj
Is
j::i\j
not.
^3^
would
name.
JjU
blandishments ; wantonness.
gentle, tender, delicate.
(jy
A.
I
a prophet.
will not turn.
fear.
C^U
LTJ:>J^
^UJ
ijy^
elegant,
delicate,
amiable.
<3cixSjU unblown, unblemished.
(^\LJiXi ignorant.
impossible.
ytj
JLi
A. scattering, dispersing.
A. prose
I
;
to diffuse, strew.
^j*o^
A.
^jiix*-^
^^0
tendant.
<3iiu
A.
superin-
sought, or leaped.
M^sf A,
a star, planet
fortune.
a bag (of
full of.
musk)
the navel.
j^
prey.
A.
grammar, syntax.
hunting;
the
L^\j
<u
^jjflcsf
chase;
suddenly.
jjV^U unexpectedly.
jj^l> plaintive,
C'uwms^
(jvJUs^
first.
complaining.
Nakhshabi, proper
jj4>JU to complain.
name.
j} male.
Jj
name.
v^
light
:
-*
y\(X^\J
<!^\j a
illustrious',
fj**^
a narcissus.
;
book, history.
soft.
^jU bread.
>P
near.
hospitaliiy.
c-^U
A.
a viceroy, deputy.
^Jy A. descending;
a battle, war.
194
^j-nJ
a,
Niskhi
(a transcript) ihe
4>A) A,
ready money.
painting, embroidery.
ma-
(_>iA> A.
(Ji->
a gale.
to
translation.
sit
(j^\^
cause to
down.
y^
picture,
ornament;
beautiful
woman.
(a gallery
fix.
f^^z^\^ Nagaristan
of pictures)
book.
title
to sit
down.
of a celebrated
L^y^
cn-U
/row
C:,ru-lS
^z>j
subtilties, mysteries.
(jjuoyj
cjyl> or
ifS^
to
view.
f^%j
poet.
Nazami, name
of a
yJ
good.
.J
A.
^yk)
servation.
^b<S;X>
jb^
Jiu
A. verse
a string of pearls.
ofii^i^]^^
f^y^Xyu
showing.
to
^>J^J they
show.
C v.fj
yu
A.
a beneht
victuals.
svyift.
f^2)j^
show.
:
beautiful,
good
\y melody, voice
,
wealth.
mIP
Sec.
ip^'
^f <-r^^) viceroys,
^^^^
sire-
de-
(j^^\ji
a. gain, utility.
to soothe.
the above.
^
(J^j^y
[pi-
195
oli/j\y) a favour.
JL^
1^^
a tree, shrub.
^'^j\y
soothing, warbling,
hidden,
/r(?mc^^
flowing.
from
(Jr{^\yi
yj
watch,
A.
a river;
^\y
C-o^
a benefit.
A. a turn, change,
U^^
to
(^ a pipe,
centinel.
^j^C-oy
relieve
guard.
there
is
not.
J^y
spring
;
the spring,
the early
Cn-1-^ to write.
cSl.) good, excellent.
new
year.
^y
A. the prophet
Noah.
C^^j^y A. a complaint.
2>y ninety.
jj^
jy
A.
light, brightness.
jjjy
the
first
day of spring.
^^jy nineteen.
and
he, she,
after,
it.
(^y
(^\j
behind, again.
to detain.
CA^b (^\^
^^^-oU
C-wy or
(jriy
above.
<U nine.
(jrity
to write.
A. evident.
write thou,
/rom
/^e
ClAxjSj
a. actions, occurrences,
^
*j\
placing,yro/7t
to place.
town.
^y^-j
A. essence, substance, ex-
^j^l/^
^^l^
we have
placed.
istence, nature,
body, person.
cc^
^
(j^^^y>.j
to
2;ive a beinsj to.
196
'
commit, perform,
^^\^Jb whenever.
i^Jb
possessing.
or
^\j^
or
whatsoever.
altliough.
^l?
or
ij
like,
^(X^^s^yJb
C^^A^
fjjj
ji^
or paper,
\i^Jb wherever.
a:^
and from.
it
\^Jb
wheresoever.
jo\j
j^r^
ever.
^j^\jb
never.
(^j
like,
resembling.
Jloj
A.
enjoyment;
j\j^ a thousand;
a nightingale.
meeting; conjunction.
r^j
gesture.
vjj
A.
situation:
C^JJb
iii^Jjii
eight.
^IhJlA eighty.
eighteen,
3\:ii^ seventy.
A. A.
good
faith;
a promise.
cuii^ seven.
!i^^JlJb
jjj
seventeen.
L^
^Jb
Jii
A.
whether, but.
together: both.
to
iJUjj a desert;
depopulated.
andalso;
A.
Jb
their.
[annexed
words)
j^Vi
A.
dreadful, terrible.
A.
^L.t;\^ of
the
same
nest.
J^ or ^^^^
sence.
-js^
separation, ab-
(^\^
only.
directly.
M^\^
A.
an assault; impetuosity.
every
:
/;^v.cS^. ^(S
vA or
^j^
soever.
nation.
O^
Harat, flme oj
cily.
^y^
197
i^j
jS-yy-^
piJiow.
lyii^g
o^ the same
^^ or f^\Aj
M^\j 1
finding.
find,
may
both
from
^^^ orj^
like, as.
^\j
remember;
memory,
re-
cord.
j\^^
an intimate friend.
sitting
power, advantage.
a
C^. *;.,
together;
L^\j
comp. of
O
\j
heaven!
Lord!
lord,
companion.
01 and
cj, a
<W^
all,
universal.
it
master.
tX-jK4>
j;ij;;t^
I
arrives,
comes.
ij-isj
ay^^j
eleven.
wQnt^Jrom
CA>-j\j jessamine.
C--ilj
find.
^M....^
always.
he found,
from
c/iiU to
time, season.
yet.
air:
Oy>\j a ruby.
jj^
1^
C^
wind: sound.
[annexed
to
words)
thy.
A.
tXJ A.
the hand;
aid^ power,
,^
no, never.
Li^iX-^
strength.
know?
(^^ [annexed
^jUj
that
is
to
words)
their.
from c:/uJb
^
down.
to say, viz.
ijr^.~^ to lay
W*j
c5o
U O!
or.
comparable
unequalled.
CiC
198
j^
^
one day,
to
U^j^
j*4>io
inestimable, rare.
[annexed
words) my.
the happy,
one moment,
y>^
THE END.
Printed by
Cleveland-row;
to the
from
the Types of
W. Martin,
ERRATA.
The
following errors, which, (perhaps with a few others), have chiefly arisen from
the breaking of the dots in the press, are pointed out for correction.
Page
.<6
DUE on
REC'D LD'IRL
JUL
2 2
ml
JtilV
3 1988
PEC'D LD-URC
QLOCT
993
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