FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING

STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL LABORATORY BFC21201

FORCE IN A STATICALLY DETERMINATE CANTILEVER TRUSS
GROUP MEMBER : NAME ESTHER MARIE JUIP FAEZAH BT MD. ADNAN FARADILLAH BINTI ABDUL LAIT RABIATUL ADAWIYAH BINTI ZAINAL ABIDIN MATRIC NUMBER CF120139 CF120256 CF120250 CF120053

LECTURERS NAME : MR. MOHAMAD HAIRI BIN OSMAN SECTION : 3

1.0

OBJECTIVE

1.1

To examine a statically determinate frame and to analyze the frame using simple pin joint theory.

2.0

LEARNING OUTCOME
2.1 2.2 The application the engineering knowledge in practical application. To enhance technical competency in structural engineering through laboratory application. 2.3 2.4 To communicate effectively in group. To identify problem, solving and finding out appropriate solution through laboratory application.

3.0

THEORY
A truss is a structure composed of slender member joined together at their endpoints to form one or more triangles. The joint connections are considered aspinned joint without friction. In order to determine the forces developed in the individual members at a truss,the following assumptions should be make : 1. The members are connected to each other at their ends by friction less pins,that is only a force and no moment can be transferred from one member toanother. 2. External loads are applied to the truss only at its joints.

One of the methods to calculate the forces in the member of a truss is using: Method Of Joints Suitable to use in calculating all of the member forces for a truss. This method entails the use of a free body diagram of joints with the equilibrium equations Fx = 0 and Fy = 0. Calculation only can be started for joint where the numbers of unknowns are two or less.

4.0

APPARATUS

The strain force meter input acting in the force acting in the rod

Digital indicator meter acting to frame

Apparatus to apply the load

Statically determinate cantilever truss apparatus

5.0

PROCEDURES i. Unscrew the thumbwheel on the redundant members. Note that it was effectively no longer part of the structured as the idealized diagram illustrates. ii. Applied the pre-load of 100N downward, the load cell was re-zero and applied it a load of 250N carefully and check that the frame is stabled and secured. iii. The load to zero (leaving the 100N preload), recheck and re-zero the digital indicator. Never applied the loads greater than those specified on the equipment. iv. Loads apply in the increment shown in Table 1 recording the strain readings and the digital indicator readings. Table 2 was completed by

subtracting the initial (zero) strain readings. (be careful with sign)

6.0

RESULTS

Strain Reading Load (N) 1 131 141 149 158 167 174 2 223 214 205 196 186 179 3 - 13 -22 -30 -40 -49 -56 4 -37 -55 -73 -92 -111 -126 5 113 113 113 113 113 112 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 31 44 56 69 83 94 8 52 66 78 92 106 118

Digital Indicator Reading (mm) 0 -0.031 -0.059 -0.088 -0.11 -0.132

0 50 100 150 200 250

Table 1: Strain Reading and Frame Deflection for Experiment 1

Load (N) 0 50 100 150 200 250

0 10 18 27 36 43

0 -9 -18 -27 -37 -44

0 -9 -17 -27 -36 -43

0 -18 -36 -55 -74 -89

0 0 0 0 0 -1

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 13 25 38 52 63

0 14 26 40 54 66

Table 2: True Strain Reading For Experiment 1

Member

Experiment force (N) 239.48 -244.12 -238.57 -493.79 -5.55 0 349.54 366.18

Theoretical force (N) 250 -250 -250 -500 0 0 353.55 353.55

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Table 3: Measured and Theoretical Force in the Cantilever Truss

Analysis and Calculation

True Strain Reading For Experiment 1(table 2) Example: Load = 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 True Strain Reading = B A B = load at strain needed A = load at before strain needed

Member 1 Load 50 True Strain Reading = 141 131 Load 100 True Strain Reading = 149 - 131 = 18 Load 200 = 158 131 = 27 True Strain Reading = 167 - 131 = 36

= 10 Load 150 True Strain Reading

Load 250 True Strain Reading = 174 - 131 = 43

From the formula: E = / E = Young s Modulus (Nm-2) = Displayed Strain = Stress in the member (Nm-2) = F/A F = Force in member (N) A = cross section area of the member (m2)

=E F/A = E F=ExxA

Calculation For Experimental Force (N) Given , Rod diameter (d) = E steel A = = = = Member 1 F=ExxA
= (2.10x105) x (43x10-6) x (26.42) = 239.48 N

5.80 mm 2.10 x105 N/mm2 d2 /4 (5.80)2 /4 26.42 mm3

 Member 2

F=ExxA
= (2.10x105) x (-44x10-6) x (26.42) = -244.12 N Member 3

F=ExxA
= (2.10x105) x (-43x10-6) x (26.42) = -238.57 N Member 4

F=ExxA
= (2.10x105) x (-89x10-6) x (26.42) = -493.79 N Member 5

F=ExxA
= (2.10x105) x (-1x10-6) x (26.42) = -5.55 N Member 7

F=ExxA
= (2.10x105) x (63x10-6) x (26.42) = 349.54 N Member 8

F=ExxA
= (2.10x105) x (66x10-6) x (26.42) = 366.18 N

Calculation for Theoretical Force (N)

FyA
1
A E

FxA
5 8 2 7

Fx B
B

250 N Checking : Members, m = 7 Reactions, r = 3 m + r = 2j

7 + 3 = 2(5) 10 = 10 .. The structure is statically determinate and stable.

By using equivalent equation : +

A=

=0

-FxB(0.24) + 250(0.48) = 0 FxB = -120/-0.24 FxB = 500 N

FyA 250 = 0 FyA = 250 N

=0

FXA + FXB = 0 FXA + 500 = 0 FXA = -500 N

At point B
FAB

Fx = 0
500 + FBC = 0
FAB

500 N

FBC = -500 N (C)

Fy = 0
FAB = 0 At point A

= 45
250 N

Fy = 0
250 + FAB FACSin
FAE
FACCos

=0

250 + 0 - FACSin45 = 0
-500 N

FAC = 353.33 N (T)

FACSin

FAC

Fx = 0
-500 + FAE + 353.55cos45 = 0 FAE = 250 N (T)

 At point E

250 N FDEcos FCE FDEsin FDE

Fx = 0
-250 + FDEcos45 = 0 FDE = 353.55 N (T)

Fy = 0
FCE FDEsin = 0 FCE (-353.55sin45) = 0 FCE = -250 N (C)

At point D

Fx = 0
-353.55 N -353.55cos

-353.55cos + FCD -(-353.55cos45) + FCD = 0 FCD = -250 N (C)

-353.55sin FCD

FAB = 0 FAC = 353.33 N (T) FAE = 250 N (T) FBC = -500 N (C) FCD = -250 N (C) FCE = -250 N (C) FDE = 353.55 N (T)

250 N

-500 N

250 N

353.55 N 250 N

-353.55 N

500 N

-500 N

-250 N

250 N

7.0

DATA ANALYSIS

Member 1

True and Recorded Strain Against Load

250 True and Recorded Strain () 200 150 100 50 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 Load (N) Recorded Strain True Strain

Member 2

True and Recorded Strain Against Load

250 True and Recorded Strain () 200 150 100 50 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 Load (N) True Strain Recorded Strain

Member 3

True and Recorded Strain Against Load

0 0 True and Recorded Strain () -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 Recorded Strain True Strain 50 100 150 200 250

Load (N)

Member 4

True and Recorded Strain Against Load

0

True and Recorded Strain ()

-20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -140

50

100

150

200

250

Recorded Strain True Strain

Load (N)

Member 5

True and Recorded Strain Against Load

120 True and Recorded Strain () 100 80 60 Recorded Strain 40 20 0 0 -20 50 100 150 200 250 Load (N) True Strain

Member 7

True and Recorded Strain Against Load

100

True and Recorded Strain ()

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 50 100 150 200 250 Load (N) True Strain Recorded Strain

Member 8

True and Recorded Strain Against Load

140 True and Recorded Strain () 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 Load (N) Recorded Strain True Strain

Deflection against Load graph

Deflection Against Load

0 0 -0.02 50 100 150 200 250

Deflection (mm)

-0.04 -0.06 -0.08 -0.1 -0.12 -0.14 Load (N) Deflection

Comment on a graph:
From the graph of True and Recorded Strain against Load above, we obtained that the value of recorded and true strain are different. This is because in a statically determinate cantilever truss is leaving the 100 N pre-load. According to the True and Recorded Strain against Load, it shows the line graph are obtaining from the result. For member 1, 7 and 8 we obtained the linear graph, the graph true strain and recorded proportional with load. This is because the value of true strain and recorded can increases when the load increases. The recorded strain are larger than true strain values. From the graph, it shows the true and recorded strain for the member 2, 3 and 4 are decrease when the load is increase. For the member 5, the graph shows it does not have an increasing or decreasing with a large value. The values are same with different load. From the deflection graph, we obtained that the graph are in linear. When the load is increase, the deflection decrease.

8.0

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

1. Compare the experimental and theoretical result:

Member

Experiment force (N) 239.48 -244.12 -238.57 -493.79 -5.55 0 349.54 366.18

Theoretical force (N) 250 -250 -250 -500 0 0 353.55 353.55

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

From the table above, we obtained the differences value between the value of experimental force and theoretical force. This may because of several factors. Such as:

One of the factor is machine error. The applied pre-load of 100N downward maybe less or more than 100N. The imperfection of members used for the particular experiment also affects the result of the experiment. The load cell was not accurately point to zero value that gave affect to the value of force. After the apply load of 250N, the frame not checking.

2. From your result and the theoretical member force, identify which members are in compression and which members are in tension. Explain your choice.

Base on the figure 1, we can conclude that members are in compression is member 3,4 and 7. The members are in tension is member 1, 2 and 8. This is because the value of force is negative are considered as compression force and force with positive values are considered as tensional forces. The negative value shows that the force is pointing inwards and the positive values denote the force pointing outward. Axial force member :

3. Observe the reading of members 5. Explain why the readings is almost zero.

At point B
FAB

Fx = 0
500 + FBC = 0
FAB

500 N

FBC = -500 N (C)

Fy = 0
FAB = 0 From the results on member 5, we noticed that the reading force is almost zero. We know that, member 5 is attached by a pin joint and a roller joint at both ends. On the pin joint, two forces acting towards it on the horizontal axis and vertical axis. On the roller joint, there is only one force acting towards it on the horizontal axis. Therefore, the reading force of member 5 is almost zero due to these three forces.

4. Are the strains gauges are an effective transducers for measurement forces in the framework.

Yes, the strains gauges are effective transducers for measurement of forces in the framework. We can get the effective transducers from the data we obtain.

5. Does the framework comply with pin joint theory even though the joint are not truly pin joint?

Based on the experiment, we know that the values between experimental force and theoretical force are totally different. This result indicates that the framework comply with the pin joint theory even though the joint are not truly pined joint. One of the objective of this experiment is to examine a statically determinate frame and to analyze the frame using simple pin joint theory. As on conclusion, we can summaries that our experiment is achieved the objective of experiment.