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(on) BEHALF (of someone or something) : (preposition) For.

For example: 'He thanked the guests for coming on my behalf as I had to leave early and couldnt talk to everyone.'

because there was no evidence'. ACCOMPANY : (verb) Go with, escort. For example: 'The Prime Minister will be accompanied by four government officials through the whole tour of Australia.'

A ABANDON : (verb) Leave, discard, desert. For example: 'The fishermen had to abandon their ship and escaped to safety in the rescue helicopter when they were caught in the storm last week.'

ACCOMPANIES
Keyword(s): ACCORDINGLY : (adverb) To show something corresponds, relates. Example: 'He was told that the project was urgent, so he accordingly worked overtime until it was completed'.

ACRONYM : (noun) A word made up of the inital letters of a collection of words. Example: 'IELTS is the acronym for the International English Language Testing System'.

ABANDONED
Keyword(s): ABSTRACT : (verb) Summary, synopsis, short version. For example: 'When researching journals for information, it is useful to read just the abstract to quickly find out if the topic is relevant to your assignment as it takes too long to read the whole thing.' ACCOUNTABLE : (adjective) reponsible, answerable. Example: 'Parents should be accountable for the actions of their children'.

ACTIVE VERB : (noun phrase) A verb which describes an action. Example: run, write, listen, sleep. See also STATIVE VERB

ADAPT : (verb) get used to, change, adjust. For example: 'It can be difficult to adapt to a different environment.'

ADAPTS
ACCUMULATE : (verb) Collect, gather, amass. For example: 'The business accumulated a huge amount of debt in the year prior to its closure.' Keyword(s): ADDICTION : (noun) A habit involving something that is not just wanted but needed. For example: A drug addiciton

ABSTRACTS
Keyword(s): ACADEMIC : (adjective) Something or someone showing a high level of education. Example: 'University students have to write in an academic style'.

ACCUMULATES
Keyword(s): ACCURATE : (adjective) Correct, true. For example: 'I am not sure if the information you have received is accurate as I have heard much different information from a reliable source.'

ACADEMY : (noun) School, comedy, institute. For example: 'The academy, which opened two years ago, has just had the pleasure of seeing its first group of students graduate.'

ADDITION : (noun) More of something. Example: 'Schools would benefit from more funding. In addition, they would also benefit from having more qualified teachers.'

ACADEMIES
Keyword(s): ACCESS : (verb) Gain entry to, get in to, log on to. For example: 'It is possible to access a wide range of information on the internet.'

ACHIEVE : (verb) Get, accomplish, attain. For example: 'He won four gold medals and three silver medals in his sporting career and achieved a lot on behalf of his country.'

ADEQUATE : (adjective) enough, sufficient. For example: 'A large number of homeless people do not have adequate food to eat.'

ACCESSED
Keyword(s): ACCLIMATISE : (verb) Adapt, become used to something. Example: 'It can take some time to acclimatise when first moving to a new country.'

ACKNOWLEDGE : (verb) Recognise, make reference to. For example: 'I feel disappointed because my manager did not acknowledge all of the hard work I had put into the project at last weeks meeting.'

ADJACENT TO : (preposition) next to, near to. For example: 'The reception area is adjacent to the Conference room, ask there and theyll show you in.'

ACCOMMODATE : (verb) Hold, have room for. For example: 'The hotel seems able to accommodate our needs for the upcoming seminar.' Keyword(s):

ACQUIRE : (verb) get hold of, gain, purchase. For example: 'His business is to acquire computers at low cost prices then sell them on for a profit overseas.'

ADJECTIVE : A word used to describe a noun. Examples of adjectives: hot, cold, intelligent, impressive

ADJECTIVES
Keyword(s): ADJUST : (verb) Alter, change, adapt. For example: 'There were errors in my last pay cheque so they have adjusted this months pay to correct the mistake.'

ACQUIRES
Keyword(s): ACQUIT : (verb) To let go, to release from blame. Example: 'He was acquitted of the murder

ACCOMMODATES

ADMINISTRATE : (verb) Control, run, manage. For example: 'The Head Office in London administrates all operations for the company for the rest of the country.'

ALBEIT : (adverb) Although, though, even though. For example: 'A university education gives graduates the opportunity to enter a high paid job over the long term, albeit an expensive investment during their years of study.'

ANALYSED
Keyword(s): ANNUAL : (adjective) Yearly, twelve-monthly. For example: 'The budget is decided on an annual basis, at the end of April each year.'

ADULT : (noun) grown up, no longer a child. For example: 'In the UK teenagers officially become classed as adults on their 18th birthday.'

ALLOCATE : (verb) Assign, give out. For example: 'The Government should allocate a higher percentage of funding for healthcare'

ANNUL : (verb) Cancel or remove. Example: 'Developed countries should annul the debts of developing countries.'

ALLOCATED
Keyword(s): Keyword(s): ALTER : (verb) Change, adjust. For example: 'Many cities have altered their road systems dramatically in order to cope with additional traffic.' ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR : (noun phrase) Against the good of society. Example: 'Increasing anti-social behaviour is a cause for concern'.

ADULTS
Keyword(s): ADVANCE : To move forward; to improve something.

ANNULLED

ADVERB : An adverb describes a verb. Examples: run quickly, wait patiently

ALTERED
Keyword(s): ALTERNATIVE : (noun) Option, other choice. For example: 'The only alternative to cutting staff hours would be to make some members of the team redundant.' ANTICIPATE : (verb) Expect, predict. For example: 'It is difficult to anticipate which questions will come up in an examination as the lecturer uses a mixture of new questions and those from past exam papers.'

ADVERBS
Keyword(s): ADVOCATE : (noun) Supporter, backer, believer. Example: 'While many people oppose the new rules, there are probably enough advocates to give support. ' (verb) To support, to back, to believe in. Example: 'Some countries advocate higher wages for teachers'.

ANTICIPATED
Keyword(s): AMBIGUOUS : (adjective) Unclear, vague, confusing. For example: 'The email message from the CEO was ambiguous and confused the majority of the Management team.' APPARENT : (adjective) Clear, plain, obvious. For example: 'It is apparent from the travel information he gave us that we will be spending a long time travelling on the bus.'

ADVOCATES
Keyword(s): AFFECT : (verb) Have an effect on, influence. For example: 'Drinking alcohol severely affects a persons ability to drive safely.' AMEND : (verb) Alter, make corrections, improve. For example: 'The university policy regarding international students was amended last July and the changes will be put in place from the New Year.'

APPEARANCE : (noun) Physical characteristics; the way something looks. Example: 'People are often judged by their appearance'.

AMENDS
AGGREGATE : (adjective) Total, combined. For example: 'We have 40 staff in aggregate and the majority of them work in Sales.' Keyword(s): ANALOGY : (noun) Likeness, similarity, comparison. For example: 'The finance lecturer used an analogy to help students understand the concept of profitability to a company; he said it was similar to the bodys need for food.' APPEND : (verb) Add on, attach. For example: 'When students complete a University assignment it is common for them to append additional information at the end of the project. These are called the appendices and should be clearly numbered.'

AID : To help.

APPENDED
Keyword(s): APPRECIATE : (verb) Be thankful for, be pleased about, value. For example: 'James really appreciated all of the help that Steven had given him with his revision, so much so that he bought him a gift to say thank you.'

AIM : (verb) To direct towards a particular goal or target. For example: 'I am aiming to get a 7.5 on my IELTS test'

ANALYSE : (verb) To examine carefully and in detail to find key points. Example: 'It is important to analyse the question before you start writing your IELTS essay'.

APPRECIATED
Keyword(s): APPROACH : (noun) Style, methodology. For example: 'Different people have different approaches to learning and revision, one way is to make notes of the main issues and read over them several times to help remember the information.' (verb) The way of doing something

(noun) A part or feature of something. Example: 'There are 4 aspects the examiner will mark your essay on'.

ASPECTS
Keyword(s): ASSEMBLE : (verb) Put together, build, compile. For example: 'Jason has just assembled a new computer from parts he was given by friends.'

ATTITUDE : (noun) Way of thinking, approach, manner. For example: 'With a positive attitude and hard work it is possible for most people to gain a tertiary qualification.'

APPROACHED
Keyword(s): APPROPRIATE : (adjective) Suitable, correct, fitting. For example: 'It is not always appropriate to act in the same way as usual when in a different culture..' Keyword(s):

ASSEMBLED
ASSESS : (verb) Measure, test, gauge. For example: 'In the IELTS exam students are assessed on their ability to read, write, speak and listen in English.'

ATTRIBUTE : (noun) Characteristic, feature, trait. For example: 'Simon has many positive attributes including patience, dedication and understanding.'

ASSESSED
APPROXIMATE : (adjective) Estimated. For example: 'We are unsure exactly how many new students will enrol in the course next term, however, we could expect approximate figures to be around 150.' Keyword(s): Keyword(s): ASSIGN : (verb) Give, allocate, designate. For example: 'I have been assigned a new project at work, which will involve business trips to Japan as I am the only member of the team who can speak Japanese.'

AUTHOR : (noun) Writer. For example: 'It is important to reference the name of the author and the year the book was written if quoting from other books or journals in academic writing.'

AUTHORITY : (noun) Power, right, influence. For example: 'Teachers no longer have the authority to smack children at school.'

APPROXIMATED
ARBITRARY : (adjective) Random, chance, illogical. For example: 'The system for deciding which workers will lose their jobs can sometimes seem fairly arbitrary as it does not seem that experience, or length of time working at the company are taken into account..' ASSIST : (verb) Help, aid, support. For example: 'Being a P.A. can be an interesting job as the role involves assisting the CEO with a variety of important tasks.' AUTOMATE : (verb) mechanise, computerise. For example: 'Many companies are automating their systems reducing the need for people as machinery can do their jobs equally well.'

AREA : (noun) Section, part, field. For example: 'It is important to consider carefully which area of business we hope to work in, in the future and choose modules for study which give experience in that field.'

ASSUME : (verb) Think, believe, presume. For example: 'It is sometimes wrongly assumed that people with disabilities are also stupid.'

AVAILABLE : (adjective) existing, accessible, to be had. For example: 'Types of medical treatment available is increasing all the time due to medical research.'

ARRANGEMENT : (noun) An agreed plan. Example: 'The company made an arrangement to deliver the product before 5.30 pm.'

ASSURE : (verb) promise, guarantee, pledge. For example: 'The technical support team assured me that the internet service would be working again within the next 30 minutes.'

AWARE : (adjective) Informed, concerned. For example: 'It is important for us to be aware of the impact of human behaviour on the environment.'

ASCRIBE : (verb) A specified cause, source, or origin. Example: 'The decline in the number of people reading books can be ascribed to the availability of the internet'.

ATTACH : (verb) add, join, append. For example: 'I replied to the job advert by email and had to attach a copy of my CV and qualifications.'

B BALANCE : (noun) Equality, giving equal importance to. Example: 'A good essay should show balance, considering both sides of the argument.'

ASCRIBED
Keyword(s): ASPECT :

ATTAIN : (verb) Achieve, accomplish, reach. For example: 'It is possible for most people to attain wealth through hard work and education. '

BALANCED : (adjective) Considering both sides, fair. Example: 'It is important to write a balanced argument when asked for an opinion.'

BAN : (verb) To make illegal. Example: 'Smoking in public palces has been banned in many countries'.

: (adverb) Short, quickly. Example: 'He briefly looked at the essay but didn't read it in detail'.

CENTRALLY CONTROLLED : (adjective) Controlled by a country's government, not by local governments.

BARBARIC : (adjective) Cruel; uncivilised. Example: 'Many people believe that capital punishment is barbaric.'

BULK : (noun) Main part, major part. For example: 'The bulk of the research has now been done, though we have a few small issues to finish before it is completed.'

CERTAINTY : (noun) No doubt; sure. Example: 'It is a certainty that the world's population will increase.'

BEAR IN MIND : (verb / idiom) Remember, consider. Example: 'Always bear in mind that you only have 40 minutes to complete Task II'.

C CAPABLE : (adjective) Able, confident, skilled. For example: 'I sometimes feel I am not capable of writing my university essays in English, it is quite difficult for me.'

CHALLENGE : (verb) To argue against an opinion. Example: 'In IELTS writing, you may need to challenge an opinion by giving a different point of view'. (noun) A difficult situation. Example: 'Studying in a second language can be a challenge for many students'.

BENEFICIAL : (adjective) Useful, bringing advantages. Example: 'It is beneficial for IELTS candidates to spend some time studying before taking the test'.

CAPACITY : (noun) Size, volume. For example: 'The class is full to capacity so I will have to wait and enroll in a new class next month.'

CHALLENGES
Keyword(s): CHALLENGING : (adjective) Difficult, not easy. Example: 'It can be challenging for international students to study at university in a second language'.

BENEFIT : (verb) Help, assist, do good for. For example: 'Eating healthily and taking regular exercise can benefit people who are overweight.'

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT : (noun) The penalty of death for a crime

BLANK : (adjective) Without information; empty. Example: 'Answer all the questions in the IELTS test. Don't leave any blank spaces.'

CATEGORY : A division or class of something. For example: There are several categories of cars - family cars, sports cars, 4 wheel drives...

CHANNEL : (verb) Direct, guide, feed. For example: 'The Government promises to channel more funds into fighting crime if they win the next election.'

CHANNELS
Keyword(s): CHAPTER : (noun) Section, part of a book. For example: 'The information we learned today in the lecture is found in more detail in chapter 10 of the textbook.'

CATEGORIES
Keyword(s): CAUSE : (noun) The reason something happens. Example: 'The cause of rising sea levels is the melting of polar ice'.

BOND : (verb) Connect, link, build a relationship. For example: 'Human beings are naturally social and it is important for us to bond with the people around us.'

CHAPTERS
Keyword(s): CHARACTER : (noun) How someone behaves / thinks / acts. Example: 'He has a very friendly, approachable character.'

CAUSED
Keyword(s): CEASE : (verb) Stop, end, finish. For example: 'He has been made redundant and his employment contract will officially cease on July 21st.'

BRAINSTORM : (verb) Think of all related ideas. Example: 'When trying to write Task II, you should brainstorm for ideas. Keyword(s):

CEASED
Keyword(s): CELEBRITY : (noun) Someone very well known; a public figure. 'Many celebrities, such as Tom Cruise, are photographed wherever they go.'

BRAINSTORMED
BRIEF : (adjective) Short, quick . Example: 'The meeting was brief as everyone was very busy'.

CHART : (noun) graph, table, diagram. For example: 'It was clear from the bar chart that sales had risen in the period January-April.'

CHARTS
Keyword(s): CHEMICAL : (noun) Substance, element, compound. For example: 'There are many harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke.'

CELEBRITIES
Keyword(s): BRIEFLY

CHEMICALS
Keyword(s): CIRCUMSTANCE : (noun) Situation, event. For example: 'It should depend on the individual circumstances of the crime, as to whether the death penalty is implemented.' Keyword(s):

'Knowledge of the highway code is tested in the driving test in a theory exam.'

(verb) Start, begin. For example: 'The new university semester commences on February 25th and all new students need to enroll the week before.'

COHERENCE : (noun) Able to be understood. Example: 'An essay needs to show coherence; that is, a logical flow of ideas'. See also COHERENT

CIRCUMSTANCES
CITE : (verb) Situation, event. For example: 'It is important to cite the name of the author you have used information from in academic writing for university.' COHERENT : (adjective) Logical, reasoned. For example: 'In order to gain good marks it is important to write an essay which has good ideas and is coherent.'

COMMENT : (verb) Say in passing, mention, point out. For example: 'My teacher commented that my English has improved a lot in the last two months when I spoke with her the other day. '

CIVIL : (adjective) Related to individuals and the general public. For example: 'Civil rights allow the right to privacy in most countries.'

COHESION : (noun) Joining ideas together. Example: 'A good essay will be easy to understand because of its cohesion'

COMMISSION : (verb) Appoint, authorise. For example: ' In many peoples opinion artworks commissioned by the Council, are an example of money badly spent as there are more important projects to spend money on.'

COHESIVE
Keyword(s): COINCIDE : (verb) Happen togther, match, overlap. For example: 'The date for my IELTS exam coincided with my college exams so I did not have enough time to study properly as I had too much to do.'

CIVILISED : (adjective) Having a high state of culture, technology or society. Example: 'Many ancient cultures, such as the Egyptians and the Azecs, were highly civilised.'

COMMIT TO : (verb) Pledge. For example: 'Although the Government said, during the last election that it was committed to reducing crime rates there has been an increase in violent crime in the last three years.'

CLAIM : (noun) Something stated as fact, though not necessarily proven. Example: 'His claims have been ignored by the government'.

COLLAPSE : (verb) Give way, fail, come to nothing. For example: 'The ideas and proposal for the new business development collapsed when it became clear that necessary funding was not available.'

COMMODITY : (noun) Product, good or service. For example: 'Electronic commodities such as computers and equipment have fallen dramatically in price since their introduction to the market.'

CLARIFY : (verb) Explain, make clear. For example: 'The instructions given on the examination paper were not clear so we asked the invigilator to clarify what we had to do.'

CLARIFIED
Keyword(s): CLASSIC : (adjective) Typical. For example: 'A classic example of discrimination is lower pay for women.'

COLLEAGUE : (noun) Co-worker. For example: 'Having supportive colleagues in the workplace is very important'

COMMON : (adjective) #1 - Similar, shared. Example: 'It is beneficial if husbands and wives have common interests'. #2 - Usual, regularly occuring. Example: 'It is common for language learners to make grammar mistakes'.

COMBINATION : (noun) When two or more things are put together. Example: 'Some IELTS questions will require you to use a combination of skills and abilities'.

COMMUNICATE : To give or exchange thoughts, ideas or opinions.

CLASSIFY : (verb) To put into a group or category. Example: 'Humans are classified as mammals. Sharks are classified as fish'.

CLASSIFIED
Keyword(s): CODE : (noun) Rule, regulation. For example:

COMFORTABLE : (adjective) Calm, relaxed, at ease. Example: 'It is important to show the examiner that you are comfortable speaking English during your IELTS test'.

COMMUNITY : (noun) A group of people in society. For example: 'Over recent years local communities have become more concerned about increase in crime in their areas.'

COMMENCE :

COMPARATIVE : (grammar term) The form of an adjective used for comparing. Example: tall > taller

COMPARISON : (noun) When something is compared to something else. Example: 'There have been comparisons made between the landscape of New Zealand and Norway'.

should invest more money into public health care as lack of funds only compound the problem hospitals are facing.'

COMPARISONS
Keyword(s): COMPATIBLE : (adjective) Well-matched, like-minded. For example: 'It is important for employers to employ the most suitable person for a job and that the employees personality is compatible with the position being offered.'

COMPREHENSIVE : (adjective) Wide-ranging, thorough. For example: 'Hospitals should provide comprehensive information booklets so that patients will know what to expect when they have an operation.'

CONCRETE : (adjective). Real, not theoretical or abstract. Example: 'A concrete example' (noun) A substance that is mixed with sand and water to create a solid material used in building.

CONCURRENT : (adjective) Same time, simultaneous. For example: 'The countrys army had no time to respond due to the concurrent attacks by sea, land and air.'

COMPENSATE : (verb) Balance, make up for. For example: 'Nowadays some parents try to compensate for having little time to spend with their children by giving them too many material things such as toys and games.'

COMPRISE : (verb) Include, contain, thorough. For example: 'Australia comprises several states including the A.C.T. which contains Canberra.'

COMPULSORY : (adjective). Essential, must be done, no choice. Example: 'It is compulsory to have a passport when travelling overseas'.

CONDITIONAL CLAUSE : (grammar term) A sentence that has an 'if' statement - can be zero, 1st, 2nd, 3rd or mixed). Example: 'If students study hard, they have a better chance of success'. (This is a zero conditional clause)

COMPILE : (verb) List, compose, record. For example: 'Before I go to the library I need to compile a list of information I need to look for while I am there.'

CONCEIVE : (verb) Visualise, imagine, think of. For example: 'It is difficult for us to conceive the long term environmental impact of our actions now. '

CONDUCT : (noun) Behaviour, ways, manner. For example: 'The high standard of conduct expected of children at the school is important in helping them learn lessons for later in life.'

COMPLEMENT : (verb) Add to, accompany. For example: 'Following a healthy diet and taking regular exercise complement each other well to create a healthy lifestyle..'

CONCENTRATE : (verb) Focus, think. For example: 'It is important to concentrate when revising for exams, study some where quietly and switch of all distractions including radios and TV.'

CONFER : (verb) Consult, discuss. For example: 'Education institutions should confer more with parents to discuss solutions to the growing problem of children missing school.'

COMPLEX : (adjective) Not simple, involved, difficult. For example: 'Arguments in support of, and against the death penalty need to be considered carefully, as the subject is extremely complex.'

CONCEPT : (noun) Idea, theory. For example: 'I am learning about Marketing concepts in my class this week, it is interesting to find out about so many different theories.'

CONFIDENT : (adjective) Having no doubts; to be sure; being self-assured. Example: 'It is important to appear confident in an interview situation'.

COMPLICATED : (adjective) Difficult, intricate. Example: 'Mathematics studied at university level is complicated'.

CONCESSION : (noun) An acknowledgment or admission that there are opinions different to your own. Example: 'It is important to add a concession to your Task II essay to show that you can consider other opinions'.

CONFINE : (verb) Constrict, limit. For example: 'A number of countries are now confining cigarette smoking to outside areas only in public places.'

COMPONENT : (noun) Part, piece. For example: 'Tom has the ability to fix my computer but is unsure if he can find the correct components he needs to sort out the problem.'

CONCEDE
Keyword(s): CONCLUDE : (verb) End, finish, bring to a close. For example: 'Before concluding the meeting the CEO thanked us for attending and for our input.'

CONFIRM : (verb) Check, verify. For example: 'It is shop owners' responsibility to confirm their customers are old enough to buy cigarettes by asking them to provide identification.' (noun) CONFIRMATION Example: 'A confirmation has been made for the booking next month'. Keyword(s):

COMPOUND : (verb) Add to, increase (a negative situation). For example: 'Governments

CONFIRMED

CONFLICTING : (adjective) Differing, opposite. For example: 'There are a number of conflicting opinions on whether technology has improved or reduced quality of life.'

CONSIST : (verb) Be made up of. For example: 'The main basis of his argument consisted of the facts and figures he had direct from the survey.'

CONSISTED
Keyword(s): CONFORM : (verb) Fit in with, follow rules of conduct, match. For example: 'Younger people nowadays find it difficult to conform to the rules of society.' CONSONANT : (noun). Letters in the alphabet that are not a,e,i,o or u. Some words can begin with a vowel but have a consonant sound. Example: university (yoo-ni-ver-si-ty), uniform (yooni-form). See also VOWEL

CONSUME : (verb) 1. to expend by use; use up. 'Cities consume a high percentage of a country's energy, due to the high populations living there.' 2. to eat or drink up; devour. 'Many people consume a great deal of junk food ona regular basis.' 3. to destroy, as by decomposition or burning: Fire consumed the forest. 4. to spend (money, time, etc.) wastefully. 5. to absorb; engross: consumed with curiosity.

CONSUMES
Keyword(s): CONTACT : (verb). Write to/speak to, get in touch with. Example: 'It is the schools responsibility to contact parents of children they suspect are taking drugs.'

CONFUSE : (verb) To mix up, to not understand correctly. Example: "It can be easy to confuse tenses in English grammar'.

CONSONANTS
Keyword(s): CONSTANT : (adjective) Continual, endless. For example: 'There have been constant problems since the new policy has been introduced.'

CONFUSED
Keyword(s): CONNECT : (verb) To link, to join. Example: 'In English, you can connect ideas with linking words'.

CONNECTED
Keyword(s): CONSCRIPTION : (noun) Compulsory recruitment into the military. Example: 'Many countries still have conscription'.

CONSTITUENT PARTS : (noun phrase) Parts or ingredients that together make a whole. Example: 'There are many constituent parts to a car engine'.

CONTAIN : (verb) To include, to hold within. Example: 'The IELTS reading and listening tests both contain 40 questions.'

CONTAINS
Keyword(s): CONTEMPORARY : (adjective). Modern. Example: 'In my opinion contemporary novels are more interesting and true to life than classic literature.'

CONSENT : To AGREE

CONSTITUTE : (verb) Comprise, make up, form. For example: 'The research I have collected constitutes a very good basis for my assignment.'

CONSTITUTED
Keyword(s): CONSTRAIN : (verb) Limit, restrict, hinder. For example: 'In order to constrain the increasing use of illegal drugs, stricter penalties should be introduced.'

CONSEQUENT : (adjective) Resulting, following. For example: 'A number of people were concerned about the change in government policy and the consequent protests were no surprise.'

CONTEXT : (noun). Perspective, background. Example: 'A good essay will put all ideas and arguments into a clear context.'

CONSTRAINED
Keyword(s): CONSIDER : (verb) Think carefully about. Example: 'You need to consider possible synonyms for keywords before scanning the reading passage for the answer'. CONSTRUCT : (verb) Build, put together, make. For example: 'It is important to construct a solid argument for your essay and making notes beforehand helps enormously.'

CONTINENTS : Groups of countries; large masses of land. For example: Europe, Asia

CONTRACT : (noun). Written and signed agreement, legally binding document. Example: 'An employment contract protects the rights of both employer and employee.'

CONSIDERED
Keyword(s): CONSIDERABLE : (adjective) Large, sizeable, substantial. For example: 'A recent survey showed that a considerable number of parents have little knowledge regarding the signs of drug use.' Keyword(s):

CONSTRUCTED
CONSULT : (verb) Ask, check with. For example: 'It is important for patients to consult their doctor before taking any additional medication.' CONTRADICT : (verb). Disagree with, challenge the view of, oppose. Example: 'The findings in the new research project contradict those from the earlier survey.'

CONSULTED
Keyword(s):

CONTRARY : (adjective). Opposite. Example: 'There are many contrary opinions to this view.'

believe a point of view. Example: 'It has been difficult to convince the general public of the dangers related to this.'

(verb) Combine, link, join. For example: 'Rising unemployment amongst graduates coupled with increasing costs to study at university have resulted in the decreasing enrolments into university programmes.' Keyword(s):

CONTRARY (On the contrary) : (noun). Opposite. Example: 'Sensible exercise has no ill effects on the body; on the contrary it brings enormous benefits.'

COOPERATE : (verb) Work together. For example: 'It is important for Governments of different countries to cooperate together to find a solution to global warming.'

COUPLED WITH
CREATE : (verb) Make, invent, produce, generate. For example: 'The arrival of the new factory has created a number of job opportunities for local people.'

CONTRAST : (noun). Difference, strong dissimilarity. Example: 'There is enormous contrast between the landscapes of the two countries.'

COORDINATE : (verb) Organise, bring together. For example: 'The conference will require a huge amount of organisation so the company has appointed an Events Manager to coordinate the project.'

CONTRIBUTE : (verb). Add, give. Example: 'Older workers in the work force are important as they contribute their experience, wisdom and patience.'

CORE : (adjective) Central, main. For example: 'The company is involved in many different areas of business but its core business is computer software.'

CREDIT : (noun) Praise, recognition, acclaim. For example: 'Nursing staff are often not given enough credit for the difficult job they perform.'

CONTROVERSIAL : (adjective) Arguable, disputable, likely to cause disagreement. Example: 'The government's decision to reduce funding of public healthcare was controversial.'

CORPORAL PUNISHMENT : (noun phrase) Physical punishment. Example: 'Corporal punishment, such as caning, is now banned in many schools.'

CRITERIA : (noun) Condition related to a situation. For example: 'The successful candidate for the job must meet all the criteria laid down in the job description.'

CONTROVERSY : (noun). Arguement, disagreement. Example: 'A decision to fine parents of children who are not attending school would cause a huge amount of controversy.'

CORPORATE : (adjective) Business or company related, commercial. For example: 'It is relatively easy to find out information at companies these days as on the web there are numerous sites holding corporate information.'

CRUCIAL : (adjective) essential, necessary, vital. For example: 'It is crucial that governments provide good education opportunities for teenagers to ensure a successful future for the country.'

CONVENE : (verb). Come together, assemble. Example: 'United Nations representatives will convene in Europe next month.'

CORRELATION : (noun) A connection or link between things. Example: 'There is a correlation between healthy living and lifespan'. Keyword(s):

CULPABLE : (noun) The state of being guilty of doing something. 'He is culpable for the damage his children caused.'

CULPABILITY
Keyword(s): CULTURE : (noun) Society, traditon, customs, way of life. For example: 'It is an important education for people to experience different cultures as it allows them the opportunity to better understand people from countries different to their own.'

CONVENTIONAL : (adjective) Following accepted customs and traditions. Example: 'In western countries, it is conventional for the bride to wear a white dress on her wedding day.'

CORRELATIONS
CORRESPOND : (verb) Match, match up to, relate to. For example: 'The findings from this research project correspond with those from earlier studies.'

CONVERT : (verb). Change, alter from one use or purpose to another. Example: 'In many parts of the world forest land has been converted to agricultural land and this has impacted on the environment.'

COUNTERPART : (noun) Equal, equivalent. Example: 'A prime minister is the counterpart of a president'.

CURE : (noun) Treatment, solution. Example: 'Many people are searching for a cure for the common cold'.

CURES
Keyword(s): CURRENCY : (noun) Money, exchange. For example:

CONVINCE : (verb). Persuade, encourage another to

COUPLE WITH :

'Currency exchange in Europe is no longer an issue as the majority of countries use the Euro.'

(noun) A conclusion drawn from evidence. Example: 'The deduction made was clearly logical.'

: (verb) Invent, create. For example: 'The Head of the Marketing Department has designed a new marketing strategy which will hopefully bring more business to the company.'

CYCLE : (noun) Series, sequence. For example: 'Students may be required to describe a process for Task 1 of the writing exam, for example the Water Cycle which describes the journey of water from land to sky and back again.'

DEFINE : (verb) Identify, describe. For example: 'The main responsibilities of a job are defined in the job description.'

D DATA : (noun) Statistics, figures, information. For example: 'The most accurate data available on a countrys population is probably found in Census information collected every four years in a Government survey.'

DEFINITE : (adjective) Certain, sure. For example: 'Scientists know that there are definite links between cigarette smoking and lung cancer, though the causes of many other cancers as still unknown.'

DESPITE : (preposition) In spite of, even with. For example: 'Despite the Governments efforts to increase safety of citizens, the level of crime has continued to increase.'

DETECT : (verb) Form an inpression, find out, discover. For example: 'From the reaction of the staff, it was easy to detect that they were unhappy with the new proposal.'

DEMONSTRATE : (verb) To show. Example: 'It is important to demonstrate a range of accurate grammar in your IELTS essay'. Keyword(s):

DEATH PENALTY : When the punishment for a crime means you will be killed, this is the death penalty. See also: CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

DETERIORATE : (verb) To get worse. For example: 'The situation has deteriorated'.

DEMONSTRATES
DENOTE : (verb) Indicate, stand for, identify. For example: 'Many road accidents are caused because drivers do not understand the Highway Code and ignore road signs which denote the need for caution.' DETRACT FROM : (verb) reduce value or importance of something. Example: 'His negative comments detracted from the enjoyment of the evening'.

DEBATE : (noun) Discussion, argument. For example: 'Controversial subjects such as capital punishment often attract heated debate.'

DEBT : (noun) Something owed; needs to be repaid. Example: 'Many students amass a large debt while studying.'

DENY : (verb) Disallow, refuse. For example: 'The students were denied the right to longer holidays despite their protests.'

DEVIATE : (verb) Move away from, differ. For example: 'A large number of young people today like to deviate from the norm of their society.' Keyword(s):

DEVIATES, DEVIATED
DECADE : (noun) Ten year period. For example: 'Almost certainly violent crime has increased dramatically over the last decade.' DEPRESS : (verb) Weaken, cause to drop. For example: 'The Government should take action in reducing inflation as many people are worried that it will depress the economy even further.' DEVICE : (noun) Machine, tool, gadget. For example: 'Electronic devices such as mobile phones have improved our ability to communicate'

DECLINE : (noun) A weakening, a fall off, a drop off. For example: 'Fortunately, there has been a decline in the number of cigarette smokers over recent years.'

DEVISES
DERIVE : (verb) Arrive at (from reasoning). For example: 'This conclusion can logically be derived from the information given.' Keyword(s): DEVOTE : (verb) dedicate, give, alot. For example: 'It is important to devote adequate time to studying for an exam to ensure a good result.'

DEDUCE : (verb) Figure out, reason, work out. For example: 'It can be deduced from the information given that the problem is likely to continue.'

DESCRIPTION : (noun) A statement that describes something. Example: 'For Task I writing, you may have to give a description of a diagram'.

DIALOGUE : (noun) A conversation. Example: 'In Parts One and Three of the listening test, you will hear a dialogue between two or more people and you will have to answer questions.'

DEDUCTION :

DESIGN

DIFFERENTIATE : (verb) Tell apart, distinguish, see the difference between. For example: 'It is important for teachers to differentiate between the different skills and abilities of their students to ensure they all get a good education.'

: (verb) Choose to ignore; decide something is unimportant. Example: 'The CEO dismissed the idea of higher wages for staff'.

DISMISSED
Keyword(s): DISORDER : (noun) Illness, syndrome. Example: 'Many learning disorders have now been identified.'

DIVERSE : (adjective) Varied, including different types. For example: 'Cities such as London for example, are interesting as the population there is made up of many cultures and is so diverse.'

DIMENSION : (noun) Aspect, feature, factor. For example: 'The subject has many dimensions which must be taken into consideration when formulating a rounded argument.'

DIMINISH : (verb). Reduce, weaken, detract from (authority, reputation, prestige, responsibility). Example: 'Many people are unhappy when laws are introduced which seem to diminish parents responsibility for their own children.'

DISPARITY : (noun) A difference, something that is not similar. Example: 'There are disparities in economic stability in different regions'. See also: INEQUALITY

DIVISION : (noun) Differences in standard between two or more things. Example: 'There are divisions in wealth between different areas of the country'.

DIVISIONS
Keyword(s): DOCUMENT : (noun) Report, file, paper. For example: 'A marriage certificate is an example of a legally-binding document.'

DISPARITIES
Keyword(s): DISPLACE : (verb) move or shift from usual position. For example: 'Due to the enormous damage to property a large number if people were displaced due to the damage caused by earthquake.'

DIMINISHED
Keyword(s): DIRECTION : (noun) Route, focus, aim. Example: 'The introduction of a report shows the direction and main ideas included in the body'.

DOGMATIC : (adjective) Describing opinions or beliefs that are unproven but presented as facts. Example: 'It is important that you state your opinions in an appropriate manner and are not dogmatic.'

DISPLAY : (verb) show, present. For example: 'By law, motorists must display a current tax disc in the windscreen of their vehicle.'

DISADVANTAGED : Not having an equal situation to something or someone else; when something or someone has less than other people have.

DOMAIN : (noun) Area. sphere. For example: 'The domain of computer science involves many sub areas.'

DISPOSE OF : (verb) Get rid of, throw away. For example: 'It is our duty as citizens to dispose of rubbish responsibly.'

DISCHARGE : (verb) 1. To fire a weapon. 'He discharged the gun' (verb) 2. To release. let go. 'The patient was discharged from hospital this morning'.

DISCHARGED
Keyword(s): DISCRETE : (adjective) Separate, disconnected. For example: 'The Council is made up of there discrete divisions and communication between them is often difficult.'

DISTINCT : (adjective) clear, defintie, noticeable. For example: 'The bar chart shows that there is a distinct variation in purchasing habits over the period shown.'

DOMESTIC : (adjective) Within a country, internal, national. For example: 'A number of countries generate much higher income from business in their international markets than from domestic sales.'

DISTORT : (verb) Alter, warp, misrepresent. For example: 'The facts received were so distorted that it was difficult to know the truth of the matter.'

DOMINATE : (verb) Rule, control, lead, govern, overshadow. For example: 'Use of Microsoft products is so widespread it can be said that they dominate the software industry.'

DOMINATED
Keyword(s): DRAFT : (verb) Draw up, prepare, plan. For example: 'I need to draft a proposal before the meeting next week.'

DISCRIMINATE : (verb) Show prejudice. For example: 'Companies should not discriminate against older workers because of their age as their knowledge, experience and maturity can be of great benefit to a business.'

DISTRIBUTE : (verb) Spread, give out. For example: 'It is the Councils responsibility to distribute information leaflets on this topic to ensure that the public are aware.'

DRAFTED
Keyword(s): DRAMA : (noun) Crisis, commotion. For example: 'The proposed changes to the education

DISTRIBUTED
DISMISS Keyword(s):

system have caused quite a drama in the newspapers recently.'

success of the country.'

DRAMATIC : (adjective) Signiificant, large, major. "There was a dramatic rise in the cost of production."

ELIMINATE : (verb) Get rid of, remove. For example: 'It is the Governments responsibility to eliminate the problem of drug use in society.'

: (verb) Come across, come in contact with, meet. Example: 'When travelling abroad tourists have the opportunity to encounter many interesting people and learn a great deal about a different culture'.

ENCOUNTERED
Keyword(s): ENCOURAGEMENT : (noun) Support, inspiration, confidencebuilding. Example: 'Students achieve better results with encouragement from parents and teachers.'

DURATION : (noun) Period, length of time. For example: 'Exam candidates are not allowed to talk at all for the full duration of the exam.'

EMERGE : (verb) Appear, materialise, come to light. For example: 'Our medical knowledge improves almost daily and new cures for disease continue to emerge.'

DYNAMIC : (adjective) Continually changing or progressing. For example: 'The IT industry is extremely dynamic with huge investment into Research and Development. '

EMMIGRATION : (noun) To leave your home country to live in another place. See also IMMIGRATION. Example: John is from England. He now lives in New Zealand. He has emmigrated from England and immigrated to New Zealand.

ENERGY : (noun) Power, force, vigour. For example: 'A great deal of energy from members of the team will be required to ensure the success of the new venture.'

E ECONOMY : (noun) Financial system, financial market. For example: 'The strength of the countrys economy has attracted the interest of foreign investors.'

EMIGRANT
Keyword(s): EMOTIVE : (adjective) Sensitive, affecting, stimulating emotion. Example: 'He gave a highly emotive speech.'

ENFORCE : (verb) Make compulsory, insist on. For example: 'It is important for schools to enforce school rules strictly as students learn important lessons which will be useful later in life.'

EDIT : (verb) Correct, alter, improve. For example: 'My lecturer has offered to edit the first part of my thesis to ensure I am writing correctly.'

EMPHASIS : (noun) Importance, weight, stress. For example: 'There should be more emphasis on increasing the number of disabled people in the workforce.'

ENHANCE : (verb) Improve, add to. For example: 'Access to parks and gardens enhances the quality of life of city dwellers.'

EFFECT : (noun) What happens; the result. Example: 'The effect of climate change is unpredictable.'

EFFECTS
Keyword(s): EFFECTIVE : (adjective) Efficient, successful, useful. Example: 'ILSNZ Online IELTS is an effective way to study'.

EMPHASISE : (verb) To reinforce, to restate, to highlight. Example: 'When you write a conclusion to your essay, you should emphasise your main argument.'

ENORMOUS : (adjective) huge, massive, vast. For example: 'Industrial activity has an enormous impact on the environment.'

EMPHASISED
Keyword(s): EMPIRICAL : (adjective) Observed, practical. For example: 'Empirical research is required to obtain confirmation that the theories are correct.'

ENROL : (verb) To join, to sign up. Example: 'New students have to enrol in the course before Monday'.

EFFICIENTLY : (adverb) Time saving; productively. Example: 'It is important to use your time in the IELTS test efficiently to get a good result'.

ENSURE : (verb) Make sure, make certain. For example: 'It is the duty of a parent to ensure that their child has access to a solid education'

ELEMENT : (noun) Part, component, factor. For example: 'Certain elements of society are not contributing properly to the overall

ENABLE : (verb) Allow, make possible. For example: 'Government should subsidise entry fees to museums and art galleries to enable a higher number of people to visit. '

ENTITLED : To have the right to claim something. For example: 'If you are not happy with your IELTS result, you are entitled to ask them to check your exam again.'

ENCOUNTER

ENTITY : (noun) Body, unit. For example: 'Although they are both Government organisations they are completely separate entities.'

business in Asia next year.'

Example: 'For some IELTS reading questions, you need to answer using exact words from the passage. You are not allowed to use your own words'.

ENVIRONMENT : (noun) Natural world, nature, ecosystem. For example: 'More people should use public transport due to the negative impact of cars on the environment.'

ESTATE : (noun) Assets, property, wealth. For example: 'He has left his estate to his children and grandchild in the event of his death.'

EXCEED : (verb) Go beyond, surpass. For example: 'It is irresponsible for drivers to exceed the speed limit, particularly in areas around schools.'

EQUATE : (verb) Liken, compare, connect. For example: 'Society often equates old age with weakness and dependence.'

ESTIMATE : (verb) Calculate approximately, assess. For example: 'It is estimated that the new building will cost around $6.5million dollars to build.'

EXCESSIVE : (adjective) Too much. Example: 'Excessive drinking is becoming a problem among teenagers in many countries.'

EQUIDISTANT : (adjective) Equal distance between things. Example: 'The school is equidistant from the railway station and the hospital - it only take 5 minutes to walk to each place.'

ETHIC : (noun) Set of principles, moral values. For example: 'Companies can encourage a strong work ethic in their employees through fair treatment and by offering favourable work conditions.'

EXCLUDE : (verb) Keep out, leave out. For example: 'In extreme cases schools will often exclude students from school as punishment if they continue to misbehave.'

ETHICS
Keyword(s): ETHNIC : (adjective) of a particular group of people or culture. For example: 'Londons population is made up of many different ethnic groups..' EXEMPLARY : (adjective) Perfect. Example: 'The student was given an award for exemplary behaviour'.

EQUIP : (verb) Prepare, train, get (someone) ready. For example: 'It is important that the education received at school equips students with skills they will require in the working world.'

EQUIVALENT : (adjective) Equal, the same, comparable. For example: '40 degrees celsius is equivalent to 104 degrees fahrenheit.'

EVALUATE : (verb) Assess, appraise. For example: 'The company evaluates its performance by monitoring various aspects of the business carefully.'

EXHIBIT : (verb) Show, display. For example: 'He exhibits the talent to be a very good athlete one day.'

ERODE : (verb) Wear away, wear down. For example: 'Valleys are formed when rivers erode away the land.'

EVENTUAL : (adjective) Ultimate, final. For example: 'The organisation needs to increase its sales turnover or we can expect its eventual closure.'

EXPAND : (verb) Grow, become larger. For example: 'The organisation has expanded its manufacturing operation since it won the Government contract.'

EXPANDED
Keyword(s): EXPENDITURE : (noun) Spending, outgoings, expenses. Example: 'For the majority of families, the biggest monthly expenditure is on mortgage repayments'.

ERROR : (noun) A mistake. Example: 'There are a number of common errors made by IELTS candidates'.

EVIDENT : (adjective) Clear, obvious, apparent. For example: 'It is evident from the graph that 18-25 year olds were the biggest purchasers of CDs in the period shown'

ERRORS
Keyword(s): ESSENTIAL : (adjective) Something you must have or do. Example: Water is essential for survival. EVOLVE : (verb) Develop, grow, progress. For example: 'The small home-based business evolved into a major company over a period of five years.' EXPERT : (noun) Specialist. For example: 'Some experts claim that there is a link between violence in children and playing of violent video games.'

ESTABLISH : (verb) Set up, start, begin. For example: 'The company is establishing a new arm of the

EXACT : (adjective) Correct, accurate, precise.

EXPLANATION : (noun) A statement made to make something

understandable. Example: 'My teacher gave a very good explanation of how to improve my writing'. Keyword(s):

asked some extension questions related to the topic card you spoke about.'

(noun) Charge, payment. For example: 'Entry to the park used to be free but now visitors are asked to pay a small fee.'

EXPLANATIONS
EXPLICIT : (adjective) Open, graphic, uninhibited. For example: 'Many people believe that the pictures we see on the news nowadays of war and suffering are much too explicit.'

EXTERNAL : (adjective) Outside. For example: 'The company will be audited by an external auditor next week.'

FEES
Keyword(s): FILE : (noun) Report, profile, record. For example: 'A CV and copy of qualifications are kept in the staff file of each employee.'

EXPLOIT : (verb) Take advantage of, ill use. For example: 'Laws protecting workers are necessary to prevent some employers from exploiting their rights.'

EXTRACT : (noun) A part/passage from a literary work or speech. For example: 'The author will read an extract from his latest book at the book signing next week.'

FINAL : (adjective) Last, ending. For example: 'The final point relating to this issue is the most significant'

EXPORT : (verb) Sell overseas. For example: 'The country is very self-sufficient and exports significantly more produce than it needs to import. '

F FACILITATE : (verb) Help, aid, make easy. For example: 'Agreement and cooperation between the two Governments has helped to facilitate the programme.'

FINANCE : (noun) Money, funding. For example: 'Hospitals in the public sector often have difficulty obtaining enough finance to provide quality healthcare.'

EXPORTED
Keyword(s): EXPOSE : (verb) Bring attention to, reveal publicly. For example: 'It is important for the media to have freedom to publish as often scandals are exposed by their investigations.'

FACILITIES : (noun) Amenities, services available. Example: 'The facilities at the new leisure centre are excellent.'

FINITE : (adjective) Limited, set. For example: 'Fossil fuels, such as coal, are a finite resource and it is important to find an alternative before supplies are used up completely.'

FACILITY
Keyword(s): FACTOR : (noun) issue, feature, aspect, reason. For example: 'There are a number of factors which influence an increase in crime.' FIRST HAND : (adjective) From personal experience or from the original source. Example: 'Overseas volunteers get first hand experience of problems some people face in poorer countries.'

EXPOSE TO : (verb) Bring / come into contact with. Example: 'Skin needs to be protected when it is exposed to the sun'.

FACTORS
Keyword(s): FAMILIARITY : (noun) Sense of knowing something very well. Example: 'With familiarity, it becomes easier to have conversations in English'.

EXPOSED TO
Keyword(s): EXPRESS : (verb) To communicate, to say. Example: 'An increasing number of people are expressing concern regarding our impact on the environment.'

FLEXIBLE : (adjective) Adaptable, open to change. For example: 'Hours worked by students in parttime jobs need to be flexible so they can take time off if necessary for revision.'

EXTEND : (verb) To make bigger; to make longer. Example: 'You should try to extend your answers as much as possible without repeating yourself in the IELTS speaking test.'

FEATURE : (noun) characteristic, trait, quality. For example: 'The computer programme has a number of features which are extremely user-friendly.'

FLOWCHART : (noun) A diagram showing the sequence of events. Example: 'The process was explained clearly by use of a flowchart'.

FEATURES
Keyword(s): FEDERAL : (adjective) Centralised (related to Government). For example: 'The Federal Government of the U.S.A. controls laws and issues relating to all States.' FLUCTUATE : (verb) Vary, change, rise and fall. For example: 'It can be seen from the graph that expenditure fluctuated from March to July, after which it steadily increased.'

EXTENSION QUESTION : (noun phrase) A question that asks for more detailed information on a topic you have already discussed. Example: 'Towards the end of the IELTS speaking test, you wil be

FEE :

FLUENCY : (noun) A measure of how clear and

connected your speech is. Example: 'He knows a lot of grammar, but has difficulty speaking - he has very poor fluency'.

FOCUS : (verb) Direct attention towards a central, focal point. For example: 'The majority of people seem to agree that the Government should focus on increasing job opportunities for school leavers.'

FUNCTION : (verb) Purpose, meaning, role. For example: 'The main function of the department is quality control.'

: (adjective). Worldwide. Example: 'Global awareness is increasing as more and more people travel and are able to experience different countries firsthand.'

FUND : (verb) Finance, support financially. For example: 'Many university students take on part-time work to help to fund their studies.'

GLOSSARY : (noun) A list of words and explanations at the end of a text. Example: 'Some IELTS reading passages will have a short glossary at the end'.

FORMAT : (noun) Arrangement, layout, design. For example: 'I like the format of the new text book, it is clear and easy to follow.'

FURTHERMORE : (adverb). Additionally, also. Example: 'Drug use is illegal and furthermore it is damaging to health.'

GOAL : (noun). Objective, aim. Example: 'The goal of the training programme is to improve communication within the team.'

FORMULA : (noun) Method, recipe, blueprint. For example: 'Many movies these days are not based upon new ideas, simply new actors and locations following an old formula.'

FORTHCOMING : (adjective) Approaching, coming soon, imminent. For example: 'The forthcoming election is likely to result in a change of Government.'

G GENDER : (noun). Sex, male or female. Example: 'Women in the workplace are still sometimes discriminated against because of their gender.'

GRADE : (noun). Score, mark. Example: 'It is important to answer the question correctly in order to achieve a high grade in the exam.'

FOUND : (verb) establish, set up. For example: 'The university has a long history and was founded in 1903.'

GENERAL : (adjective). Not particular or exact. Example: 'I have a general idea as to what I will be studying on my course, but no specific information yet.'

GRAMMAR TENSE : (noun phrase) Structures used to show past, present or future. E.g. Present simple tense, past continuous tense.

FOUNDATION : (noun) Base, basis. For example: 'My business diploma has provided a good foundation for my studies, now I hope to study a Bachelors Degree.'

GENERATE : (verb). Produce, cause. Example: 'It is hoped that the new advertising campaign will create enough interest to generate a huge increase in sales.'

GRAMMATICAL RANGE : (noun phrase) A variety of sentence structures and tenses. Example: 'It is important to demonstrate a wide grammatical range in the IELTS test.'

GRAMMATICALLY : (Adverb) To do with grammar.

FRAMEWORK : (noun) Structure, basis. For example: 'The framework of the course includes all aspects of study which relate to my job.'

GENERATION : (noun). Age group, age bracket. Example: 'It is often difficult to understand the thinking of people of different generations'

GRANT : (noun). Financial subsidy to offer support. Example: 'Government grants for higher education allow students from poorer families to also gain a university education.'

FRUSTRATING : (adjective) Annoying, irritating. Example: 'Learning a foreign language can be frustrating if there are not many opportunities to practise.'

GENERIC : (adjective) General, not specific. Example: 'Generic sales letters are less successful than those personalised for the receiver.'

FULLY : (adverb) Completely, 100%. Example: 'I fully understand his point of view'.

GET SIDETRACKED : (Verb phrase) To lose focus. Example: 'When reading an IELTS passage for specific information, it is important not to get sidetracked with small details.'

GUARANTEE : (verb). Assure, make certain. Example: 'Many young people nowadays are deciding against going to university as they think that a university degree will not guarantee them a job.' (noun) An assurance that something is protected. Example: 'He got a three year guarantee with his new television'. A guarantee is also called a warranty

GUARANTEED
Keyword(s): GLOBAL

GUIDELINE : (noun). Suggested rule to follow. Example: 'The Government has issued healthy eating guidelines to schools in an effort make school meals healthier.'

GUIDELINES
Keyword(s): H HENCE : So, therefore, because. The government has increased taxes, hence many educated people are leaving for foreign countries to find work.

I IDENTICAL : (adjective) Exactly the same. 'Identical twins share the same genetic make up'.

lives in New Zealand. He has emmigrated from England and immigrated to New Zealand.

IMMIGRANT
Keyword(s): IMPACT : Having an influence or effect on something.

IDENTIFY : (verb) To tell the difference between; to recognise. Example: 'It is important to identify all parts of the graph before beginning to write your Task I essay'.

HIT
Keyword(s): IMPLEMENT : (verb) To put into action, to start. Example: 'The changes will be implemented immediately'.

IDENTIFIES
Keyword(s): HIERARCHY : (noun) A group of people or things arranged in order of rank or grade. Example: 'Most larger corporations have a management hierarchy'. Keyword(s): IDEOLOGY : (noun) Belief system, values. Example: 'The ideology of left wing and right wing political parties is different in a number of ways'.

IMPLICATION : (Noun) Consequence, related result. Example: 'The implications of abuse of drugs such as ecstasy are still unknown'. Keyword(s):

HIERARCHICAL
HIGHLIGHT : (verb). Draw attention to, emphasise. Example: 'The increase in homeless people over recent years highlights the need for a better social welfare system.' IGNORANT : (adjective) Unaware, lacking knowledge. 'Travelling abroad broadens our knowledge and allows us to become less ignorant about other cultures.'

IMPLICATIONS
IMPLICIT : (adjective) Not spoken but understood between two or more parties. Example: 'We have an implicit agreement not to talk about the difficulty again. '

IGNORANT
Keyword(s): ILLUSTRATE : (verb). Demonstrate, give an example, show. Example: 'The example used in the lecture illustrated the theory we were being taught.'

HIGHLIGHTS
Keyword(s): HONOUR : (noun) Privilege. Example: 'It was an honour to meet the Queen'.

IMPLY : (verb) Suggest, say something indirectly. Example: 'Although my boss didnt so say directly, he implied that my having a holiday then would be inconvenient'.

HORIZONTAL : (adjective) Parallel to level ground. Example: If you have backache, it is recommended that you remain horizontal in bed.

ILLUSTRATION : (noun) A picture or diagram. Example: 'There is an illustration of the product on the box'.

IMPLIED
Keyword(s): IMPOSE : (verb) Make compulsory, force. Example: 'In some countries, penalties are imposed on families who have more than one child'.

HUMANITARIAN : (adjective) Caring, civilised, kind. Example: 'Humanitarian organisations deliver food and supplies to poor communities all over the world.'

IMAGE : (noun). Impression, idea, view. Example: 'The behaviour of a countrys citizens abroad influences the image of the country itself.'

IMPOSED
Keyword(s): IN-DEPTH : (adjective) Deeper, more detailed. Example: 'Market researchers often conduct in-depth interviews to find out specific and detailed information. '

HYPOTHESIS : (noun). Theory, assumption. Example: 'The research conducted so far indicates that the hypothesis is accurate.'

IMAGINARY : (adjective) made up; unreal. Example: 'The characters in children's books are usually imaginary'.

HYPOTHETICAL : (adjective) Theoretical, supposed. Example: 'The presentation he gave was based based on a hypothetical situation.'

IMMIGRATION : (noun) Moving into a country which is not your place of birth. See also EMMIGRATION Example: John is from England. He now

INADVISABLE : (adjective) Not recommended. Example: It is inadvisable to carry a lot of money in your wallet. It is better to keep it in a bank'.

INCENTIVE

: (noun) Offering to encourage someone to do something. Example: 'Incentives such as lower tax rates could encourage companies to expand their operations in rural areas'.

his indifference clearly through his comment that he didn't care who won the election'.

(adjective) First, preliminary, original. For example: 'My initial impressions of my new job were negative, though now I enjoy it.'

INCENTIVES
Keyword(s): INCIDENCE : (noun) occurance, situation. example: 'There have been a number of incidences where children who have watched violent movies have acted violently themselves'.

INDUSTRY : (noun) Manufacturing and processing. Example: 'The service sector is often bigger than the manufacturing industry in many developed countries'.

INITIATE : (verb) Start, begin, make the first move. For example: 'The Government should initiate a move towards more responsible recycling of rubbish.'

INDUSTRIES
Keyword(s): INEQUALITY : (noun) A difference, something that is not equal. Example: "Even today, there are inequalities in the workplace for men and women'. See also: DISPARITY Keyword(s): INJURE : (verb) hurt, harm. For example: 'Insurance often does not cover individuals who injure themselves whilst taking part in dangerous sports.'

INCIDENCES
Keyword(s): INCOME : (noun) Money coming in (often for working). Example: 'It is important to have a job that gives a regular income'.

INEQUALITIES
INEVITABLE : (adjective) Unavoidable, certain. For example: 'With advances in medical treatment, it is inevitable that the aging population will grow.'

INCOMPLETE : (adjective) Not whole, not finished. Example: 'An essay is incomplete without a conclusion'.

INNOVATE : (verb) make something new, something up to date. For example: 'The company needs to innovate its image and products to attract younger customers who currently think it is old fashioned.'

INCONVENIENT : (adjective) Problematic, awkward, badly timed. Example: "The meeting was inconvenient for everyone so the time was changed'.

INFER : (verb) Assume, suppose, suggest. For example: 'The message received infers there will be trouble ahead.'

INPUT : (noun)Contribution of ideas, opinions, effort. For example: 'The CEO asked for my input at the meeting, which shows he values my ideas.'

INCORPORATE : (verb) Include, add in. Example: Some parents believe it is wrong for schools to incorporate a sex education programme into their science classes. Keyword(s):

INFRASTRUCTURE : (noun) Network, roads and rail. For example: 'Government investment in the public transport infrasturcture will help encourage more people to use public transport.'

INSERT : (verb) Put in, include, add in. For example: 'Illustrations are often inserted into a text to make the information more interesting.'

INCORPORATED, INCORPORATES
INFRINGEMENT : (noun) A violation, a breach, an act against something. Example: 'Some people believe that having to carry identification cards is an infrigement of our right to privacy.'

INDEX : (noun) Contents list Example: The quickest way to search for content is to look in the index.

INSIGHT : (noun) Understanding, knowledge of a situation. For example: 'World news reports allow people from developed countries an insight into the suffering of people in the developing world'

INDICATE : (verb) To show or suggest. Example: "He indicated that he was bored." (noun = INDICATION) A sign showing or suggesting something.

INHERENT : (adjective) Essential, intrinsic. Hard work and dedication are inherent to success.

INSPECT : (verb) Check, examine. For example: 'The landlord will come to inspect our apartment for damage before we move out next week'

INDICATION
Keyword(s): INDIFFERENCE : (noun)The state of not having an opinion one way or another. Example: 'He showed

INHIBIT : (verb) Hold back, prevent. For example: 'Excess criticism can inhibit a child's confidence to try new things.'

INSTANCE : (noun) Situation, case, occasion. For example: 'In this instance you will not be required to pay, though there is usually a fee'

INITIAL :

INSTITUTE : (noun) Institution, organization. For example: 'The institution, which is

responsible for medical research, was founded in 1970.'

INSTRUCT : (verb) Command, order. For example: 'The company has instructed workers not to talk to the media about the problem'

INTERFERE WITH : (verb) To have an impact on, to disturb, to interrupt. Example: 'It is important your native language does not interefere with people's ability to understand you when speaking English.'

(adjective) Opposite; converse; opposing. Example: 'There is an inverse relationship when something increases as the other decreases'.

INSTRUCTIONS : (noun) What you have to do. For example: His instructions were to deliver the package to Mr Jones.

INTERMEDIATE : (adjective) Mid-level. For example: 'Students with an intermediate level of English have problems getting a high IELTS result.'

INVERT : (verb) To switch around, to reverse, to change order. Example: 'It is possible to invert your sentence structure to show a wider range of structures in your writing. There was an increase in sales last month could become Last month, there was an increase in sales.'

INVERTED
Keyword(s): INTERNAL : (adjective) Inside, within. 'Companies often conduct internal audits to be sure operations are running correctly'. INVEST : (verb) put in, devote (time, effort, money). For example: 'Parents invest a great deal of time, energy and money into the raising of their children.'

INSURMOUNTABLE : (adjective) Cannot be solved or overcome. 'An insurmountable problem'

INTEGRAL : (adjective) Essential, central. For example: 'Useful learning outcomes are intergral to a good education system'

INTERPRET : (verb) Translate into another language. For example: 'The President's speech was interpreted into a number of languages.'

INVESTIGATE : (verb) Look into, probe. For example: 'The police are currently investigating the crime and hope to find the culprit soon.'

INTEGRATE : (verb) Mix in, become part of, join together. For example: 'It is useful for immigrants to speak the language of the country they live if they wish to integrate properly into the community.'

INTERPRETATION : (noun) Understanding, explanation. For example: 'The newspaper's interpretation of events was very different to the information I saw on the news.'

INVOLVE : (verb) include, comprise. For example: 'Setting up a new business involves a great deal of planning, risk and hard work.' Keyword(s):

INTEGRITY : (noun) Having honesty, honour and reliability. For example: 'He is well respected and known for his integrity.'

INTERVAL : (noun) Gap, break. For example: 'The weather forecast says it will rain most of tomorrow but that there will be brief sunny intervals.'

INVOLVED,INVOLVES
IRRELEVANT : (adjective) Not useful or connected to the subject. Example: 'You need to make sure that the points you include in your IELTS essay are related to the question. Do not include any irrelevant points.'

INTELLIGENCE : (noun) Having intellect, cleverness. For example: 'A sound education will allow anyone to develop their intelligence'

INTERVENE : (verb) Get involved, interfere. For example:'The State should not intervene in the domestic affairs of its citizens'

INTERACT : (verb) The way people or things act and react to each other. Example: 'When children go to nursery school or kindergarten, they can interact with others their own age'.

INTRANSITIVE VERB : (noun) A verb that requires an object. Example: like, meet. See also TRANSITIVE VERB

IRRESPONSIBLE : (adjective) Not showing responsibility or maturity. Example: 'It is irresponsible to drive while under the influence of alcohol'. See also RESPONSIBLE

INTERCHANGE : (verb) Subsitute, use two things for the same purpose. Example: 'Native speakers of English interchange going to and the present continuous to talk about future plans and arrangements'.

INTRINSIC : (adjective) essential, vital, fundamental. For example: 'Fair discipline procedures are intrinsic to the successful running of a school'

ISOLATED : (adjective) Cut off, lonely, seperate. For example: 'University students can often feel isolated at first when they move to a new town away from their friends and family.'

ISOLATE
Keyword(s): ISSUE : (noun) Subject, topic, matter. For example:

INVERSE :

'The internet is a useful tool for keeping people informed of global issues.'

diagrams'. Keyword(s):

LABELS, LABELLED
ITALICS : (noun) A style of writing in which the letters of the words lean to the right. This sentence is written in italics. LABOUR : (noun) work. For example: 'It is more beneficial to society to set up Labour Schemes for non-violent criminals rather than imprison them.'

LEGISLATE : (verb) Pass laws. For example: 'Many people believe that the Government legislates in private matters which do not concern it.'

LEGISLATES
Keyword(s): LEGISLATION : (noun) Legal matters; law. Example: 'The government has introduced new legislation relating to schools.'

ITEM : (noun) Thing, article. For example: 'The packaging of a huge number of items on our weekly shopping list is unneccessary and damaging to the environment.'

LACK : (verb) Not have something that is considered desirable or needed. Example: 'Many elderly people lack the ability to surf the internet.'

J JOB : (noun) work, role. For example: 'Getting an interesting and well-paid job is the goal for most university graduates.'

LACKS
Keyword(s): LAW : (noun) Decision made by a government; rule of a country. Example: 'The government has just passed a law making it illegal to use a mobile phone while driving'.

LESS ADVANTAGED : (comparative adjective) Referring to people who have less than average (commonly referring to money or opportunities). Example: 'It is difficult for less advantaged families to be able to buy their own home'.

JOBS
Keyword(s): JOURNAL : (noun) academic publication, academic paper, periodical. For example: 'Journals can sometimes be difficult to read as the language used is very academic.'

LAWS
Keyword(s): LAYER : (noun) level, tier. For example: 'There are many layers to this problem.'

LEVY : (noun) tax. For example: 'Levies in the country are so high that for finacial reasons people are choosing to live abroad.'

LEVIES
Keyword(s): LEXICAL : (adjective) Talking about vocabulary (words). For example: 'He has a good lexical ability - he knows a lot of words'

JOURNALS
Keyword(s): Keyword(s): JUSTIFY : (verb) Give good reason for, rationalise, excuse. For example: 'Governments should be made to justify the high salaries of politicians.'

LAYERS
LECTURE : (noun) university lesson, class. For example: 'I often take a dictophone to my lectures as it can be difficult to understand all of the information.'

JUSTIFIED
Keyword(s): Keyword(s): K KEEP IN TOUCH : To stay in communication with someone.

LECTURES
LECTURER : (noun) Similar to a teacher but presenting more academic subjects, often to a large group of people

LIBERAL : (adjective) broad-minded, tolerant. For example: 'Some people believe society is too liberal and that we should return to more traditional values.'

LICENCE : (noun) Having the necessary qualifications. Example: A driver's licence, a doctor's license

KEYWORDS : (noun) The main words in a sentence that express the main ideas. Example: 'In the reading test, you can find answers quickly and efficiently by looking for keywords.'

LEGAL : (adjective) Lawful, authorised by law. For example: 'The death penalty is still legal in a number of countries.'

LIFE EXPECTANCY : (noun phrase) A prediction of the average time a person will live. Example: 'Life expectancy in Japan is one of the highest in the world.'

L LABEL : (verb) Mark, identify. For example: 'Unhealthy foods containing additives or with high fat or sugar content should be clearly labelled.' (noun) A tag showing title or information. Example: 'In the IELTS test you should read any labels that are given on

LEGALISE : (verb) Make legal. Example: Some people believe that drugs such as cannabis should be legalised'.

LEGALISED
Keyword(s):

LIKEWISE : (adverb) Similarly, in the same way. For example: 'Some people see no benefit in the arts and likewise have no interest in learning more about them.'

LIMIT : (noun) A top or bottom point. For example: If you drink three bottles of beer, you are over the limit to be able to drive.

: (noun phrase). Central focus. Example: 'Paragraphs generally focus on a main message but also include supporting information'

: (verb) expand, grow to full potential. For example: 'Most companies wish to maximise their profits.'

LIMITATIONS : (noun) Drawbacks, weak points, short comings. Example: 'Although the argument has some good points, there are also some limitations.'

MAINTAIN : (verb) Keep, sustain. For example: 'The company has maintained its position as market leader by selling high quality products at low prices.'

MECHANISM : (Noun) Physical or mental process. For example: 'Behaviour and thought mechanisms vary from people to people.'

MECHANISMS
Keyword(s): MEDIA : (Noun) newspapers, TV, magazines etc. For example: 'It is important for the media to have freedom of speech.'

LIMITATION
Keyword(s): LIMITED : (adjective) Restricted, kept within a certain amount. Example: 'You have to answer some IELTS questions in a limited number of words.' MAJOR : (adjective) Huge, large. For example: 'Alcohol and drug abuse is a major problem in some parts of society.'

LINK : (noun) Relationship, connection. For example: 'Experts now believe there is a link between diet and bad behaviour in children.' (verb) To make a connection, to join.

MANIPULATE : (adjective) Change, alter (for own benefit) . For example: 'Facts are often manipulated by the media to give news stories additional interest.'

MEDIATE : (verb) Act as a go between, encourage discussion between two parties. For example: 'An independent advisor will mediate the talks between the company and its workers.'

LINKED
Keyword(s): LINKING WORD : (noun phrase) A word used to connect ideas. For example: and, yet, however.

MANUAL : (adjective) Physical, labour-intensive, bluecollar. For example: 'Manual workers generally earn lower wages than skilled workers or professionals.'

MEDICAL : (adjective) Related to medicine or health. For example: 'There are proven medical benefits to taking regular exercise and eating a healthy diet.'

LOCATE : (verb) Find. track down. For example: 'I could not locate the street on the map and had to ask for directions.'

MARGIN : (Noun) Level. For example: 'It is important for companies to have a healthy profit margin.'

MEDIUM : (noun) Method, vehicle, channel, mode. For example: 'Email is nowadays the most popular medium for communication.'

LOGIC : (noun) Reason, sense, common sense. For example: 'The majority of people cannot see the logic behind the recent decision.'

MATCH : (verb) To fit together, to be equal. 'Some IELTS questions require you to match information with a speaker'.

MATCHES
Keyword(s): MATERIALISTIC : (adjective) Motivated and finding pleasure in physical possessions and objects displaying wealth. Example: 'Many religions discourage their followers from being overly materialistic'.

MENTAL : (adjective) Related to the mind or psychological state. For example: 'Mental illness is often more difficult for others to understand than physical sickness.'

LOGICAL : (adjective) Makes sense, is reasonable. Example: 'It is important to take a logical approach to the IELTS exam'. (adverb: logically)

MENTION : (verb) To talk about, to refer to. Example: 'The subject was first mentioned at last week's meeting.'

MENTIONS
Keyword(s): METHOD : (Noun) way of doing something, system. For example: 'Modern methods of teaching have replaced traditional methods in some schools.'

LOGICALLY
Keyword(s): LOYAL : To be faithful to someone or something. Example: 'Dogs are very loyal pets'. MATURE : (adjective) Responsible, stable through age and experience. For example: 'Younger staff benefit from interaction with older workers as they learn from their mature outlook.'

M MAIN MESSAGE

MAXIMISE

MIGRATE

: (verb) To move from one place to another or one country to another. See also EMIGRATION and IMMIGRATION

: (Verb) Adapt, adjust, change. For example: 'We often modify our behaviour and speech depending on who we are talking to.'

NEGATES
Keyword(s): NETWORK : (noun) Connection, set of connections. For example: 'A close network of friends is important to most people.'

MIGRATION
Keyword(s): MILITARY : (Noun) Armed forces, army. For example: 'Food and medical supplies will be delivered to the area as part of the Military's rescus operation.' Keyword(s):

MODIFIED
MONITOR : (Verb) Observe, check, supervise. For example: 'A baby's deveopment is carefully monitored particularly in the early stages of growth.'

NEUTRAL : (Adjective) Unbiased, not taking sides. For example: 'During the war, the country remained neutral.'

MINIMAL : (adjective) Smallest amount, minium amount. For example: 'The recent Government campaign has had minimal effect and can be considerd a failure.'

MORTGAGE : (noun) Bank loan for buying a house. Example: 'Mortgage interest rates have increased significantly over the years in many countries'.

NEVERTHELESS : (Adverb) Nontheless, yet. For example: 'The project would be relatively inexpensive to set up, nevertheless it would be of great benefit.'

MINIMISE : (Verb) Make as small as possible. For example: 'Parents should try to minimise the effect that divorce has on the their children.'

MOTIVATED : (adjective) Full of energy and purpose; aiming for a goal. Example: 'It is important to keep motivated when studying, even when there are difficulties.'

MINIMISED
Keyword(s): MINIMUM : (Noun) Smallest amount, least amount. For example: 'I can study the course in my own time, but it should take a minimum of 2 months to complete.' MOTIVE : (Noun) Reason, cause. For example: 'The main motive to work for most people is to earn money.'

NORM : (noun) standard, average. For example: 'It is no longer the norm in many cultures for the wife to stay at home full-time and look after the children.'

MINISTRY : (Noun) Bureau, Department, Authority. For example: 'The Ministry of Health will release new healthy eating guidelines soon.'

MULTIPLE : (adjective) Many. Example: 'He had multiple injuries from the car crash'

NORMAL : (adjective) Usual, standard, typical. For example: 'Aerobic exercise is good for the heart because it raises the heartbeat above the normal level.'

MINOR : (Adjective) Small, not of great significance. For example: 'The minor issues on the agenda were not covered at the meeting as we ran out of time.'

MUTUAL : (adjective) Joint, shared, common. For example: 'Employment contracts betwwen employers and employees can be altered subject to mutual agreement.'

NOT APPLICABLE : (phrase) Not relevant; does not apply. Example: 'If questions on an application form are not relevant, then you can write N/A meaning that it is not applicable to you.'

MODAL VERB : (noun phrase) An additional verb used with a main verb. Example: should, can, might, would, will.

MUTUALLY DEPENDENT : (adjective) When two things or people need or rely on each other.

NOTION : (noun) Idea, concept. For example: 'The notion that one day people may live on other planets is almost impossible for us to visualise.'

MODAL VERBS
Keyword(s): MODE : (Noun) Type, method, style. For example: 'Bicycles are an environmentally-friendly mode of transport.'

N NECESSITY : (noun) Something needed or required. Example: 'Water is a necessaity for life.'

NOUN : (grammar term) A noun is the part of speech that is used to name a person, place, or thing. Nouns can be countable (chair, table, car) or uncountable (water, rice, air).

NOUNS
Keyword(s): NEGATE : (verb) Cancel out, counteract. For example: 'The recent decision will negate all progress made before.' NUCLEAR : (adjective) Relating to atomic source. For example: 'A nuclear war would be devastating for the world and its population.'

MODIFY

the guests for coming on my behalf as I had to leave early and couldnt talk to everyone.' NUMEROUS : (adjective) Lots, many. Example: 'There are numerous charities that collect money from donations'.

O OBJECTIVE : (Noun) Aim, purpose. For example: 'The aims and objectives of the research project are found at the beginning of the report.'

OPEN-MINDED : (adjective) To be open to new ideas; tolerant. Example: 'When travelling overseas, it is important to be open-minded about other cultures.'

OVERLAP : (verb) Coincide, have similarities. For example: 'There are several areas where to two departments' responsibilities overlap.'

OPPOSING : (adjective) Opposite point of view, against. Example: 'There are many opposing views on the subject of capital punishment'.

OVERSEAS : (noun) abroad, in another country. For example: 'In some countries people are resorting to having operations overseas as medical care there is cheaper.'

OBLIGATION : (noun) No choice; need to do something. Example: 'It is the parents' obligation to take good care of their child.'

OPT : (verb) To choose. 'He opted to take a few extra days holiday'.

OVERSEE : (verb) To manage, supervise or control. Example: 'My manager is overseeing the project'.

OBTAIN : (verb) To get. Example: 'Application forms can be obtained from the Admissions office'.

OPTED
Keyword(s): OPTION : (noun) Choice, alternative, opportunity. For example: 'There are several options available to him and he must choose the best.'

OVERVIEW : (noun) A general idea, an outline. Example: 'He gave an overview of the situation at the meeting, but did not go into all of the details.'

OBTAINED
Keyword(s): OBVIOUS : (adjective) Clear, evident. For example: 'The obvious solution to the problem of passive smoking is to ban cigarette smoking in public places as some countries have already done.'

OPTIONAL : You do not have to have this; you have a choice

P PARADIGM : (noun) Example, model. For example: 'A paradigm to illustrate the situation follows.'

PARADIGMS
Keyword(s): PARAGRAPH : (noun) Section of a text. For example: 'It is important to use paragraphs in essay writing as it is easier for the reader to follow the key ideas.'

OCCUPY : (verb) Take up, absorb. For example: 'Marking and administration tasks occupy a large proportion of a teacher's time.'

ORIENT : (verb) Adjust to, get used to. For example: 'The training week is designed so that new employees can orient themselves in the workplace.'

PARAGRAPHS
OCCUR : (verb) take place, happen. For example: 'Problems in families often occur when communication breaks down.' Keyword(s): OUTCOME : (noun) result, ending, conclusion. For example: 'People around the world are hoping for a peaceful outcome to the situation.' PARALLEL : (adjective) Similar, matching, equivalent. For example: 'It is important for couples to have parrallel goals in life and beliefs.'

OFFENCE : (noun) an insult. Example: 'He took offence at her comment about his country.'

OUTPUT : (noun) Production, yield. For example: 'The factory is operational seven days a week and has continual output.'

PARAMETER : (noun) limit, boundary. For example: 'The parameters of our knowledge are expanding all the time.'

OMIT : (verb) To leave out, not to include. 'His name was omitted from the list'

PARAMETERS
Keyword(s): OVERALL : (adverb) Largely, in the main, mainly. For example: 'Although there were a few minor problems, overall the conference was a success.' PARAPHRASE : (verb) To write about something again in another form or other words.

OMITTED
Keyword(s): on BEHALF : (preposition) For. For example: 'He thanked

PARTICIPATE : (verb) Take part in, join, join in. For example: 'Over 200 companies will participate in next week's exhibition.' Keyword(s):

Example: 'The penalty for driving over the speed limit is strict in many countries.'

PENALTIES
Keyword(s): PERCEIVE : (verb) Understand, comprehend. For example: 'The attitudes of our parents influence the way in which we perceive the world.'

: (conjunction) More, added to. Example: Everything is half price plus they are giving away free accessories.

PARTICIPATES
PARTNER : (verb) Unite, connect, link up. For example: 'The two companies intend to partner together for the purpose of the project.'

POINT OF VIEW : (noun phrase) An opinion . Example: 'It can sometimes be difficult to understand other peoples' points of view.' Keyword(s):

POINTS OF VIEW
PERCENT : (noun) proportion out of a hundred (%). For example: 'According to the chart less than 8 percent of people never watch television.' POLICY : (noun) Rule, strategy, plan. For example: 'The change in immigration policy has resulted in more people immigrating to the country.'

PARTNERS
Keyword(s): PASSAGE : (noun) A piece of reading with more than one paragraph. Example: 'In the IELTS reading test, you have to answer questions about the passages given'.

PERIOD : (noun) Phase, time. For example: 'While summer was very busy the company is now experiencing a quiet period.'

PASSIVE : (adjective) Not active, learnt through exposure not action. For example: 'We are influenced in a passive way by many factors in our lives.'

POPULATION : The total number of people living in a place. For example: 'The population of Japan is over 120 million.'

PERSPECTIVE : (noun) Point of view, outlook, perception. For example: 'It is important to consider the situation from more than one perspective.'

PASSIVE TENSE : A grammar term for a sentence that changes the subject and object. For example: 'Someone has stolen my car' (active) becomes 'My car has been stolen' (passive).

PORTION : (noun) part, piece. For example: 'The company invests a significant portion of its profits into research and development.'

PHASE : (noun) Period of time, temporary period. For example: 'Many of us go through phases in our life when we have negative experiences.'

PATIENCE : (noun) Quality of being tolerant, understanding or calm. Example: 'When working with teenagers, it is necessary to have patience'.

PHENOMENON : (noun) Occurance, happening. For example: 'As our understanding increases many previously unexplained phenomenons can now be understood.'

POSITIVE : (adjective) In support, not negative. For example: 'Customers' reaction to the new product has been positive and sales are expected to increase..'

PATIENT : (noun) Someone who is receiving medical care (adjective) Tolerant, understanding, calm. For example: 'When training a dog, you need to be patient. Shouting at the animal will not help.'

PHILOSOPHY : (noun) Viewpoint, way of life. For example: 'Many traditional business philosophies are still taught and useful today.'

POTENTIAL : (noun) The full possible extent of ability or excellence. Example: 'The course allows trainees to perform in their job to their full potential' (adjective) Possible, probable, likely. For example: 'The idea has a lot of potential benefits if put into place carefully.'

PENALISE : (verb) To punish, to give a penalty. Example: 'Students who hand in their assignments late are penalised by losing a percentage of their marks'.

PHYSICAL : (adjective) Bodily. For example: 'Physical beauty is often wrongly valued over personality in our society.'

POVERTY : (noun) The state of being poor (opposite=wealth) Example: 'A large proportion of the developing world lives in poverty.'

PENALISED
Keyword(s): PENALTY : (noun) Punishment; fine; consequence.

PLURAL : (grammar term) More than one. Example: 'The plural of shoe is shoes.'

PRACTIONER : (noun) A person with a professional skill. For example: 'A general practioner or G.P. refers patients to specialist doctors when necessary.'

PLUS

PRECEDE : (verb) come before, preface. For example: 'He preceded his presentation with a welcome speech.'

PRESUME : (noun) Assume, suppose. For example: 'In many legal systems someone accused of commiting a crime is presumed innocent until proven guilty.'

PROCEEDS
Keyword(s): PROCESS : (verb) Procedure, way of doing something. For example: 'IELTS task 1 writing may involve describing a process, such as, for example, whiskey-making.'

PRECISE : (adjective) Accurate, exact. For example: 'The information given at the meeting was very precise.'

PREVIOUS : (adjective) Earlier, prior, before. For example: 'The research results are similar to and support those in the previous study.'

PROCESSES
Keyword(s): PROFESSIONAL : (adjective) Specialised, qualified, skilled or trained in a given area For example: 'The country needs to attract more professional people into its workforce.' (noun) Relating to people working in an educated field such as lawyers and accountants. Keyword(s):

PREDICT : (verb) Foretell, estimate. For example: 'Experts predict that house prices will continue to rise.'

PRIMARILY : (adverb) Most importantly, firstly

PREDICTION : (noun) A guess, an estimation about the future. Example: 'The prediciton that the world's population will rise is probably correct.'

PRIMARY : (adjective) Main, most important. For example: 'The primary cause of skin cancer is over-exposure to the sun.'

PROFESSIONALS
PROHIBIT : (verb) ban, do not allow by law. For example: 'Laws exist which prohibit the sale of alcohol and cigarettes to children.'

PREDICTIONS
Keyword(s): PREDOMINANT : (adjective) Main, most common. For example: 'The predominant reason people commit crime is lack of money.'

PRIME : (adjective) Major, key. For example: 'His experience and qualifications make him a prime candidate for promotion.'

PREFERENCE : (noun) A preferred choice; something you would rather have/do. Example: 'They are both good universities, but my preference would be to study at the university in my hometown'.

PRINCIPAL : (noun) Head or boss of an operation (often a school). Example: 'The school will have a new Principal from next semester'.

PROJECT : (Noun) An undertaking involving effort. For example: 'Improving public healthcare is a significant project for the Government.'

PROJECTS
Keyword(s): PRINCIPLE : (noun) Idea, standard, belief. For example: 'The principle behind offering free university education is to give equal opportunites to all.' PROMOTE : (verb) Advertise, publicise An undertaking involving effort. For example: 'Improving public healthcare is a significant project for the Government.'

PRELIMINARY : (adjective) Initial, first. For example: 'A preliminary hearing is often held before a major court case goes to trial.'

PREPOSITION : (noun) A part of grammar that tells you about place or time. Examples: on the table between the chairs at 12 p.m. Keyword(s):

PRIOR : (adjective) Previous, earlier. For example: 'In the years prior to cheaper air travel, few people had the opportunity to experience different countries and their cultures.'

PROMPT : (noun) Something used to help organise and structure ideas. Example: 'Good public speakers write notes in the form of prompts to help them give a speech.'

PRIORITY : (noun) Factor of number one importance. For example: 'The main priority when parents divorce should be the well-being of the children.'

PROPORTION : (Noun) Amount, quantity, part. For example: 'A number of companies donate a proportion of their profits to charity every year.'

PREPOSITIONS PROPORTIONS
PRESSURE : A force or a feeling that something has to be done. PROCEED : (verb) Go forward, begin, carry on. 'Please proceed without me as I will be unable to attend the meeting'. Keyword(s): PROPOSED : (adjective) suggested, planned. Example: 'The proposed building was rejected because of the cost'.

PROSPECT : (Noun) Opportunity, option, chance. For example: 'The computer industry offers a range of job prospects to qualified people.'

(Verb) Go in for, take up, engage in. For example: 'A number of teachers are becoming disillusioned with teaching and are pursuing different careers.'

example: 'People do not react well to criticism or blame.'

PROSPECTS
Keyword(s): PROTOCOL : (Noun) Code of conduct, set of rules. For example: 'Employees of the company are expected to follow a strict protocol.'

Q QUALIFYING WORD : (grammar term) A word that gives more information to the main subject. Example: 'Tokyo is a lot more crowded than Auckland'.

RECIPIENT : (noun) The person who receives something. Example: 'The recipient must sign their name when receiving a delivery'.

PROTOCOLS
Keyword(s): PROVIDE : (verb) To give or offer. Example: 'IELTS students need to provide evidence and examples to support their opinions.'

QUOTE : (Verb) Cite, refer to the words of another. For example: 'No more than two or three sentences should be directly quoted from another author in academic writing.'

RECITE : (verb) To speak from memory or from something written. Not a naturally conversation. Example: 'He had to recite the whole poem in front of the class'.

PROVIDES
Keyword(s): PSYCHOLOGY : (Noun) Mental processes and behaviour, thoughts and emotions. For example: 'Human psychology is extremely complex.'

R RADICAL : (Adjective) Drastic, major. For example: 'The new CEO has already made radical changes to the running of the company.'

RECOGNISE : (verb) To notice; to identify. Example: 'When listening to the IELTS recording, you may need to recognise the voices of specific speakers.'

RECOGNISED
Keyword(s): RECOMMEND : (verb) To advise or suggest as the best course of action. 'He recommended I visit the doctor' Keyword(s):

PUBLIC TRANSPORT : Buses and trains for example.

RAISE MONEY : (phrase) To build funds (usually through charity). Example: 'The school is currently raising money to build a new sports hall'.

RECOMMENDED
RECOVER : (verb) Get back, regain. For example: 'The Goverment is unlikely to recover its support after the recent failure.'

PUBLICATION : (Noun) Printed work i.e. book, magazine, newspaper, journal. For example: 'The author's new publication is said to be his best.' Keyword(s):

RANDOM : (Adjective) By chance, unsystematic. For example: 'Members of the public will be chosen at random to take part in the survey.'

PUBLICATIONS
PUBLISH : (Verb) Make public, make known. For example: 'Not all facts are published and the General Public may not be aware of the dangers.'

RANGE : (Noun) Variety, choice, selection. For example: 'The university offers a wide range of choice to students interested in different aspects of business.'

REFER TO : (verb) Check, look at. Example: 'When sitting your IELTS test, it is important to refer to the plan you have made as you are writing''.

PUNCTUAL : Not late / on time.

RATIO : (Noun) Relative amount, proportion, fraction. For example: 'The ratio of men and women is unbalanced in a number of countries.'

REFERENCE : (noun) A mention of. Example: 'In the reading test, look for references to the keywords in the question'.

REFERENCES
Keyword(s): RATIONAL : (Adjective) Sensible, logical, with reason. For example: 'It can be difficult to remain rational about emotional issues.' REFERENCE WORD : (noun phrase) Use of a pronoun (he, she, it for example) to refer to a noun mentioned before. Example: 'Dr Barton was responsible for the project, although he did not complete all of the research.'

PURCHASE : (Verb) Buy. For example: 'Identification is often required in order to purchase alcohol.'

PURSUE :

REACT : (Verb) Act in response, respond. For

REFINE

: (verb) Improve, make better. For example: 'The company needs to refine its production process as a number of problems have been indentified.'

basis for private loans'. RELATIVE CLAUSE : (noun) A grammar term for a sentence that commonly uses that, who or which to add more information. For example: 'London, which is the capital of England, is situated near a river' or 'The man who lives next door is a doctor'.

REPAYMENTS
Keyword(s): REPERCUSSION : (noun) Consequence, effect, impact. Example: 'Many families are feeling the repercussion of higher taxes'.

REGIME : (noun) System or routine. For example: 'When trying to lose weight it can be difficult to stick to a strict exercise regime.'

REGION : (noun) Area, district. For example: 'The entire region suffered damage in the recent earthquake.'

RELAX : (verb) Lighten up, loosen up, calm down. For example: 'Many people use alcohol as a way to relax in social situations.'

REPETITION : (noun) duplication; something repeated. Example: 'It is important to avoid repetition in IELTS writing by using a range of vocabulary'.

REGISTER : (noun) Language used in a specific situation. For example: 'Formal register is required for academic writing.'

RELEASE : (verb) Set free. For example: 'Early release of prisoners into society could be dangerous.'

REGULATE : (verb) Control, monitor. For example: 'Introduction of the new examination system will be regulated by the Ministry of Education.'

RELEVANT : (Adjective) Related to the point in question. For example: 'His input at the meeting was very relevant to the problem at hand.'

REPETITIVE : (adjective) Describing something that repeats. Example: 'Some jobs are boring because they are repetitive - the same thing happens every day'.

RELIANT : Being dependent or needing something.

REPHRASE : (verb) To give the same information in a different way. Example: 'In IELTS writing, try not to copy words from the title. Try to rephrase as much as possible.'

REHABILITATION : (noun) Support and help to recover (physical, emotional or mental). Example: 'The rehabilitation centre helps many patients to get better'.

RELOCATE : (verb) Move to a different place. Example: 'The promotion involves having to relocate to another city'.

REQUIRE : (verb) Need, need to have. For example: 'Visitors to the country are required to hold a valid visa.'

REINFORCE : (verb) Strengthen, give more force to. For example: 'New information has reinforced our original ideas.'

RELY ON : (verb) Depend on, count on. For example: 'Many people rely on television as their main form of entertainment.'

REQUIRED : Something you have to have; something that is needed.

REJECT : (verb) Refuse, discard, throw out, dismiss. For example: 'Visa applications can be rejected on the basis of a criminal record.'

REMOVE : (verb) Eliminate, do away with, get rid of. For example: 'Since barriers to trade have been removed the country's export industry has grown dramatically.'

RESEARCH : (noun) Investigation or study into a given area or topic. For example: 'Most postgraduate programmes are research-based.'

RELATE TO : (verb) Have a connection with. Example: 'Supernova' and 'star' are words that relate to astronomy'.

RENT : (noun) Money spent on accommodation which is paid to the landlord of the property. Example: 'Rents are often very high in capital cities'.

RESENTMENT : (noun) A feeling of anger or bitterness. For example: 'Unfair treatment can cause resentment'.

RELATIONSHIP : (noun) A connection. Example: 'There is a relationship between good health and exercise'.

REPAYMENT : (noun) Money returned to the lender (often in installments). Example: 'Many people make repayments to the bank on a monthly

RESERVATIONS : (noun) Doubts, concerns. Example: 'Many parents have reservations about allowing young children to have mobile phones because of the potential risks'.

RESERVATION
Keyword(s):

RESIDE : (verb) Live. For example: 'It is necessary to reside in the country for two years before applying for citizenship.'

RETAIN : (verb) Maintain, keep. For example: 'It is difficult to retain a foreign language without regular practice.'

RIGID : (adjective) Not flexible, strictly maintained. For example: 'Soldiers in the army are required to follow rigid rules and regulations.'

RESOLVE : (verb) Solve, put an end to, settle. For example: 'Schools and parents should work together to resolve the problem.'

RETIRE : (verb) To stop work permanently (often at the age of around 60). Example: 'More and more people are choosing to retire overseas.'

ROLE : Job or position. For example: 'He is taking the role of the Managing Director'

RESOLVED
Keyword(s): RESOURCE : (noun) Something useful or helpful. For example: 'The university library has a number of useful resources for academic writing.' Keyword(s):

RETIRED
REVEAL : (verb) Make something known. For example: 'The Government will reveal its new Budget in April.' ROLE MODEL : (noun) A perfect example of behaviour to someone. Example: 'Parents should act as role models for their children'.

RESOURCES
Keyword(s): RESPECTED : (adjective) highly thought of, considered important and influential. Example: "The owner of the company is highly respected by his employees.'

REVENUE : (noun) Financial income or return. For example: 'Many people rely on revenue from investments as their retirement fund.'

ROUTE : (noun) Way, direction of reaching something. For example: 'A sound education offers a solid route to success.'

RESPOND : (verb) Reply, answer. For example: 'It is important that companies respond to customer complaints quickly and efficiently.'

REVERSE : (verb) Turn backward. For example: 'The Government has reversed its decision due to enormous public protest.'

S SCENARIO : (noun) Situation, circumstance. For example: 'Several scenarios could occur as a result if this change.'

RESPONSE : (noun) An answer, a reply. Example: 'You should always try to use a range of vocabulary and structures in your responses in the IELTS speaking and writing tests.'

REVISE : (verb) Study information for an exam, go back over information already learned. For example: 'Classes finish two weeks before examinations start so there will be plenty of time to revise .'

SCHEDULE : (noun) Plan, timetable, programme. For example: 'He will be on a very busy schedule during his business trip and will have very little free time.'

RESPONSIBLE : (adjective) Reliable; dependable. Example: 'He is very responsible, despite being very young'. See also IRRESPONSIBLE

REVOLUTION : (noun) Sudden and enormous change or development. For example: 'The IT revolution has improved the efficiency of businesses.'

SCHEME : (noun) Plan, idea, project. For example: 'Many schools offer work experience schemes to give students the opportunity to experience the workplace.'

RESTORE : (verb) Bring back. For example: 'The good results from my last test have restored my confidence after a series of failures.'

REWARD : (noun) Prize or payment for something done. Example: 'There was a reward offered for any information about the crime'.

SCOPE : (noun) Range, capacity, extent. For example: 'The full scope of the damage caused by the earthquake is still unknown.'

RESTRICT : (verb) Control, limit. For example: 'The internet makes it difficult for parents to restrict the type of information their children are exposed to.'

RHETORICAL : (ADJECTIVE) A writing style where the writer asks a question which either does not need an answer or the writer answers himself or herself. For example: "Who can make a difference? You can!". Rhetorical questions are not considered good academic style.

SECTION : (noun) part, division. For example: 'Business reports are broken down into sections to allow readers to find information more quickly.'

SECTOR : (noun) Segment, subdivision. For example: 'There is generally a shortage of workers in

the healthcare sector.' Occupational sector relates to different categories of job. Example: 'Salaries are often high for people working in the professional sector'.

lecturer said my coursework was slightly improved but I still needed to work harder.' SERIES : (noun) String, chain, run. For example: 'The company has received a series of complaints about its customer service.'

SECTORS
Keyword(s): SECURE : (adjective) Safe, protected. For example: 'Since the company is experiencing financial problems a large number of jobs may no longer be secure.'

SOLE : (adjective) Only, one and only, singular. For example: 'Many people believe that human impact is the sole cause of global warming.'

SHIFT : (noun) Move, swing, change (towards or away from a pattern of behaviour). For example: 'Increased health awareness has resulted in a shift away from fatty foods.'

SOMEWHAT : (adjective) rather, fairly, to some extent. For example: 'The topic is somewhat controversial.'

SEEK : (verb) Look for, search for, try to find. For example: 'Most people seek happiness in their lives.'

SHORT-SIGHTED : (adjective) Unable to see future consequences; unable to think over the long term. Example: 'Many people think it is short-sighted not to take care of the environment'.

SOURCE : (noun) Resource, supply. For example: 'The internet is a useful source of information.'

SELECT : (verb) Choose, pick. For example: 'The new team for the next Olympic Games will be selected soon.'

SEMI-FORMAL : (adjective) Between casual and formal. Example: 'The dress code for the party is semi-formal. Suits and ties are not necessary, but jeans are not permitted.'

SIGNIFICANT : (adjective) Major, large, big. For example: 'The graph shows a significant decrease in numbers of smokers.' (adverb = significantly) Keyword(s):

SPECIFIC : (adjective) Particular or exact. Example: 'It is important to give some specific examples in your writing test.'

SIGNIFICANTLY
SIMILAR : (adjective) Alike, almost the same, related, comparable. For example: 'We often have similar opinions and perceptions as our parents.'

SPECIFY : (verb) Detail, identify, give clear information. For example: 'The instrcutions specified clearly what we had to do.'

SENIOR : (adjective). Older, more respected, higher ranked. Example: 'New employees can get useful guidance from senior staff'.

SPECULATE : (verb) To make a guess, prediction, estimation. 'He speculated that Italy would win the competition'.

SENSITIVE : (adjective) Delicate. Example: 'Topics that may cause offence to some people are sensitive issues.'

SIMILARITY : (noun) Being the same or similar to something/someone else. Example: 'I think there are many similarities between here and my hometown. For example, the weather is about the same'.

SPECULATION
Keyword(s): SPHERE : (noun) Area, field. For example: 'There are many opportunities in the sphere of business at the moment.'

SENTENCED : The penalty given for a crime. For example: 'He was sentenced to 2 years in prison for the robbery'.

SIMULATE : (verb) Copy, replicate, imitate. For example: 'Car manufacturers often simulate accidents in quality checks to assess the safety of their vehicles.'

SPLIT : (adjective) Separated, divided, not united. Example: 'Opinion on this controversial issue is split'.

SEQUENCE : (noun) Order, series, progression. For example: 'An unfortunate sequence of events led to the closure of the factory.'

SITE : (noun) Location. For example: 'The site for the new school has now been decided and building will commence soon.'

SPONSORSHIP : (noun) Financial supporting; funding. Example: 'Some forms of the arts, such as ballet, require government sponsorship in order to continue.'

SEQUENCING WORD : (noun phrase) Words showing order of how something happens/happened. E.g. then, after that, following

SLIGHTLY : (adverb) A little, not much. Example: 'The

STABLE :

(adjective) Steady, secure. For example: 'The economy is currently very stable and consumer expenditure is high .'

STARVATION : (noun) Hunger which could lead to death. Example: 'Starvation is still common in some regions of the world.'

STRESSFUL : (adjective) Causing worry and concern. Example: 'Buying a new house can be very stressful'.

(adverb) Following, consequent. For example: 'The problem was already out of hand and subsequent events have made it even worse.'

STATE : (verb) To make clear, to say something firmly. Example: 'The terms of the refund policy were stated on the ticket'.

STRIKE : (noun) An industrial protest where people stop working. Example: 'The Teacher's Union is organising a strike to protest about low pay.'

SUBSIDY : (noun) Financial assistance, grant, funding. For example: 'Subsidies are available to businesses who meet the application criteria.'

STRIKES
Keyword(s): STRIKING : (adjective) Clear, obvious, notable. Example: 'Tigers have very striking orange and black markings on their coats'.

STATED
Keyword(s): STATEMENT : (noun). A sentence showing opinion or fact. Example: 'Some IELTS writing tasks give you a statement and then ask your opinion about it.'

SUBSTITUTE : (noun) Something which replaces or takes the place of something else. For example: 'Substitute teachers take over classes temporarily when permanent staff are away from work.'

STATISTIC : (noun) Numerical data. For example: 'Statistics show that more men than women smoke.'

STRUCTURE : (noun) The way in which parts are arranged or put together. Example: 'A good essay should have a clear structure'. (verb) To arrange something into clear parts or order. Example: 'It is important to structure your answer clearly in the IELTS test'.

SUCCESSOR : (noun) A person who replaces another in a specific role. For example: 'The president's successor is yet to be decided.'

SUFFER : (verb) Endure, bear (negative experience or situation). Example: 'Students suffer because of poor funding in education.'

STATISTICS
Keyword(s): Keyword(s): STATIVE VERB : (noun phrase) A verb wihch describes a feeling, emotion, or state. Example: love, hate, believe, think, own. See also ACTIVE VERB

STRUCTURED
Keyword(s): STYLE : (noun) Method, approach, way, manner. For example: 'The majority of workers are unhappy with the new boss and his management style.'

SUFFERS
SUFFICIENT : (adjective) Enough, adequate. For example: 'It is a basic human right to have sufficient food to eat, warm housing and clothing.'

STATUS : (noun) Position, recognition, importance. For example: 'Many people seek promotion not just for financial gain but also for status.'

SUBHEADING : (noun) A heading under the main heading showing a sub section. Example: THE IELTS TEST Reading module (this is a subheading)

SUITABLE : (adjective) well matched, appropriate. Example: 'He is very suitable for the position as he has all the skills required'. Antonym: unsuitable (not well matched, inappropriate)

STRAIGHTFORWARD : (adjective) Direct, simple, clear. Example: 'Some answers in the IELTS test are straightforward. Others are more difficult.'

UNSUITABLE
SUBMIT : (verb) Present, give in, put forward. For example: 'University assignments need to be submitted by due date or a penalty will apply.' Keyword(s): SUM : (noun) Figure, amount. For example: 'A huge sum of money will be required from the Government to fund improvements in the area.'

STRATEGY : (noun) Plan, tactic. For example: 'Different people find that different study strategies work best for them.'

STRESS : (noun) Pressure, anxiety, nervous tension. For example: 'A large number of school teachers suffer from stress due to their job.'

SUBORDINATE : (noun) Someone subject to authority and control of another. For example: 'A good manager should support and motivate his subordinates.'

SUMMARY : (noun) Outline, review of main facts. For example: 'In summary, it can be seen that the following advantages and disadvantages exist.'

SUBSEQUENT :

SUPERLATIVE : (grammar term) The form of an adjective used for comparing something against two or more things. Example: Tall > the tallest

(noun) A word that has the same meaning as another. Example happy/joyful, sad/depressed.

SUPPLEMENT : (verb) Add to, enhance, extend. For example: 'The Government often supplements the income of mothers returning to work in part-time jobs.'

T TARGET : (noun) Object for attack or criticism. For example: 'Motorists who speed near schools are the target of the Police's latest saftey campaign.'

TERMINATE : (verb) End, finish, cease. For example: 'The contract may be terminated with one month's notice period.'

TEXT : (noun) Book or part of a book, passage. For example: 'In the IELTS reading exam it is useful to underline key words in the text.'

SUPPORT : (verb) To back up, to make an argument stronger / believable. Example: 'It is important to support your arguments with examples in the IELTS writing test'.

TASK : (noun) Job, chore, duty. For example: 'Passing of the course involves successful completion of a number of tasks.'

THEME : (noun) Subject, topic. For example: 'Common themes for the IELTS test are society, health, education and technology.'

SUPPORTED
Keyword(s): SUPPORTING INFORMATION : (noun phrase). Additional details. Example: 'Paragraphs generally focus on a main message but also include supporting information'

TEAM : (noun) Group of people working together for the same aim. For example: 'The department is made up of a team of twenty workers.'

SURVEY : (noun) Study, investigation, analysis. For example: 'The results of the survey will be published ina report.'

TECHNICAL : (adjective) Specialised, technological. For example: 'The process is really very straightforward and not at all technical.'

THEORY : (noun) Idea, concept. For example: 'The theories learned at university provide background knowledge for use in the business world.'

SURVIVE : (verb) Continue to exist, stay alive, live on. For example: 'Cheaper imports from abroad make it difficult for many companies to survive.'

TECHNIQUE : (noun) Method, skill, system. For example: 'It is a matter of practising and learning the correct technique.'

THEREBY : (adverb) In that way, By this means, In doing so. For example: 'More investment should be put into rural areas thereby increasing employment opportunities there.'

SUSPEND : (verb) bar from a privilege, exclude for a period of time. For example: 'Children who misbehave at school are often suspended from class as punishment.'

TECHNOLOGY : (noun) Electronic/digital know-how. For example: 'We know have the technology to do many things we once thought impossible.'

THESIS : (noun) Academic research project. For example: 'A university professor will be appointed to each student to supervise the writing of their thesis.'

SUSTAIN : (verb) Maintain, keep up. For example: 'Advertising is an important tool for sustaining sales of an older product.'

TEMPORARY : (adjective) Short-term, not permanent. For example: 'Temporary shelters were set up until people were able to return to their own homes.'

TO BE INCLINED : (verb) To prefer to do something; to lean towards and action or idea. 'More pople will be inclined to protect the environment, if it is made easier for them to do so.' Keyword(s):

INCLINED, INCLINE
TOLERATE : (verb) To accept, to allow to happen. Example: 'Too many parents tolerate bad behaviour from their children'.

SYMBOL : (noun) Sign, representation, icon. For example: 'Expensive cars are a symbol of wealth.'

TEMPTATION : (noun) Something that seems attractive; motivates someone to act in a certain way. Example: 'The temptation to socialise can cause students to neglect their studies.'

TOLERATES
Keyword(s): TOPIC : (noun) Subject, focus. For example: 'Topics for IELTS writing exams are often related to social issues.'

SYNONYM :

TENSE : (adjective) Anxious, worried, stressed. For example: ' It is quite common to feel tense before an important exam.'

TRACE : (verb) Track, locate, discover. For example: 'It is difficult to trace calls made from mobile phones.'

TREND : (noun) General direction or pattern of behaviour. Example: 'There has been an increasing trend towards having smaller families'.

UNITY : (noun) Agreement, harmony. For example: 'It is important there is unity of purpose in order to solve this problem.'

TRENDS
Keyword(s): TRADESPEOPLE : (noun) People that are employed in a skilled trade such as carpenters, plumbers or electricians. TRIGGER : (verb) Set off, cause to start. For example: 'The recent policy change has triggered a great deal of protest.' UNSCRUPULOUS : (adjective) Without principles, morals or ethics. Example: 'It is unscrupulous for companies to exploit child labour.' See ETHICS.

TRADITION : (noun) Custom, practice followed for some time. For example: 'Many important traditions are rejected or forgotton by modern society.'

U ULTIMATE : (adjective) Of the greatest size or significance. For example: 'Finding a solution to this problem is of ultimate importance.'

UTILISE : (verb) Use, use up. For example: 'Energysaving light bulbs utilise less electricity than regular ones.'

TRANSFER : (verb) To move from one place to another or from one type to another. Example: 'In the IELTS reading test, candidates have to complete the test and transfer their answer to the answer paper in 60 minutes'.

UNDER-PRIVILEGED : (adjective) Not having an acceptable standard of living. Example: 'Many charities provide toys for under-privileged children'.

V VALID : (adjective) Legitimate, justifiable. For example: 'Being late is not a valid excuse for speeding.'

TRANSFERS
Keyword(s): TRANSFORM : (verb) Dramatically change appearance of. For example: 'Landfill areas can be transformed into beautiful park areas which can be enjoyed by the public.' UNDERLIE : (verb) Be the basis of. For example: 'There are several reasons which underlie the changes.'

VARIATION : (noun) Alternative, different version of something. Example: 'There are many variations of multiple choice questions in the IELTS test - short answer, long answer etc...'

VARIATIONS
UNDERMINE : (verb) To weaken, to cause to collapse. Example: 'You can undermine an opposing point of view by identifying its weaknesses'. Keyword(s): VARY : (verb) differ, show differences. For example: 'Opinions vary on this subject.'

TRANSITION : (noun) Conversion, changeover. For example: 'It can be difficult for people to make the transition from working all day to a quieter life when they retire.'

TRANSITIVE VERB : (noun phrase) A verb that does not require an object. Example: live, die. See also INTRANSITIVE VERB

UNDERTAKE : (verb) Commit to, take on. For example: 'At a wedding ceremony the bride and groom undertake to support each other for the rest of their lives.'

VEHICLE : (noun) motorised form of transport. For example: 'It is irresponsible and dangerous to be in charge of a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol.'

TRANSMIT : (verb) Spread, pass on. For example: 'On rare occasions infections have been transmitted through blood transfusions.'

UNIFORM : (adjective) The same, equal, very similar. Example: 'Fast food chains attempt to offer a uniform standard of service across all their sites.' (noun) A specific set of clothes for a job. For example: a nurse's uniform, a soldier's uniform

VERB : A verb is an action word. Example: run, expect, hope, demand

VERBS
Keyword(s): VERSION : (noun) Form, type, style, variety. For example: 'The new version of the computer software has many more functions than the old one.'

TRANSPORT : (noun) Form of vehicle used to get from one place to another. For example: 'Free public transport should be available to retired people.'

UNIQUE : (adjective) Only one of its kind, special. For example: 'The company says that it offers unique work opportunities to its employees.'

VERTICAL : (adjective) At 90 degrees, straight up. Example: Unlike aeroplanes, helicopters can do a vertical take off.

even though the first letter is a consonant. Example: hour, honour. See also CONSONANT

VIA : (preposition) Through, by means of. For example: 'We can now access all kinds of information quickly and easily via the internet.'

VULNERABLE : (adjective) Defenceless, helpless, at risk. Example: 'Older people are more vulnerable to ill health caused by cold weather'.

VIOLATE : (verb) Disturb, intrude on. For example: 'It is unacceptable where a situation violates our human rights.'

W WEALTHY : (adjective) Having a lot of something (commonly money) Example: 'Bill Gates is a very wealthy man'.

VIOLENCE : (noun) Physical harm to another person. Example: 'Violence at football matches is, unfortunately, a common sight.'

WELFARE : (noun) Well-being. For example: 'As a society we should be responsible for the welfare of the elderly.'

VISIBLE : (adjective) Apparent, obvious, able to be seen. For example: 'There have been no visible benefits to the change in policy.'

WHEREAS : (conjunction) While, but. For example: 'Promotion for women at work is even now sometimes difficult, whereas men often have more opportunities and earn higher wages .'

VISUAL : (adjective) Able to be seen by the eye. For example: 'Visual aids help to make a presentation more interesting to the audience.'

WIDESPREAD : (adjective) Very common, all around. For example: 'Death from treatable diseases is widespread in the developing world.'

VOLUME : (noun) Quantity, amount. For example: 'The volume of water that we waste every day is enormous.'

VOLUNTARY : (adjective) Unpaid, charitable. For example: 'A significant amount of assistance given in third world countries is given by voluntary workers.'

VOLUNTEER : (noun) a person works for free out of choice. Example: 'Many volunteers help at the homeless shelter.'

VOLUNTEERS
Keyword(s): VOWEL : (noun) The letters a,e,i,o and u. Some words can begin with a vowel sound

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