PV Based Water Pumping System For Agricultural Sector

International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com

Volume 2, Issue 8, August 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847

Volume 2, Issue 8, August 2013 Page 192

ABSTRACT
In this paper evaluates ways in which can be made efficient water pumping system based on photovoltaic (PV). Battery is
incorporated to makes system more reliable. With the continuous decrease of the cost of solar cells, there is an increasing interest
and needs in PV system applications following standard of living improvements. Water pumping system powered by solar-cell
generators are one of the most important applications in both agricultural and domestic. The fluctuation of solar energy on one
hand and the necessity to optimize available solar energy on the other, it is useful to develop new efficient and flexible modes to
control motors that entrain the pump. A vector control of an asynchronous motor fed by a photovoltaic-battery hybrid system is
proposed in this paper. This paper investigates PV generator, DC-DC converter, battery, DC-AC converter, a vector controlled
induction motor and centrifugal pump. The PV generator is forced to operate at its maximum power point by using perturbed and
observe (P&O) algorithm integrated to the boost converter control. The motor supply is also ensured in all isolation conditions.
Simulation results show the effectiveness and feasibility of such an approach. Extensive results are presented based on
MATLAB/SIMULINK.

Keywords- Vector Control, Induction Motor, Solar Power, PV System, P&O algorithm and Water Pumping System.

1. INTRODUCTION
The increasing of the world energy demand, due to the modern industrial society and population growth, is motivating a
lot of investments in alternative energy solutions, in order to improve energy efficiency and power quality issues.
Moreover, in the isolated sectors as the islands and the rural zones, the use of the renewable energy such as photovoltaic
(PV) [1-3] and PV-battery based hybrid systems [4-7] are better solution to produce the needed electric energy for such
applications as both the domestic and agricultural systems. The use of photovoltaic energy is considered to be a primary
resource, because there are several countries located in tropical and temperate regions, where the direct solar density may
reach up to 1000 W/m2. The two main restrictions for using solar energy are the high initial installation cost and the very
low photovoltaic cell conversion efficiency. In spite of those facts, there has been a trend in price decreasing for modern
power electronics systems and photovoltaic cells, indicating good promises for new installations. Moreover, the maximum
power of a photovoltaic system changes with solar intensity, and temperature; and dynamic loads influence the
performance by changing continuously the operating point. Hence, maximum power point trackers (MPPT) are required
to extract the maximum power from PV, and then the system efficiency can improve [1-10]. In order to amortize the
initial investments, it is very important to optimize the photovoltaic water pumping system, by the use of power
electronics converters to adapt dynamically the electrical impedance to the PV generation for different operating
conditions [1-3].
One of the most popular applications of the photovoltaic energy utilization is the water pumping system driven by
electrical motors. PV power is depends on solar irradiance and temperature, therefore PV alone cannot operate system
effectively; battery is connected in order to improve the system reliability. The proposed PV water pumping systems are
usually composed of a PV generator, battery, power converter(s) and an electric motor which is usually coupled to a pump
load. Two types of pumps are widely used for water pumping system, the volumetric pump and the centrifugal pump. It is
found that the PV energy utilized by the centrifugal pump is much higher than by the volumetric pump. In fact, in the
case of the centrifugal pumps, the operation takes place for longer periods even for low insulation levels, and the load
characteristic is in closer proximity to the PV system maximum power locus. In PV water pumping systems, the
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is usually used as online control strategy to track the maximum output power
operating point of the PV system for different operating conditions of insulation and temperature of the PV. Different
optimization strategies have been proposed to improve the overall system efficiency. Currently, for the power
conditioning, the PV generator is followed by a DC-DC converter for MPPT. Many types are used for MPPT converters
such as boost, buck and boost-buck converters. Different types of motors are used in the photovoltaic water pumping
system. DC motors were initially used since they offered easy implementation with cheap power conversion. A number of
existing operational pumping systems have shown that these schemes suffer from maintenance problems. To overcome
this drawback, brushless permanent magnet motors have been proposed [11]. However, this solution is limited only for
PV BASED WATER PUMPING SYSTEM FOR
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

C H. Venkateswra rao
1
, S. S. Tulasiram
2
, B.Brahmaiah
3

1
PhD Scholar, J NTUK, Kakinada, A.P, India
2
Professor, J NTUH, Hyderabad, A.P, India
3
Principal, GEC, Guntur, A.P, India


low power PV systems. The induction motor based PV pumping system offers an alternative for a more reliable and
maintenance free system [12]. The DC motor is used in the photovoltaic water pumping system with different coupling
mode [2-6, 13]. The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) is also used with different control strategies.
Because of the superior advantages of induction motors over DC motors and PMSM [14-16], in this paper, induction
motor is used for water pumping system. The authors present an indirect rotor field oriented control of an induction motor
(IM) associated to a water photovoltaic pumping system. The motor is used to drive a centrifugal water pump. A
modeling of components of the proposed photovoltaic pumping system is presented in this paper.
Proposed PV-battery based water pumping system is shown in Fig. 1. An extensive simulation work was performed to
extract the significant results. To show up the high system performances, presented results are discussed and prove how
the proposed methodology is an efficient water photovoltaic pumping system control procedure.

Fig. 1. The proposed IM photovoltaic pumping system configuration

2. PV SYSTEM
The PV system considered in this paper contains single PV array as shown in Fig. 2(a).In this paper a PV model is
considered from [1-16]. The modeling is attempted by (1), where, IPV, VPV are the PV array current and voltage
respectively. Rsh and Rs are the intrinsic shunt and series resistances of the array, Isc is being the short circuit current of
the array, G is the solar irradiance (W/m
2
),
19
10 602 . 1

= q C being the electron charge, Boltzmans constant
23
10 3806 . 1 ) (

= K J/K, p-n junctions ideality factor 2 ) ( = A , T is array temperature (in
0
K), I0 is diode reverse saturation
current, Tr is cell reference temperature and Irr is reverse saturation current at Tr. For the above PV model, the power-
voltage characteristic of the model for different irradiances is shown in Fig. 2(b).

( )
sh
s PV PV PV s PV
ph PV
R
R I V
AKT
V R I q
I I I
+
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
| +
= 1 exp
0
(1)
where,
| |
1000
) (
G
T T k I I
r sc ph
+ = and
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
=
T T AK
qV
T
T
I I
r
oc
r
rr
1 1
exp
3
0

Fig. 2(a): PV system

Fig. 2(b): MPPT curves for different irradiances.


Maximum power point tracker (MPPT)
For best utilization, the PV cells must be operated at their maximum power point. To achieve this, according to the
perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm [7-9], MPPT adjusts the terminal voltage of PV panels to
mpp
V whose value at an
instant k, say, is related to the previous instant by
PV PV PV mpp
PV
PV
mpp mpp
I V P M V
dV
dP
M k V k V
= = =
+ =
, 01 . 0 , 0 ) 0 ( with
) ( sign ) 1 ( ) (
(2)
As shown in Fig. 1, since PV panels are directly connected to the dc bus, the dc-link voltage (
dc
V ) equals to the output
voltage of PV (VPV). Therefore, the voltage signal,
mpp
V , generated by P&O algorithm is, hence forth, treated as the
reference dc-link voltage (
*
dc
V ). Implemented P&O algorithm in simulink is shown in Fig. 2(c).

Fig. 2(c): PV system

The direct conversion of the solar energy into electrical power is obtained by solar cells. A PV generation system is
composed by many strings of solar cells in series, connected in parallel, in order to provide the desired values of output
voltage and in order to avoid over modulation index of inverter, the minimum
*
dc
V we considered as 640V and it is nearly
equals to 300W/m2 irradiance.

3. PROPOSED WORK
In this paper a vector control of induction motor (IM) associated to a photovoltaic water pumping system in order to
produce the required load power. A boost converter is used in the control scheme to adapt the DC voltage required to
extract maximum power from PV system at any value of solar irradiance and load variations. Solar irradiance is depends
on whether conditions and also during non-sunny days, only PV cannot maintain required power demand. Moreover,
during high irradiance, excess power is available if motor is not running. Hence, a battery is connected to maintain power
balance between generation and water pumping load. In this paper, battery is directly connected to dc-link and the voltage
rating of battery is voltage corresponding to
mpp
V at 200W/m
2
(i.e. 640V). So that it helps to maintain constant input
voltage to inverter and diode is separated battery and PV system. Battery can charge if load is less compared to generation
as well as it can discharge and meet the required load demand.

The IM Photovoltaic pumping system model
The three-phase inverter generates a variable frequency output waveform to drive the IM and the motor drives a
centrifugal pump that delivers the water output.
In general IM drive can be based on v/f control, indirect field oriented control (IFOC) or vector control and slip control
[15-17]. The IFOC and the slip control ensure the decoupling between the flux control and the torque control. Those
control methods are necessary in order to ensure the consumption of energy by the machine acting on the electromagnetic
torque, Te. Several types of pumps and motors are available on the PV pumping market. The most commonly employed
pump type is the centrifugal pump.
Single-stage centrifugal pumps are frequently used in PV shallow water pumping for low head applications. For PV
subterranean water pumping and surface water pumping with higher heads, multistage centrifugal pumps are more
suitable. Other pump types such as progressive cavity pumps and piston pumps have also been utilized.
The centrifugal pump is characterized by its head-flow rate performance curve at the nominal speed. The flow rate is
directly proportional to the impeller speed, the head is proportional to the square of the speed and the hydraulic power is
proportional to the cube of the speed. The performance curves of the pump with good accuracy at high speeds but they are
not very accurate at low speeds and/or with constant head applications. For very low speeds, the pressure produced by the
pump is less than the static pressure and the rotation just circulates the water within the pump. When the speed reaches a
threshold or base value (t) , the pump starts delivering water and the rate of flow of water (Q, liter/min) varies linearly
with the speed (), as expressed in (1) obtained by curve fitting.


Q =a-b, t and Q =0, <t
Where, a and b are the constants.

*
e
T
K

Fig. 3: Vector control of IM

4. RESULTS
Simulation of proposed PV based water pumping system is incorporated using Matlab/Simulink. In Indian scenario
generally 3-phase IM of capacity rating ranging from 2 hp to 30 hp are used for water pumping system and it depends on
head and maximum water discharge [14]. In this study considering head as 25 m and maximum water discharge as 300
gal/min, induction motor of rating 5 hp (3.7 kW) is considered to be connected at AC bus. PV array is considered of
rating 4.7 kW which is the combination of 22 solar modules in series. Each module having open circuit voltage as 36.90
V, short circuit current is 8.01A, voltage at maximum power (Vmpp) is 30.3V and current at maximum power is (Impp) is
7.10. The simulation results are discussed by considering the following case studies.

Case A: Maximum power point tracking
The response of Vmpp and PV power for the change in solar irradiance is shown in Fig. 4. At t=4 sec. irradiance is reduced
from 1000 to 700 W/m
2
(Fig. 4(a)). Correspondingly P&O controller track the voltage at maximum power point (Vmpp) as
shown in Fig. 4(b) and this is the reference signal to the boost converter as shown in Fig. 1. The system now operates at
Vdc equals to Vmpp that means always the PV generates maximum power, which is shown in Fig. 4(c)

Fig. 4: (a) Solar irradiance, (b) Vmpp or V
*
dc, (c) PV Power

Case B: Change in solar irradiance
In this case, consider that solar irradiance is reduced from 1000 to 600 W/m2 at t=3.0 sec. In this scenario, before t=3.0,
PV power is more compare to load power. Therefore, battery is charging from PV. After t=3.sec, PV power will reduce
due to reduction in solar irradiance, therefore, battery will meet the load demand (i.e battery is discharging after t=3sec.).
During this operation, speed of IM is almost constant and it is maintained at its reference value as shown in Fig. 5. This
is achieved by vector control. Corresponding powers diagram is shown in Fig. 6.



Fig. 5: Speed of Induction Motor

Fig. 6: Powers

Case C: No irradiance or non-sunny days.
In this case, consider that solar irradiance is zero or during night time. Battery will discharge and IM will operate only on
Battery. Consider that solar irradiance becomes zero at t=4sec. During this operation, speed of IM is almost constant and
it is maintained at its reference value as shown in Fig. 7. This is achieved by vector control. Corresponding powers
diagram is shown in Fig. 8.

Fig. 7: Speed of IM

Fig. 8: Powers

Case D: Intermittent changes in solar irradiance
Practical scenario, solar irradiance is changing randomly. In this case, intermittent changes in solar irradiance as shown
in Fig. 9 are considered in this case. In spite of changes in solar irradiance, vector control can maintain constant speed as
shown in Fig. 10. From Fig. 10, it seen that there is no changes (oscillations) in speed, it can improve the life time of
induction motor. Corresponding powers diagram is shown in Fig. 11.

Fig. 9: Intermittent changes in solar irradiance



Fig. 10: Speed of IM

Fig. 11: Powers

5. CONCLUSIONS
Control strategies to regulate the flow of water supply of a PV based water pumping system through induction motor is
presented in this paper. Hence, proposed system provides cost effective solution for PV based water pumping system for
Agricultural sector. Moreover, for best utilization of PV, MPPT is incorporated to system. The power balance between PV
generation and load is achieved by connected battery to dc link and controlling the speed of induction motor within
permissible limits based on vector control. The proposed integrated controller requires only measurements of dc-link
voltage, speed of IM and load current and no need to measure the power. Results are presented based on various case
studies including intermittent changes in solar irradiance. Through the simulation results it is concluded that
performance of the controllers is satisfactory under steady state as well as dynamic conditions.

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AUTHORS INFORMATION

Ch. Venkateswara Rao received his M.Tech degree from JNTUK, kakinada and U.G from IE (India, Kolkata)
in the year 1993. A life member in ISTE.& IAENG. This Author won first prize in Energy conservations
Award for the year 2009. He is currently working as a professor in the department of EEE, Gandhi Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Gunupur, Odisha. He guided many UG & PG Projects. He is having overall
Industrial & Teaching experience of 18 years. His major Research interests are energy conservations and Smart Grids.

S. S. Tulsiram working as a Professor in the Department of EEE in JNTUH, Hyd. He has 30 years of Teaching
experience. He is former Head of the department of EEE, JNTUCE, Kakinada. The Author has published many
papers in International & National Journals/ Conferences. His research interests are Power Systems, High
Voltage Engineering & smart grid technology.

B. Brahmaiah working as a principal at Guntur Enineering College,Guntur, AP. He has 30 years of Teaching
experience. He worked as Head of the department, EEE & Dean (R&D) in reputed Engineering colleges.
Author has Published many papers in International & National Journals/ Conferences. His research areas are
Electrical machines, Power Electronics & Electric Drives.

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