1.

akah

1
What are you Definitions
going to learn?
to group like terms in a
polynomial.
Colours
to identify polynomials. Nature is colourful. Flowers, such as
to simplify polynomials sunflower, lotus, and orchid, have beautiful colours.
by grouping like terms.
to determine the
multiplication of a
number and a
binomial.
to determine the
multiplication of a
monomial and a
binomial.
• to determine the Sunflower Lotus
multiplication of
binomials.
• to determine the
square of monomials. Some animals, on the
• to determine the other hand, have more
square of binomials
than one colour.
Key Terms: Butterflies and birds are
the examples.
• like terms
• polynomial Orchid
• monomial
• binomial
• trinomial
• distributive property

Butterfly Parrot

Some objects, such as ceramics, envelopes, traffic signs, and blackboards, have
many sides. Mathematically, they are called polygons.

Mathematics for Junior High School Year 8 / 1

 Now, pay attention to the following geometrical shapes:

Triangle Parallelogram Pentagon Hexagon

We know that the first figure is a triangle, the second a parallelogram, the third
a pentagon, and the fourth a hexagon. These geometrical shapes are also known
as the polygons (poly means many).

Fast-food Restaurant

Daddy once asked us to go to a fast-food restaurant. Daddy ordered 2 french

fries, 2 hamburgers, and 1 soda.

The price of each item is Rp f, Rp h, and Rp s respectively. The total price is:

2f +2h + 1s

This algebraic expression is an example of a polynomial. It consists of three

terms 2f, 2h, and s. Each term is called a monomial. The letter f, h, and s are
called variables and the number 2 and 1 are called coefficients.

Polynomials

Polynomial is either a monomial or a sum of monomials. The classification of

polynomial is determined in accordance with the number of its terms. The following is
the polynomial classification:

Names Examples

2 / Student’s Book – Factorization of Algebraic Terms

Monomial 3x -x 2
Binomials 5h + 2f 8c + 2 c2 + 3c
Trinomials 3h + 2f + m 5w2 + 36w + 4 c2 - 5c + 2

Descending order

The form of a polynomial is quite often written in a descending order. For

example:
c4 + r2 + 2c + 5 + z

A descending order means that the polynomial is started with the term having
the largest power followed by the lower one.

If a term consists of more than one variable, the variables can be put in the
alphabetical order.

Simplification

Expressions can be written in a simpler form. For example:

2h + f + s + f + c + h - f

This expression can be written in a simpler form as follows:

3h + f + s + c

Below are some examples of algebraic forms that you often find in mathematics
textbooks.

Mathematics for Junior High School Year 8 / 3

 EXAMPLE 1

Algebraic form:
2c + s + f + s + h + c - s
Simple form:
3c + f + h + s
Grouping the terms:
( 2c + c ) + ( s + s - s ) + f + h

EXAMPLE 2

Algebraic form:
a + w + m + a + p + 2w + p
Simple form:
2a + m + 2p + 2w
Grouping the terms:
( a + a ) + ( w + 2w ) + m + ( p + p )

EXAMPLE 3

Algebraic form:
n + x + y2 + 2x + x + y2
Simple form:
2y2 + 3x + n
Grouping the terms:
n + ( x + 2x ) + ( y2 + y2 )

Points to remember
Terms of algebraic forms can be numbers, variables or a product
of a number and a variable.
Like terms are the terms which have the same variables and
power.
A constant is a term that consists of a number only.

4 / Student’s Book – Factorization of Algebraic Terms

 Group Activity
Note Simplification of algebraic forms can be
Algebraic modelled by algebraic tiles.
tiles can be
made of The models we use are called algebraic
pieces of units .
paper having
certain sizes
of x 2 −x2
x2
x, and 1.

x −x

1 −1

What are the properties of positive unit and negative unit?

The form 2x − 5 − 3x + 1 can be modelled as follows.

2x −5 −3x 1

The model above can be simplified by grouping similar

models. If there are zero pairs in the group, then all the
zero pairs are deleted.

Remember

−x − 4
, results in
Deleting
the zero
, and pair

are zero
pairs.
Thus, the simple form of 2x − 3x − 5 + 1 is −x − 4.

Mathematics for Junior High School Year 8 / 5

 PROBLEM 1

1. Write each of the following algebraic forms in the simplest one. If

necessary, you can use the algebraic unit as a model.
a. 4x − 2x b. 5 + 2x − 1 c. 3x − 6x + 4
d. 8 + 3x − x − 6 e. 6 + 6x f. 3x + 3x − x
g. 4x 2 − x h. 5x 2 + 2x − 3 i. 2x 3 − 3x − x 2 + 2x + 5

2. Which of the algebraic forms above cannot be simplified? Explain

your answer.

Summary
1. To simplify an algebraic form you can use several ways, such as:
• Grouping like terms, and then computing them.
• Using the help of algebraic models.
2. Several types of algebraic forms are:
• A monomial which can be a number, a variable, or their
multiplication.
• A polynomial, which is either a monomial or a sum of
monomials.
• A polynomial containing two terms is called a binomial
• A polynomial containing three terms is called a trinomial

6 / Student’s Book – Factorization of Algebraic Terms

1. Use the algebraic tiles to simplify −y + 5 + 3y – 4.
2. Simplify each of the following algebraic forms.
a. 2n – 3n b. x + 1,3 + 7x c. 2k – 5b – b – k
d. 7y 2 – 3y + 4y + 8y 2 + 4y e. 2x 2 – 4 + 3x 2 – 6 – x 2 f. c 2 + 2c – c 2 – c
3. How did you simplify the algebraic forms
in question number 1 above without
using a model (algebraic units)?
4. Simplify the following algebraic forms.
a. −2 + 6x + z − 2x + 8 − 4z
b. 9p + 10 − p + 3x − 5
c. −4 + k − 9m − m + 2k
5. Use algebraic tiles to explain that
z − 4z = − 3z.
As we learned in Year 7, we have known several algebraic forms such as
polynomials, monomials, binomials, and trinomials.
6. Write down 1 example and 1 counter-example of a monomial. Explain why
one is called an example and the other a counter-example.
7. Write down 1 example and 1 counter-example of a binomial. Explain why
one is called an example and the other a counter-example.
8. Write down 1 example and 1 counter-example of a trinomial. Explain why
one is called an example and the other a counter-example.
9. Write down 1 example and 1 counter-example of a polynomial. Explain why
one is called an example and the other a counter-example.

3. Writing Three students simplify 3p – 4p. Each student gets the following
results –1, –p, and –1p, respectively. Which answer is correct? Explain your
answer.

4. Mathematical Communication Write down three binomials.

Explain why they are binomials.

Mathematics for Junior High School Year 8 / 7

5. Which of the following algebraic forms is a polynomial? Determine whether
it is a monomial, binomial, or trinomial
x ab
a. b. –5 c. −c d. 3x 2 + 4x – 2
2 c

6. Open Question Write down algebraic forms containing 4 terms that

can be simplified into binomials.

7. Problem Solving The size of two

(2x – 2)
angles of a right triangle are shown on the
right. Find the measures of the three angles.

(x + 10)

Multiplication of a Monomial and a Binomial

In this section you will learn about the product of monomial and
binomial. Consider the following situation:
The teacher asks Andi to calculate the area of a rectangle whose length is 2
centimeters longer than its width.
Mini – Lab
Suppose the width of the rectangle is w cm, then its length l = (2 + w) cm. Thus,
MULTIPLICATION OF A MONOMIAL AND A BINOMIAL
the area of the rectangle is A = l x w =(2+l) x l cm 2 .
Group Activity
Material: algebraic tile
To understand the multiplication of a monomial x and
x 2 a binomial
x x better, let
11
us do theAnfollowing
algebraic tile
Mini is constructed based on the
Lab activity. 1
x 1
area of a square or rectangle. The area of a rec-
tangle is the product of its length and its width.
You can use an algebraic unit to model more complex rectangles. These
rectangles will help you to understand how to determine the product of
simple binomials.
The length and width of the rectangle are the factors being multiplied.

Your task!
Work with your classmates to determine x(x + 2).
Use the following hints.

Draw a rectangle ( x + 2) in length and x in width.

Use the algebraic tile to indentify the factors. x 1 1

UseBook
8 / Student’s those factors as ofa Algebraic
– Factorization guide toTerms
fit the rectangle with
the algebraic tiles. x
Mathematics for Junior High School Year 8 / 9
 Mini -
x 1 1
Determine the area of this rectangle in two ways:
x x2 x x
Method I : add the area of algebraic tiles.
Method II : use the formula of the area of a rectangle and use the
distributive rule of multiplication over summation.
Compare the answers.

Discuss the following problems

1. Say whether each of the following statements is correct or wrong.
Check your answer using algebraic tiles.

a. x (2 x + 3) = 2 x 2 + 3 x b. 2 x (3 x + 4) = 6 x 2 + 4 x
2. Determine the result of each of the
following multiplication using algebraic tiles.

a. x ( x + 5) b.

2 x ( x + 2) c. 3 x (2 x + 1)
3. Suppose Agus has a square garden with the
sides of x meters in length. If Agus wants to
enlarge his garden so that its length is two times
the length of the previous one and its width is 3
meters more than the previous one, what is the
area of Agus’s new garden?

In the Mini Lab activity, we have determined the area of a rectangle using
algebraic models. Now, we will use the distributive property that you learned
previously at Year 7.

EXAMPLE 1

The product of monomial and binomial can be modelled as areas of

rectangle which are formed using algebraic tiles.
• Algebraic form (x + 2)2x can be modeled as the area of a rectangle of x +
2 in length and 2x in width.
• The result of (x + 2)2x can be determined in two ways:
Method I :
Add the areas of algebraic tiles. x+2
x 2 + x 2 + x + x + x + x = 2x 2 + 4x
Method II :
x2 x x
Apply the distributive property: 2x
(x + 2)2x = (x) 2x + (2)2x = 2x 2 + 4x 2
x xx

10 / Student’s Book – Factorization of Algebraic Terms

 PROBLEM 2

Solve the product of the following monomials and binomials by using the
distributive property.
a. 7(2x + 5) b. (3x – 7) 4x

Multiplication of Two Binomials

Genetic Problems
For centuries people have been
interested in the fact why one
generation is different from the other
and why children look like their
parents.
a. Have you learned Mendel law?
Mention the properties that often
appear in your family members. Is
there any of your family member
who lacks those properties?

b. If the father and mother of a family have dark skin, is there any
possibility for their child to be of bright skin? Explain your answer.
c. If the father and mother of a family have pointed noses, is there any
possibility for their child to have a flat nose? Explain your answer.

Within the human body there are genes which determine the hereditary
properties. For example, parents have curly hair with the genes Cc. The gene C
shows the dominant gene for curly hair, while the gene c shows the recessive
gene for straight hair.

The letters on the left column and top row show

Cc CCCCc cCccc the parental genes. The letters in the boxes show
possibility of genetic combinations.

Mathematics for Junior High School Year 8 / 11

When the parental genes are combines, then all the combinations possible are:

(C + c)(C + c) = CC + Cc + Cc + cc
= CC + 2Cc + cc

The genetic combinations mean that there are possibilities for the children of
those parents to have curly hair or straight hair.

(C + c)(C + c)

is an example of the product of binomials.

Now, write other examples of the product of binomials.

The algebraic units can also be used to help you understand the product of
binomials. Here are some problems for you to solve.

EXAMPLE 5

There is a rectangular garden. The length of the

garden is five metres longer than twice its width.
On the periphery of the garden there is a street of 1
metre wide. The area of the street is 24 m 2 . What
are the length and width of the garden?

To answer the problem, you can use algebraic tiles to

make the model of the problem.
Exploration: Suppose that x represents the garden’s width.
• Then 2x + 5 represents the garden’s length.
• x + 1 represents the width of the garden and the street.
• 2x + 6 represents the length the garden and the street.
• Thus x(2x + 5) = area of the garden. 2x + 5
• (x + 1)(2x + 6) = area of the
garden and the street. x+1 x

2x + 6
12 / Student’s Book – Factorization of Algebraic Terms
 Plan: Area of garden Area of
and street Area of street
garden

(x + 1)(2x + 6) – x(2x + 5) = 24 (*)

Solution: (x + 1)(2x + 6) – x(2x + 5) = 24 (Why?)

2x 2 +6x + 2x + 6 – 2x 2 – 5x = 24 (Why?)
(2x 2 –2x 2 ) + (6x + 2x –5x) + 6 = 24 (Why?)
3x + 6 = 24 (Why?)
3x = 18 (Why?)
x = 6 (Why?)

Hence, the width of the garden is 6 m.

The length of the garden is (2x + 5) m= (2(6) + 5) m = 17 m.
Check whether the result is correct if x = 6 is substituted in equation (*).
Can you solve this problem in another way? Explain.

PROBLEM 3

Solve (x + 3)(x + 2) by referring to the Mini Lab activity on page 8. Explain

the steps that you take.

PROBLEM 4

1. Solve the problems and explain the steps you use.

a. (2x + 3)(3x + 5) b. (2x + 1)(5x – 3)

2. Fika solves the multiplication of two binomials by using a method she calls
FOIL (First, Outer, Inner, Last). Fika explains the FOIL method as follows.
F: means Fika multiplies the first term of the first binomial with the
first term of the second binomial.
O: means Fika multiplies the outer terms, i.e. the first term of the first
binomial and the second term of the second binomial.
I: means Fika multiplies the inner terms, i.e. the second term of the
first binomial and the first term of the second binomial.
L: means Fika multiplies the last (second) terms of the binomials.

Mathematics for Junior High School Year 8 / 13

 a. Explain to your friends how to use Fika’s (FOIL)method to solve (3x +
5)(2x + 7). Complete your work with an arrow diagram
b. Solve (3x + 5)(2x + 7) using the methods you have learned (the model of
algebraic units or the model of distributive property).
c. Compare your results and Fika’s.

3. Solve the following multiplications using the FOIL method.

a. (x + 3) (x + 5) b. (2y + 3) (3y + 4)
c. (a – 1) (a – 7) d. (6x + 1) (2x – 3)

Summary:
The product of two binomials can also be modelled as a rectangle
formed by using algebraic tiles.
Algebraic form (x + 2)(2x + 3) can be modelled as a rectangle having
the length of (x + 2) and the width of (2x + 3).
The result of (x + 2)(2x + 3) represents the area of the rectangle. To
determine the area of a rectangle we can use two methods, i.e.
using algebraic tiles and applying the distributive rule.
Another method that can be used to calculate the product of two
binomials is the FOIL (First, Outer, Inner, and Last) method.
The binomials (a + b)(c + d) using FOIL method is illustrated as
O
follows.
F
(a + b) (c +
d)
I
L

Exponents of Monomials and Binomials

In elementary school, you have learned how to raise a power of an

integer.
• What does 7 3 mean? Explain.
• How to determine the value of 7 3 ? What is the value?
• What does k 4 mean?
k 4 is an example of raising the power of monomials.

14 / Student’s Book – Factorization of Algebraic Terms

Discussion
Mr Budi has a garden of square shape with the length of (x + 5).
a. State the area of Mr Budi’s garden.
b. Does the area of Mr Budi’s garden constitute a raise of a power?
c. If it constitutes a raise to a power, what polynomial term is the
base?
d. State the area of Mr Budi’s garden using the operation of
addition and subtraction.
e. What steps do you take to solve the problem of (d)?
f. Is there any other way you can use to solve (e)? If there is,
explain your way.

Critical Thinking How do you calculate the result of (x – 2) 3 ?

Mathematics for Junior High School Year 8 / 15

1. Mathematical communication Explain how you calculate the
result of the product of x and 2 x – 1.
2x + 3
2. Write down the product of x and 2x + 3 using the
rectangular figure on the right. x x2 x2 x x x

3. Explain why x(2x + 3) and (2x + 3)x are equivalent.

4. Use algebraic tiles to calculate each of the following multiplications.
a. 5(x + 2) b. x(x + 4) c. 2x(x – 1)

5. Determine the results of the following multiplications.

a. 7(3x + 5) b. –2(x + 8) c. y(y – 9)
d. pq(pq + 8) e. 7(–2a 2 + 5a –11) f. –3y(6 – 9y + 4y 2 )
2 2
g. –2(n – 6) h. (5b – 4) i. (5w + 10)
5 5

6. Simplify each of the following algebraic forms.

a. 18y + 5(7 + 3y) b. 14(b + 3) + 8b c. 30(b + 2) + 2b
d. 3(8 + a) + 7(6 + 4a) e. x + 5x + 8(x + 2) f. 3(x + y) + 4(2x + 3y)

7. Geometry Calculate the area of the

2s s
3
shaded region on the figure on the right
s
side using the simplest form.

8. Critical thinking Is 2ab = 2a × 2b? Explain your answer.

9. Critical thinking If a student writes 4(3x + 10) = 12x + 10, explain his
mistake. How do you correct the solution?

10. Mathematical communication Explain the similarities between

the procedure of multiplication of two binomials and the procedure of
multiplication of a monomial and a binomial. Explain the differences.

11. Draw a rectangle of which the area is represented by the product of (x + 3)

and (2x + 1).
12. Use algebraic units to calculate the result of each of the following
multiplications.

16 / Student’s Book – Factorization of Algebraic Terms

 a. (x + 1)(x + 2) b. (x + 3)(x + 4) c. (2x + 3)(x + 2)
13. For each of the following models, show the two binomials being multiplied
and then write down the multiplication.
a. b.
x2 x2 x x x2 x x x
x x 1 1 x2 x x x
x x 1 1
x 1 1 1

14. Calculate the result of each of the following multiplication and use the
FOIL method.
a. (x + 2)(x + 2) b. (x – 6)(x + 2) c. (x + 7)(x – 5)
1 1
d. (2x + 3)(x – 4) e. (3x – )(6x – ) f. (x – 2)(x 2 + 2x)
4 2

15. Critical thinking Write down the multiplication x2 x x

modeled by the figure on the right side, and then simplify
–x –1 –1
it.

16. Simplify the following expressions.

a. (p – 3) 2 b. (3 + 2t) 2 c. (2x – 1) 2
d. (x – 4) 3 e. 3a 2 + (2a + 1) 2 f. (x – 1) 3 + (x + 7) 2

Mathematics for Junior High School Year 8 / 17