Department of Psychology PPS Tripos Part IIB Psy 6 for 2012/13 Psychology and Social Issues

Course Organiser: Dr. Juliet Foster jlf1000@cam.ac.uk Department of Psychology Corpus Christi College Tel: 01223 339038

Other lecturers: Dr. Brendan Burchell Department of Sociology Tel: 01223 334524 bb101@cam.ac.uk Prof. Michael Lamb Ms Irenee Daly Centre for Family Research icd21@cam.ac.uk Department of Psychology Tel: 01223 334523 mel37@cam.ac.uk Prof. Felicia Huppert Department of Psychiatry fah2@cam.ac.uk

Six to eight supervisions are recommended, excluding any revision sessions. Because lecturers teach close to their research interests, students should seek supervision directly from them. The onus is on students to contact lecturers and arrange supervisions. We recommend that supervisions be scheduled close to the time of the corresponding lectures: many lecturers will give details of supervision arrangements in their first lecture. Students are advised to have supervisions in at least three of the modules.

Aims and objectives To use psychology to understand and, where possible, address major social issues (main aim). To become familiar with the methods required to study and intervene in the social world outside the laboratory. To bridge the academic and non-academic divide.

Course content This is an advanced level paper. The paper can be thought of as an attempt to examine some of the contributions that psychology and the social science more generally can offer to society. Areas to be examined vary from year to year. This year, lectures will address psychological issues in employment and unemployment; the application of psychology to government policy; child development and public policy, including adoption; positive psychology and well-being; decisions surrounding becoming a parent, and social perspectives on mental health. Mode of teaching The paper is taught by means of several sets of lectures, to be given at the following times: Lecturer Michaelmas term Prof Felicia Huppert Title of lecture Well-being Time Week 1 - PLEASE NOTE, TWO LECTURES W10 AND F10 Weeks 2, 3, 4 and 5

Dr Brendan Burchell

Dr Juliet Foster Lent term Professor Michael Lamb

The Psychology of Employment and Unemployment Social perspectives on mental Weeks 6, 7 and 8 health

Ms Irenee Daly

Research, Theory and Policy Week 1 Child development and social Weeks 2, 3, 4 and 5 policy Decisions about becoming a Weeks 6, 7 and 8 parent

Mode of assessment One three-hour written examination at the end of the year from an undivided paper. Outline of Lectures 1. Positive Psychology (two 2-hour lectures) PROF. F. HUPPERT First lecture Introduction to why we need positive psychology and a science of well-being. The characteristics of happy people and the relationship between happiness and sustainable well-being. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, which predicts an upward spiral of personal and social well-being. The relative contribution to well-being of internal resources and external circumstances. The need for a critical appraisal of the evidence. Sample essay questions: Do we need positive psychology? What is happiness for? Is it necessary or sufficient for well-being? Critically review the evidence that positive emotions are beneficial for information processing, creativity and pro-social behaviour. Second lecture The determinants of well-being - individual and social factors which influence psychological well-being across the life-course. Interventions to enhance well-being at the individual and the population level. The foundational role of mindfulness training in well-being. Recent developments in the measurement of well-being, including national indicators of well-being and the investigation of cross-national differences. Sample essay topics: How can the science of well-being be applied at different stages in the life-course? What do we know about the causes and consequences of flourishing? Discuss the issues involved in the measurement of well-being, why it matters, and how close we are to an established set of indicators. Reading List:

Books (Choose 2 by different authors)

Argyle, M. (2002). Psychology of Happiness. Routledge, New York. Boniwell, I. (2006) Positive Psychology in a Nutshell. ISBN: 0-9548387-8-5 http://www.practicalpsychology.org/books/books.html Diener, E. and Biswas-Diener, R. (2008) Happiness: Unlocking the Mysteries of Psychological Wealth. Wiley-Blackwell Pubs. (Sept 2008) Dweck, C.S. (2006) Mindset. The New Psychology of Success. Random House, Inc. Fredrickson, B.L. (2009) Positivity: Groundbreaking Research Reveals How to Embrace the Hidden Strength of Positive Emotions, Overcome Negativity and Thrive. New York: Crown Publishing Group. Huppert, F A, Baylis, N & Keverne, B. (Eds.) (2005) The Science of Well-being. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Layard, R. (2005). Happiness: Lessons from a New Science. Penguin, New York. Lyubomirsky, S. (2008) The How of Happiness: A Scientific Approach to Getting the Life You Want. Penguin. Peterson, C. (2006) A Primer in Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press: USA. Peterson, C. and Seligman, MEP. (2004) Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Seligman M. (1991). Learned optimism. New York: Knopf. (Second Ed. 1998) Seligman M. (2002). Authentic happiness. Free Press, New York. UK Paperback (2003) Nicholas Brealey Publishing. (http://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu/) Seligman, M.E.P., Reivich, K., Jaycox, L., and Gillham, J. (1995). The Optimistic Child. New York: Houghton. Schwartz, B. (2003) The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less. Echo Publications. Thatchenkery, T. and Metzker, C. (2006). Appreciative Intelligence: Seeing the Mighty Oak in the Acorn. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.

Articles

Diener, E. and Seligman, M. E. P. (2004) Beyond money: Toward an economy of wellbeing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5, 1-31.

Dolan, P., Peasgood, T. & White, M. (2008) Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective well-being. Journal of Economic Psychology, 29, 94.122. Fredrickson, B.L. (2005). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. In FA Huppert, N Baylis & B Keverne (Eds.) The Science of Well-being (pp.217-238). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Huppert, F.A. (2009) Psychological well-being: Evidence regarding its causes and consequences. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-being, 1(2), 137-164. Huppert, F.A. (2009) A new approach to reducing disorder and improving well-being. In: E. Diener (Ed) Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(1), 108-111. Keverne, E.B. (2005). Understanding well-being in the evolutionary context of brain development. In FA Huppert, N Baylis & B Keverne (Eds.) The Science of Well-being (pp.35-56). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ryan, R.M. & Deci, E.L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 52, 141-166. Vaillant, G. (2003) Aging Well: Surprising Guideposts to a Happier Life from the Landmark Harvard Study of Adult Development. Little, Brown & Co. Publications.

2. Psychology of employment and unemployment (four 2-hour lectures) DR. B. BURCHELL These lectures will examine some social psychological aspects of employment, including the psychological effects of unemployment, job insecurity and work intensification. In the first two, 2-hour lectures Dr Burchell will start by reviewing some of the key literatures which document the psychological effects of unemployment and propose theoretical frameworks to explain the effects of unemployment on psychological health. This will be followed by consideration of the wider effects of disadvantage in the labour market, in particular insecurity (3rd lecture) and work intensification (4th lecture), on individual, families and public health. Unemployment (lectures 1-2) Learning objectives: To understand the full range of individual, family and societal costs of unemployment To understand the theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence concerning the link between unemployment and psychological well-being.

Possible essay titles: How have psychologists attempted to explain the effects of unemployment? Compare and contrast any two psychological theories concerning unemployment Readings: Clark, Andrew, Andreas Knabe, and Steffen Ratzel. 2010. Boon or bane? Others unemployment, well-being and job insecurity. Labour Economics 17(1):52-61. Retrieved August 24, 2011. Cole, M. (2007) Re-Thinking Unemployment: A Challenge to the Legacy of Jahoda et al. Sociology, 41(6): 11331149. Feather, N.T. (1990). The Psychological Impact of Unemployment. Springer-Verlag. Fryer, D. & Payne, R. (1986). Being unemployed: A review of the literature on the psychological experience of unemployment. International Review of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, Vol. 1. Fryer, D.M. (1986). Employment deprivation and personal agency during unemployment: A critical discussion of Jahoda's explanation of the psychological effects of unemployment. Social Behaviour 1, 3-24. (See also Jahoda's reply in the same issue) Fryer, D.M. (1992). Psychological or material deprivation: Why does unemployment have mental health consequences? In E. McLaughlin (ed), Understanding Unemployment: New Perspectives on active labour market policies. London: Routledge. Jahoda, M. (1982). Employment and Unemployment: A social-psychological analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Paul, Karsten I., and Klaus Moser. 2009. Unemployment impairs mental health: Metaanalyses. Journal of Vocational Behavior 74(3):264-282. Warr, P. (1987). Work, Unemployment and Mental Health. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Job Insecurity. (lecture 3) Learning objectives: To understand the nature of job security and the relationship between job security and psychological wellbeing To understand how changes in employment practices and legislation might impact upon the psychological well-being of the workforce To explore the evidence of the changes in job insecurity over the past 40 years.. Possible essay titles: Might the effects of job insecurity be as severe as the effects of unemployment? Is unemployment just one of many sources of low psychological health caused by disadvantage in the labour market? Readings on job insecurity: Burchell, B.J. (1992). Changes in the labour market and the psychological health of the nation. In J. Michie (ed), The Economic Legacy, 1979-1992. Academic Press.

Burchell, B.J. (1992). Towards a social psychology of the labour market: Or why we need to understand the labour market before we can understand unemployment. Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology, Dec. 1992. Burchell, B. (1994). Who is affected by unemployment? Job insecurity and labour market influences on psychological health. In D. Gallie, C. Marsh & C. Vogler, Social change and the experience of unemployment. Oxford University Press. Burchell, B.J. (2005) The welfare costs of job insecurity: psychological wellbeing and family life. Trends in social cohesion special issue: Reconciling labour flexibility with social cohesion facing the challenge 15, 71-108. Burchell, B.J. (2006) Work Intensification in the UK. In D. Perrons, C Fagan, L McDowell K Ray and K Ward (Eds) Gender divisions and working time in the new economy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Burchell, B.J. (2009) Flexicurity as a moderator of the relationship between job insecurity and psychological well-being. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society Burchell, B.J. (2011) A Temporal Comparison of the Effects of Unemployment and Job Insecurity on Wellbeing. Sociological Research Online, 16 (1) 9. Burchell, B.J. & Fagan, C. (2004). Gender and the intensification of work: Evidence from the European Working Conditions Surveys. Eastern Economic Journal 30 (4): 627-642. Burchell, B. J., D. Ladipo, and F. Wilkinson, Eds. (2002). Job insecurity and work intensification. London, Routledge. Cheng, G H-L and Chan, D K-S. (2008) Who Suffers More from Job Insecurity? A MetaAnalytic Review. Applied Psychology. 57(2): 272-303. De Witte, H. (2005). Job insecurity: Review of the International Literature on Definitions, Prevalence, Antecedents and Consequences. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 31(4): 1-6. Dooley, D. & Catalano, R. (1986). Do economic variables generate psychological problems? Different methods, different answers. In A.J. MacFadyen, H.W. MacFadyen (eds), Economic Psychology: Intersections in theory and application. Holland: North, 503546. Dooley, D., Fielding, J. & Levi, L. (1996). Health and unemployment. Annual Review of Public Health 17, 449-465. Green, F. (2009) Subjective employment insecurity around the world. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society. 2: 343-363 Hartley, J., Jacobson, D., Klandermans, B. & van Vuuren, T. (1991). Job Insecurity: Coping with jobs at risk. London: Sage. Hughes, M. L. (2006) "Affect, Meaning and Quality of Life." Social Forces 85.2: 611629. Jahoda, M. (1988). Economic recession and mental health: Some conceptual issues. Journal of Social Issues, 44, 13-23. Nolan, J. (2009) Working to live, not living to work: an exploratory study of the relationship between men's work orientation and job insecurity in the UK. Gender, Work and Organization, 16: 179197. Sverke, M., Hellgren, J., and Nswall, K. (2002). No Security: A Meta-Analysis and Review of Job Insecurity and its Consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7: 242-264.

Work Intensification (lecture 4) Learning Objectives To understand and evaluate the claims that the spped of work or effort required by employees has increased in the recent past. To relate these claims to the literature on stress at work. To critically understand debates on the meaning and discourses around hard work Possible essay titles: How can psychologists assess changes in the intensity of work? What models might account for the effects of work intensity on stress and psychological wellbeing? Are media claims about the intensity of work supported by good evidence? Readings on work intensification Bunting, M. (2004). Willing Slaves: How the overwork culture is ruling our lives. London: Harper and Collins. Burchell, B., Day, D., Hudson, M., Ladipo, D., Mankelow, R., Nolan, J., Reed, H., Wichert, I. and Wilkinson, F. (1999). Job insecurity and work intensification; flexibility and the changing boundaries of work. York: York Publishing. Burchell, B. et al., 2009. Working conditions in the European Union: Working time and work intensity, Dublin: Eurofound: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. (eBook: http://search.lib.cam.ac.uk/?itemid=|depfacozdb|455799) Burchell, B.J. (2006) Work Intensification in the UK. In D. Perrons, C Fagan, L McDowell K Ray and K Ward (Eds) Gender divisions and working time in the new economy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Burchell, B.J. & Fagan, C. (2004). Gender and the intensification of work: Evidence from the European Working Conditions Surveys. Eastern Economic Journal 30 (4): 627-642. Burchell,B., C. Fagan, C. OBrien & M. Smith. (2007) Working conditions in the European Union: The gender perspective. Dublin: European Foundation. (eBook: http://search.lib.cam.ac.uk/?itemid=|depfacozdb|455799) Burchell, B. J., D. Ladipo, and F. Wilkinson, Eds. (2002). Job insecurity and work intensification. London, Routledge. Burke, Ronald J., and Cary L. Cooper. 2008. The Long Work Hours Culture: Causes, Consequences and Choices. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Ferudi, F. (1999) Diseasing the Workplace' Journal of Occupational Health Review,26-29 Gershuny, J. (2005) Busyness as the badge of honour for the new superordinate working class ISER Working Papers, Number 2005-9. (eBook: http://search.lib.cam.ac.uk/?itemid=|depfacozdb|455800)

Green, F. (1999). Its been a hard days night: The concentration and intensification of work in late 20th Century Britain. Studies in Economics, working paper 99/13. University of Kent at Canterbury. Guest, DE. (1990). Have British workers been working harder in Thatchers Britain? A Reconsideration of the concept of effort. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 28, 293313. Hochschild, A.R., 1997. The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work, New York: Metropolitan Books. Ladipo, D., Mankelow, R. and Burchell, B.J. (2003). 'Working like a dog, sick as a dog: Job intensification in the late 20th Century' in Burchell, B.J., Deakin, S., Michie, J. and Rubery, J. (Eds.) Systems of Production: Markets, Organisations and Performance. London: Routledge. Major, V.S., Klein, K.J. & Ehrhart, M.G., 2002. Work time, work interference with family, and psychological distress. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 427436. Szollos, Alex. 2009. Toward a psychology of chronic time pressure. Time & Society 18(23):332 -350. Van der Lippe, T., 2007. Dutch workers and time pressure: household and workplace characteristics. Work Employment Society, 21(4), 693-711. Wainwright, D. and Calanan, M. (2002). Work stress: the making of a modern epidemic. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. 3. Social perspectives on mental health DR J. FOSTER Learning objectives: To introduce a discussion of the dominant and alternative paradigms in understanding mental health and mental health problems To consider the different ways in which society impacts upon mental ill health, in terms of o Its treatment of mental ill health through history o Societal factors in the causation of mental ill health o Social constructionism This first of these six hours aims to introduce some of the different paradigms within understandings of mental ill health: in particular, the dominant biomedical, psychiatric model will be discussed, along with alternatives to it, including anti-psychiatry, and more social approaches. In the second hour, we will consider the role that societys understanding of madness and mental illness has played in the treatment of mental illness, focusing on the development of asylums, and changes within them. We will also look at other dominant movements within treatment, such as moral management. The third hour will discuss the different societal factors which have been implicated in the causation and development of mental ill health. In the last three hours, a more social constructionist perspective will be taken: how do the public, mental health professionals and clients of the mental health services understand mental health and illness, and what are the implications of this understanding? In the final lecture, the developing mental health service user/survivor movement will be

considered in more detail, including the attempts by some groups within this movement to reclaim and redefine madness. Possible essay titles: A 'social' theory of 'mental illness' - a contradiction in terms. Discuss. Why study public understanding of mental ill health? Does the development of psychiatric understanding negate the need for any other approach to mental health? Is the development of the mental health service user movement over the past decade the single most striking development in the mental health service? General readings: *Foster, J.L.H. (2007) Journeys Through Mental Illness: clients experiences and understandings of mental distress. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan *Leff, J. (2001) The Unbalanced Mind. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. *Watts, F. and Morant, N. (2001) Health and Illness. In C. Fraser and B. Burchell (Eds.) Introducing Social Psychology. Cambridge: Polity. Lecture 1a: Paradigms in mental health Bentall, R. (2004) Madness Explained: Psychosis and Human Nature. Harmondsworth: Penguin Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Kutchins, H. and Kirk, S. (1997) Making us Crazy: DSM the psychiatric Bible and the creation of mental disorders. London: Constable and Co. Especially Chapter 3 on the Rise and Fall of Homosexuality. Moncrieff, J. (2008) The Myth of the Chemical Cure: a critique of psychiatric drug treatment. Basingstoke: Palgrave *Rosenhan, D. L. (1973). On being sane in insane places. Science, 179, 250-258. A version of this is also in T. Heller (Ed.) Mental Health Matters: a reader. pp.7079. Sumerfield, D. (2008) How scientifically valid is the knowledge base of global mental health? BMJ 336 (7651): 992994 Temerlin, M. K. (1968). Suggestion effects in psychiatric diagnosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 147(4), 349-352. Tyrer, P. and Steinberg, D. (2005) Models for mental disorder: conceptual models in psychiatry. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Earlier editions are also fine. Warner, R. (1996) The Cultural Context of mental distress. In T. Heller (Ed.) Mental Health Matters: a reader. pp.54-63 Lecture 1b: Social history of mental health *Porter, R. (1987a) A Social History of Madness: stories of the insane. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Especially Chapter Two.

Porter, R. (1987b) Mind-forgd Manacles: a history of madness in England from the Restoration to Regency. London: Athalone Press. Especially chapters one, two and three. (eBook: http://search.lib.cam.ac.uk/?itemid=|eresources|5030021) Scull, A. (1989) Social order/mental disorder: Anglo-American Psychiatry in Historical Perspective. London: Routledge. Especially chapters two, four and six. (eBook: http://search.lib.cam.ac.uk/?itemid=|depfacozdb|409476) Stone, M. (1985) Shellshock and psychiatry. In W. Bynum, R. Porter and M. Shepherd (Eds.) The Anatomy of Madness: Essays in the History of Psychiatry. Volume II: Institutions and Society. London: Tavistock. pp. 242-271. Lecture 2a: Social factors in mental health problems *Brown, G. and Harris, T. (1978) Social Origins of Depression: a study of psychiatric disorder in women. London: Tavistock. Davison, G. C. and Neale, J. M. (1994) Abnormal Psychology. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Chapter 9 on Mood Disorders for summaries of theories of learned helplessness. Leff, J. and Vaughn, C. (1985) Expressed Emotion in Families. London: Guildford Press. Lecture 2b: Public and professional perspectives on mental ill health and their implications Attitude theory and general ideas of public on mental illness *Brockington, I. F., Hall, P., Levings, J., and Murphy, C. (1993). The community's tolerance of the mentally ill. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 93-99. Cumming, E., and Cumming, J. (1957). Closed Ranks: an experiment in mental health education. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Evans-Lacko, S, Henderson, C. and Thornicroft, G. (2013) Public knowledge, attitudes and behaviour regarding people with mental illness in England 2009-2012. British Journal of Psychiatry 202, s51-s57. Hall, P., Brockington, I. F., Levings, J., and Murphy, C. (1993). A comparison of responses to the mentally ill in two communities. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 99-108. Miles, A. (1987). The Mentally Ill in Society. (Second Edition ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. Nunnally, J. C. (1961). Popular Conceptions of Mental Illness: their development and change. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Rabkin, J. G. (1974). Public attitudes toward mental illness: a review of the literature. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 10, 9-33. Wider social psychological theories of public and professional understanding, including social representations theory De Rosa, A. S. (1987). The social representations of mental illness in children and adults. In W. Doise and S. Moscovici (Eds.), Current Issues in Social Psychology (pp. 47-138). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Foster, J. L. (2001). Unification and Differentiation: a study in the social representation of mental illness. Papers on Social Representations (online at http://www.psych.lse.ac.uk/psr/).

Foster, J.L.H. (2006) Media presentation of the Mental Health Bill and representations of mental health problems. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology 16 285-300 Foster, J.L.H. (2010) Perpetuating stigma?: Differences between advertisements for psychiatric and non-psychiatric medication in two professional journals. Journal of Mental Health 19(1) 26-33 Gilman, S. L. (1988). Disease and Representation: images of illness from madness to AIDS. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. *Jodelet, D. (1991). Madness and Social Representations (Pownall, Tim, Trans.). Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Morant, N. (1998). The social representations of mental ill-health in communities of mental health practitioners in the UK and France. Social Science Information, 37(4), 663685. Rose, D. (1998). Television, madness and community care. Journal of Community and Applied Psychology, 8, 213-228. Lecture 3a: Client/Patient/Survivor perspectives on mental ill health and their implications Foster, J.L.H. (2004) I believe the technical term is mad as a box of frogs: mental health service clients representing mental ill health. Social Psychological Review 6(2) 59-70. *Foster, J.L.H. (2003) Beyond otherness: controllability and location in mental health service clients representations of mental health problems. Journal of Health Psychology 8(5) pp. 631-643. *Foster, J.L.H. (2007) Journeys Through Mental Illness: clients experiences and understandings of mental distress. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Weinstein, R. M. (1983). Labeling theory and the attitudes of mental patients: a review. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 24, 70-84. Lecture 3b: The mental health service user movement: research and implications for the future Barnes, M. and Bowl, R. (2001) Taking over the asylum: empowerment and mental health. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Especially chapter 2. Bracken, P. and Thomas, P. (2001) Post-psychiatry: a new direction for mental health. BMJ 322 742-747. Available online - the subsequent debate is also very interesting. *Campbell, P. (2005) From little acorns: the mental health service user movement. In A. Bell and P. Lindley Beyond the Water Towers: the unfinished revolution in mental health services 1985-2005. A free copy of this chapter can be downloaded from the publications section of the Centre for Mental Health website. Read, J. (2009) Psychiatric Drugs: Key issues and service user perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Rogers, A., & Pilgrim, D. (1991). Pulling down churches: accounting for the British Mental Health Users' Movement. Sociology of Health and Illness, 13(2), 129-148.

*Rogers, A., Pilgrim, D., & Lacey, R. (1993). Experiencing Psychiatry: users' views of services. London: Macmillan, in association with MIND Publications. One of the first of its kind. Rogers, A., & Pilgrim, D. (2001). Mental Health Policy in Britain. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Whole book is useful, but chapter 6 is good for this lecture, and chapters 3 and 4 as revision. Rose, D. (1998) In Our Experience. London: Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health. A free copy of this can be downloaded from the Centre for Mental Health website. Rose, D. (2003) Users' Voices. London: Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health. A free summary of this can be downloaded as above Wallcraft, J., Read, J. and Sweeney, A. (2003) On our own terms: users and survivors of mental health services working together for support and change. London: Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health. A free copy of this can be downloaded as above. Websites: Mental Health Foundation http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk Rethink http://www.rethink.org/ SANE (Schizophrenia a National Emergency) http://www.sane.org.uk MIND http://www.mind.org.uk Depression Alliance http://www.depressionalliance.org MDF the Bipolar Organisation http://www.mdf.org.uk Time to Change http://www.time-to-change.org.uk/ (some very interesting research available here as well as links to blogs etc) Centre for Mental Health http://www.scmh.org.uk/ Lent Term

4. Child development and social policy (5, 2-hour lectures) PROF M. LAMB Lecture 1. Introduction to the problems and possibilities with respect to the application of psychological research to the real world and the difficulties associated with conducting that research.

Sample essay questions: 1. How do the methodologies of applied and basic psychological research differ? 2. How do basic researchers benefit from applied research, and vice versa?

Brief reading list:

Albee, G. W. (Ed.) (2002). Interactions among scientists and policymakers: Challenges and opportunities. American Psychologist [Special Issue], 57, 161-221. Bogenschneider, K. (2002). Family policy matters: How policymaking affects families and what professionals can do. Mahwah NJ: Erlbaum. Fisher, C. D., Murray, J. P., & Sigel, E. E. (1996). Applied developmental science: Graduate training for diverse disciplines and educational settings. Norwood NJ: Ablex. McCall, R. B., & Groark, C. J. (2000). The future of child development research and public policy. Child Development, 71, 187-204. Shonkoff, J. P. (2000). Science, policy and practice: Three cultures in search of a shared mission. Child Development, 71, 181-187. Tseng, V. (2012). The uses of research in policy and practice. Society for Research in Child Development Social Policy Report, 26(2). Wolf, S., Aber, J. L., & Morris, P. A. (2013). Drawing on psychological theory to understand and improve antipoverty policies: The case of conditional cash transfers. Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 19, 3-14.

Lecture 2. Early child care Public policy concerning early childcare has been motivated in most developed countries by competing desires to foster close child-parent attachment, enrich the lives of young children, promote female employment, and reduce workplace discrimination against women. Varying emphases on these goals have ensured intra-cultural controversy and international diversity. In this lecture, we will explore the ideological issues and the relevant empirical literature on the effects of early child care.

Sample questions: 1. For more than 30 years, attachment theorists have warned that non parental care in infancy damages infant-parent attachments. Discuss the origins of these concerns and the extent to which they have been empirically supported. 2. It all depends on the quality of care. Discuss. 3. Government be investing in subsidised parental leaves rather than early child care facilities, such as nurseries. Discuss.

Brief reading list: Biddulph, S. Raising babies: Should under 3s go to nursery. London: Harper Thorsons, 2006.

Clarke-Stewart, A., & Allhusen, V. D. What we know about childcare. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2005.

Cote, S. M., Doyle, O., Petitclerc, A., & Timmins, L. Child care in infancy and cognitive performance until middle childhood in the Millennium Cohort Study. Child Development, 2013, 84, 11911208. **Lamb, M. E., & Ahnert, L. Nonparental child care: Context, concepts, correlates, and consequences. In W. Damon, R. M. Lerner, K. A. Renninger & I. E. Sigel (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 4) Child psychology in practice (Sixth Edition; pp. 950-1016). New York: Wiley, 2006. NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. Child Care and Child Development: Results from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. New York: Guilford Press, 2005. NICHD Early Child Care Network (2003). Does amount of time spent in child care predict socioemotional adjustment during the transition to kindergarten? Child Development, 74, 9761005. Zachrisson, H. D., Dearing, E., Lekhal, R., & Toppelberg, C. O. Little evidence that time in child care causes externalizing problems during early childhood in Norway. Child Development, 2013, 84, 11521170

Lecture 3. Social policy and adoption The adoption of children by non-related families is one of the forms of family diversity. Although it takes different forms, what is common in adoption is that children with a varying degree of early adversity enter a new family and a new life style, with a marked contrast with earlier experiences. Adoption researchers take this natural experiment as a research context in which issues of recovery after initial adversity, as well as issues of psychological continuity between past and present, can be explored. The practice of adoption opens a number of policy issues of interest for both researchers and practitioners. The reflection on different forms of adoption (domesticintercountry, confidential-open), the diverse approach to adoption related issues in different countries, the practice of assessment of prospective adopters, of children-parent matching or of post-adoption support, are just a few examples of the many questions of interest in the professional work around adoption. Suggested essay topics:

1. Contrast the three generations of adoption research over the last 25 years.

2. Discuss the attachment difficulties that might be experienced by adopted children.

3. Discuss the psychological processes affecting the adjustment of adopted children.

Brief reading list: Bimmel, N., Juffer, F., vanIJzendoorn, M. & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J. (2003). Problem behavior of internationally adopted adolescents: a review and meta-analysis. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 11, 64-77. Bowie, F. (2004). Cross-cultural approaches to adoption. London: Routledge. Brodzinsky, D. M., & Palacios, J. (Eds.) (2005). Psychological issues in adoption. Research and practice Wesport, CT: Prager. **ChildOneEurope (2007). Guidelines on post-adoption services. Florence: Istituto Degli Innocenti. (eBook: http://search.lib.cam.ac.uk/?itemid=|depfacozdb|437842) Hart, A. & Luckock, B. (2004). Facilitating good enough adoptive parenting through formal therapeutic interventions. In A. Hart & B. Luckock, B., Developing adoption support and therapy. New approaches for practice. London: Kingsley. MacLean, K. (2003). The impact of institutionalization on child development. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 853-884. Nelson, C.A. (2007). A neurobiological perspective on early human development. Child Development Perspectives, 1, 13-18. Palacios, J. & Snchez-Sandoval, Y. (2005). Beyond adopted-nonadopted comparisons. In D.M. Brodzinsky & J. Palacios (Eds.), Psychological issues in adoption. Research and practice (pp. 117-144). Wesport, CT: Praeger. OConnor, T., Rutter, M., Beckett, C., Keaveney, L. Kreppner, J.M. and the ERA (2000). The effects of global severe privation on cognitive competence: extension and longitudinal follow-up. Child Development, 71, 376-390. **Palacios, J. & Brodzinsky, D.M. (2005). Recent changes and future directions for adoption research. In D.M. Brodzinsky & J. Palacios (Eds.), Psychological issues in adoption. Research and practice (pp. 257-268). Wesport, CT: Prager. Rushton, A. & Dance, Ch. (2002). Adoption support services for families in difficulty A literature review and UK survey. London: BAAF. **VanIJzendoorn, M. & Juffer, F. (2006). The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 2006: Adoption as intervention. Meta-analytic evidence for massive catch-up and plasticity in physical, socio-emotional, and cognitive development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 12281245. Dozier, M. Zeanah, C. H., & Bernard, K. Infants and toddlers in foster care. Child Development Perspectives, 2013, in press.

Lecture 4. Children in single parent families Increasingly, children in developed countries spend some or all of their childhoods in single parent families. Controversy persists concerning the effects this has on childrens well being and adjustment; recent scholarship suggests that the effects vary in systematic ways depending on the circumstances. These circumstances and implications for public policy are discussed in this lecture.

Sample question: 1. Mary and Jack have worked and shared care of their children8 year old Joe and 11 year old Sally--since their birth. Both parents want the children to live with them after their forthcoming divorce. Discuss the factors that should be considered in making decisions about the childrens future. 2. Parents should stay together for the sake of their children. Discuss.

Brief reading list:

Braver, S. L., & Lamb, M. E. Marital dissolution. In G. W. Peterson & K. R. Bush (Eds.), Handbook of marriage and the family (3nd ed., pp. 487-516). New York: Springer, 2013. Kelly, J. B. Risk and protective factors associated with child and adolescent adjustment following separation and divorce. In K. Kuehnle & L. Drodz (Eds.), Parenting plan evaluations: Applied research for the family court. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. **Lamb, M. E. Critical analysis of research on parenting plans and childrens wellbeing. In K. Kuehnle & L. Drodz (Eds.), Parenting plan evaluations: Applied research for the family court (pp. 214-243). New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Trinder, L., & Lamb, M. E. Measuring up? The relationship between correlates of childrens adjustment and both family law and policy in England. Louisiana Law Review, 2005, 65, 1509-1537.

Lectures 5. Obtaining information from children in forensic contexts.

It is widely believed that young children cannot be useful witnesses or informants because of their limited communicative and cognitive skills and their tendencies to confuse fantasy with reality. Childrens abilities are actually quite extensive, however; how much useful information they provide typically depends more on the skills of the interviewer than the limitations of the young informant. In these two lectures, well discuss the factors affecting the quality of childrens accounts and ways of improving the quality of forensic interviews.

Sample questions: 1. Children under 7 cannot be considered reliable witnesses. Discuss. 2. Susceptibility to suggestion is the single most important factor affecting the reliability of child witnesses in court. Discuss.

Brief reading list: Ceci, S. J., & Bruck, M. Jeopardy in the courtroom. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 1995. Lamb, M.E., Hershkowitz, I., Orbach, Y., & Esplin, P.W. Tell me what happened. Chichester, Wiley, 2008. (eBook: http://search.lib.cam.ac.uk/?itemid=|eresources|4834490) **Lamb, M. E., LaRooy, D., Malloy, L. C., & Katz, C. (Eds.). Childrens testimony. Chichester: Wiley, 2011. Pipe, M. E., Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., & Cederborg, A. C. (Eds.). Child sexual abuse: Disclosure, delay, and denial. Mahwah NJ: Erlbaum, 2007. Poole, D. A., & Lamb, M. E. Investigative interviews of children: A guide for helping professionals. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1998. Toglia, M. P., Read, J. D., Ross, D. F., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (Eds.), Handbook of eyewitness psychology. Vol 1: Memory for events. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006.

5. Decisions about becoming a parent MS IRENEE DALY

These three lectures will focus on the transition to and the impact of becoming a parent. Pregnancy and the transition to parenthood is a major developmental period with important implications for parents, for the infant-parent relationship and the infant's development. While it is important to investigate parenting for its impact on children there is also a need to recognise the tremendous influence this transition has on the lives of individual mothers and fathers. With this in mind, Lecture 2 will focus on the impact of parenting on the psychological well-being of mothers and fathers, while Lecture 3 will look at the consequences of becoming a parent on career progression and participation in the labour force.

Lecture 1: Transition to parenthood Salmela-Aro, K. (2012). Transition to parenthood and positive parenting: Longitudinal and intervention approaches. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(1), 21-32. Crespi, I. & Fontaine, A. (2012). Transition to parenthood and fertility intentions in Europe. Family choices and child-birth challenges. International Review of Sociology, 22(1), 1-4. Nomaguchi, K. M. & Milkie, A. (2003). Costs and Rewards of Children: The Effects of Becoming a Parent on Adults' Lives. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65(2), 356-374. Loftus, L & Andriot, A. L. (2012). That's what makes a woman: Infertility and coping with a failed life course transition. Sociological Spectrum: Mid-South Sociological Association, 32(3), 226-243. Transition to Motherhood: Ex, C. T. & Janssens, J. M. A. (2000). Young females images of motherhood. Sex Roles, 43(11-12), 865-890. Redshaw, M. & Martin, C. (2011). Motherhood: a natural progression and a major transition. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 29(4), 305-307. Billari, F. & Philipov, D. (2004). Education and the transition to motherhood: a comparative analysis of Western Europe. Vienna: Vienna Institute of Demography (European Demographic Research Paper 3). Eija Sevn, E. (2012). 'My life has changed, but his life hasn't': Making sense of the gendering of parenthood during the transition to motherhood. Feminism & Psychology, 22(1), 60-80. Dunne, G. A. (2000). Opting into motherhood: Lesbians blurring the boundaries and transforming the meaning of parenthood and kinship . Gender and Society, 14(1) 11-35 Woodward, K. (2003). Representations of motherhood. In S. Earle & G. Letherby (Eds.), Gender, identity and reproduction (pp. 18-32). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Transition to Fatherhood: Knoester, C. & Eggebeen, D. J. (2006). The Effects of the transition to parenthood and subsequent children on men's well-being and social participation. Journal of Family Issues, 27(11), 1532-1560. Genesoni, L., & Tallandini, M. A. (2009). Men's psychological transition to fatherhood: An analysis of the literature, 1989-2008. Birth, 36(4), 305-318. Goldscheider, F. (2009). Fatherhood across two generations: Factors affecting early family roles. Journal of Family Issues, 30(5), 586-604. Deave, T. & Johnson D. (2008). The transition to parenthood: what does it mean for fathers? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 63(6), 626633. Beggs-Weber, J. (2012). Becoming teen fathers: Stories of teen pregnancy, responsibility, and masculinity. Gender & Society, 26(6), 900-921.

Possible essay titles: 1) Compare and contrast the major influences for men and women in the transition to parenthood. 2) What are the main psychological and structural factors that influence when women become mothers? 3) What are the main psychological and structural factors that influence when men become father? Lecture 2: The impact of becoming a parent on mental health: McKenzie, S. K. & Carter, K. (2012). Does transition into parenthood lead to changes in mental health? Findings from three waves of a population based panel study. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 67(4), 339 Doss, B. D., Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S. M., et al. (2009). The effect of the transition to parenthood on relationship quality: an 8-year prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(3), 60119. Falci, C. D., Mortimer, J. T., & Noel, H. (2010). Parental timing and depressive symptoms in early adulthood. Advanced Life Course Research, 15(1), 110. Giallo. R., DEsposito. F., Christensen, D., et al. (2012). Father mental health during the early parenting period: results of an Australian population based longitudinal study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(12), 19071916. Bronte-Tinkew, J., Moore, K.A., Matthews, G., & Carrano, J. (2007). Symptoms of major depression in a sample of fathers of infants: Sociodemographic correlates and links to father involvement. Journal of Family Issues, 28(1) 6199. Crosier, T., Butterworth, P., & Rodgers, B., (2007). Mental health problems among single and partnered mothers. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42(1), 613.

Evenson, R.J., & Simon, R.W. (2005). Clarifying the relationship between parenthood and depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46, 34158. Brandon, T., McDaniel, B. T., Coyne, A. M. & Holmes, E. K. (2012). New mothers and media Use: Associations between blogging, social networking, and maternal well-being. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(7), 1509-1517. Keizer, R., Dykstra, P.A., & Poortman, A. (2010). The transition to parenthood and well-being: the impact of partner status and work hour transitions. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(1), 42938. Su, J. H. (2012). Pregnancy Intentions and parents' psychological well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(1), 11821196.

Possible essay titles: 1) How does parenting affect either a mother or a father's psychological well-being? 2) Why might a man or woman become depressed when they become a parent? 3) What is the long-term impact of becoming a parent on a persons mental health? Lecture 3. The effect of the workplace on becoming and being a parent Perry-Jenkins, M., Goldberg, A. E., Pierce, C.P., et al. (2007). Shift work, role overload, and the transition to parenthood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 69 12338. Murgia, A. & Poggio, B. (2013). Fathers stories of resistance and hegemony in organizational cultures. Gender, Work & Organization, 20(4), 413-424. Schober, P. S. (2013). The parenthood effect on gender inequality: Explaining the change in paid and domestic work when British couples become parents. European Sociological Review, 29(1), 7485. Coltrane, S., Miller, E. C., DeHaan, T. & Stewart, L. (2013). Fathers and the flexibility stigma. Journal of Social Issues, 69(1), 279302. Carbone, J., & Cahn, N. R., (2013). The Gender/Class Divide: Reproduction, Privilege and the Workplace. George Washington University Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2013-93. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2284969 Gutierrez-Domenech, M. (2005). Employment after motherhood: a European comparison, Labour Economics, 12(1), 99123. Abrahamson, P. (2007). Reconciliation of work and family life in Europe: A case study of Denmark, France, Germany and the United Kingdom. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 9(2), 193-209. Smith, A. J. & Williams, D. R. (2007). Father-friendly legislation and paternal time across Western Europe, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 9(2), 175-192.

McGinnity, F. & McManus, P. (2007). Paying the price for reconciling work and family life: Comparing the wage penalty for women's part-time work in Britain, Germany and the United States. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 9(2), 115-134. Perrier, M. (2013). No right time: the significance of reproductive timing for younger and older mothers moralities. The Sociological Review, 61(1), 69-87. Boeckmann, I., Misra, J., & Budig, M. (2013). Mothers' employment in wealthy countries: how do cultural and institutional factors shape the motherhood employment and working hours gap? Working paper series / Luxembourg Income Study; 594 Available form http://www.lisdatacenter.org/wps/liswps/594.pdf Hewlett, S. A. (2007). Off-ramps and on-ramps. Keeping talented women on the road to success. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Heather Joshi, H. (1998). The opportunity costs of childbearing: More than mothers business. Journal of Population Economics, 11(2), 161-183. Vincent, C., Ball, S., & Pietikainen, S. (2004). Metropolitan mothers: Mothers, mothering and paid work. Women's Studies International Forum, 27(5), 571-587. Woodroff. (2009). Not having it all: How motherhood reduces women's pay and employment prospects. London Fawcett Society. Available from http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/

Possible essay titles: 1) How can men affect change in the workplace to make working mothers lives easier? 2) What are the main work place issues that could influence motherhood timing? 3) How does parenthood effect gender inequality in the workplace?