Welcome to 3.

091
Lecture 3 September 14, 2009
Atomic Models: Rutherford & Bohr

Periodic Table Quiz

1 3 11 19 37 55 87 4 12 20 38 56 88 21 39 57 89 22 40 72 23 41 73 24 42 74 25 43 75 26 44 76 27 45 77 28 46 78 29 47 79 30 48 80 5 13 31 49 81 6 14 32 50 82 7 15 33 51 83 8 16 34 52 84 9 17 35 53 85 2 10 18 36 54 86

Name

Grade

/10

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Lazy college professors never produce sufficiently educated graduates to dramatically help executives trim yearly losses.

source unknown. All rights reserved. This image is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Loony chemistry professor needs partner: seeking cannot be referring educated to 3.091! graduate to must be the other develop chemistry professor hazardous experiments testing young lab assistants.

source unknown. All rights reserved. This image is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

138.9055

57
CEase not I to slave, back breaking to tend; PRideless and bootless stoking hearth and fire. No Dream of mine own precious time to spend Pour'ed More to sate your glutt'nous desire. SMelting anew my ten-thousandth hour EUtopia forever I eschew. Growing Dimmer is my fleeing power To Bid these curs'ed problem sets adieu. DYing away whilst thy hosts are fought HOpeless I come should in lecture I doze. ERgo, like a sad slave, stay and rest nought. Then Must I tool and toil while fatigue grows. Yet, Bloody though I must be, and quite ill Light the Universal abyss I will.
Courtesy of MIT Student. Used with permission.

920 3455 6.146 1.10 5.577 [Xe]5d16s2 Lanthanum

La

57
3

The Structure of the Atom

status report ca. end of the 19th century * atom is electrically neutral * -ve charge carried by electrons * e- has very small mass bulk of the atom is +ve, most mass resides in +ve charge Question: what is the spatial distribution of charge inside an atom?

Figure 1.18

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Figure 1.19

rays particles particles

10-cm lead

0.5- cm lead

Paper
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Rutherford-Geiger-Marsden experiment

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Marsden's Analysis

Trajectory of incident particle

b

gold nucleus
Scattering of an -particle which approaches a heavy nucleus with an impact parameter b.
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

principles of modern chemistry:

* recognize patterns * develop a quantitative model that - explains our observations - makes predictions that can be tested by experiment

Bohr Postulates for the Hydrogen Atom

1. Rutherford atom is correct 2. Classical EM theory not applicable to orbiting e3. Newtonian mechanics applicable to orbiting e4. Eelectron = Ekinetic + Epotential 5. e- energy quantized through its angular momentum: L = mvr = nh/2, n = 1, 2, 3, 6. Planck-Einstein relation applies to e- transitions: E = Ef - Ei = h = hc/ c =

Bohr Postulates for the Hydrogen Atom

1. Rutherford atom is correct 2. Classical EM theory not applicable to orbiting e3. Newtonian mechanics applicable to orbiting e4. Eelectron = Ekinetic + Epotential 5. e- energy quantized through its angular momentum: L = mvr = nh/2, n = 1, 2, 3, 6. Planck-Einstein relation applies to e- transitions: E = Ef - Ei = h = hc/ c =

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Bohr Postulates for the Hydrogen Atom

1. Rutherford atom is correct 2. Classical EM theory not applicable to orbiting e3. Newtonian mechanics applicable to orbiting e4. Eelectron = Ekinetic + Epotential 5. e- energy quantized through its angular momentum: L = mvr = nh/2, n = 1, 2, 3, 6. Planck-Einstein relation applies to e- transitions: E = Ef - Ei = h = hc/ c =

Bohr Postulates for the Hydrogen Atom

1. Rutherford atom is correct 2. Classical EM theory not applicable to orbiting e3. Newtonian mechanics applicable to orbiting e4. Eelectron = Ekinetic + Epotential 5. e- energy quantized through its angular momentum: L = mvr = nh/2, n = 1, 2, 3, 6. Planck-Einstein relation applies to e- transitions: E = Ef - Ei = h = hc/ c =

UV

Visible 6000 K

Infrared

Planck suggests that light is composed of energy packets or quanta. The elementary unit of e-m radiation is the photon.

Radiation intensity

Classical prediction 6000 K

5000 K

E = h
2000 2500 3000

4000 K 3000 K 0 500 1000 1500

Wavelength (nm)
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Bohr Postulates for the Hydrogen Atom

1. Rutherford atom is correct 2. Classical EM theory not applicable to orbiting e3. Newtonian mechanics applicable to orbiting e4. Eelectron = Ekinetic + Epotential 5. e- energy quantized through its angular momentum: L = mvr = nh/2, n = 1, 2, 3, 6. Planck-Einstein relation applies to e- transitions: E = Ef - Ei = h = hc/ c =

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

 source unknown. All rights reserved. This image is excluded from our Creative Commons license.For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

 source unknown. All rights reserved. This image is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

 source unknown. All rights reserved. This image is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

 source unknown. All rights reserved. This image is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

 source unknown. All rights reserved. This image is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

Isotopes of Hydrogen
hydrogen 1766 Henry Cavendish, London deuterium 1931 Harold Urey, Columbia U. tritium 1934 Ernest Rutherford, Cambridge U.

1803

1904

1911

Dalton proposes the indivisible unit of an element is the atom.

Thomson discovers electrons, believed to reside within a sphere of uniform positive charge (the "plum pudding" model).

Rutherford demonstrates the existence of a positively charged nucleus that contains nearly all the mass of an atom.

1913

1926

Bohr proposes fixed circular orbits around the nucleus for electrons.

In the current model of the atom, electrons occupy regions of space (orbitals) around the nucleus determined by their energies.
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

J. J. Thomson (1856-1940) Cathode ray = Charged particle = Electron (1897) charge-to-mass ratio of electron (1897)

Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) Uranium emits rays that fog photographic film (1869)

J.J Thomson "Plum pudding" model of atom (1904)

Marie and Pierre Curie (1867-1934, 1854-1906) Radioactive elements polonium and radium (1898) Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) and particles (1898) Ernest Rutherford Nuclear model of atom (1911)

Robert Millikan (1868-1953) Charge and mass of electron (1909)

Ernest Rutherford Proton (1920)

James Chadwick (1891-1974) Neutron (1932)

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu

3.091SC Introduction to Solid State Chemistry

Fall 2009

For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.