Class 28: Outline

Hour 1:
Displacement Current
Maxwell’s Equations

Hour 2:
Electromagnetic waves

P28- 1
 Finally:
Bringing it All Together

P28- 2
Displacement Current

P28- 3
 Ampere’s Law: Capacitor
Consider a charging capacitor:
I Use Ampere’s Law to calculate the
magnetic field just above the top plate

Ampere's law: ∫ B ⋅ d s = µ 0 I enc

1) Red Amperian Area, Ienc= I

2) Green Amperian Area, I = 0

What’s Going On?

P28- 4
 Displacement Current
We don’t have current between the capacitor
plates but we do have a changing E field. Can we
“make” a current out of that?
Q
E= ⇒ Q = ε 0 EA = ε 0 Φ E
ε0 A

dQ dΦE
= ε0 ≡ Id
dt dt

This is called (for historic reasons)

the Displacement Current
P28- 5
 Maxwell-Ampere’s Law

∫
C
B ⋅ d s = µ 0 ( I encl + I d )

dΦE
= µ 0 I encl + µ 0ε 0
dt

P28- 6
PRS Questions:
Capacitor

P28- 7
Maxwell’s Equations

P28- 8
 Electromagnetism Review

• E fields are created by:

(1) electric charges Gauss’s Law
(2) time changing B fields Faraday’s Law
• B fields are created by
(1) moving electric charges Ampere’s Law
(NOT magnetic charges)
(2) time changing E fields Maxwell’s Addition

• E (B) fields exert forces on (moving) electric charges

Lorentz Force
P28- 9
 Maxwell’s Equations
Qin
∫∫ E ⋅ dA = ε
S 0
(Gauss's Law)

dΦB
∫C E ⋅ d s = − dt (Faraday's Law)

∫∫ B ⋅ dA = 0
S
(Magnetic Gauss's Law)

dΦE
∫C B ⋅ d s = µ0 I enc + µ0ε 0 dt (Ampere-Maxwell Law)

F = q(E + v × B) (Lorentz force Law)

P28- 10
Electromagnetic Radiation

P28- 11
A Question of Time…

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/
8.02T/f04/visualizations/light/
05-CreatingRadiation/05-
pith_f220_320.html

P28- 12
P28- 13
 Electromagnetic Radiation:
Plane Waves

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/light/07-EBlight/07-EB_Light_320.html
P28- 14
 Traveling Waves
Consider f(x) =

x=0
What is g(x,t) = f(x-vt)?
t=0 t=t0 t=2t0

x=0 x=vt0 x=2vt0

f(x-vt) is traveling wave moving to the right!
P28- 15
 Traveling Sine Wave
Now consider f(x) = y = y0sin(kx):
2π
Amplitude (y0)
Wavelength (λ ) =
wavenumber (k )

What is g(x,t) = f(x+vt)? Travels to left at velocity v

y = y0sin(k(x+vt)) = y0sin(kx+kvt)
P28- 16
 Traveling Sine Wave
y = y0 sin ( kx + kvt )
At x=0, just a function of time: y = y0 sin( kvt ) ≡ y0 sin(ω t )

1
Period (T ) =
frequency (f )
Amplitude (y0) 2π
=
angular frequency (ω )

P28- 17
 Traveling Sine Wave
i Wavelength: λ y = y0 sin(kx − ω t )
i Frequency : f
2π
i Wave Number: k =
λ
i Angular Frequency: ω = 2π f
1 2π
i Period: T = =
f ω
ω
i Speed of Propagation: v = =λf
k
i Direction of Propagation: + x
P28- 18
Electromagnetic Waves

Hz

Remember: λf =c P28- 19
 Electromagnetic Radiation: Plane Waves
http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/light/07-EBlight/07-EB_Light_320.html

Watch 2 Ways:
1) Sine wave
traveling to
right (+x)
2) Collection of
out of phase
oscillators
(watch one
position)

Don’t confuse vectors with heights – they

are magnitudes of E (gold) and B (blue) P28- 20
PRS Question:
Wave

P28- 21
Group Work:
Do Problem 1

P28- 22
 Properties of EM Waves
Travel (through vacuum) with
speed of light
1 8m
v=c= = 3 ×10
µ 0ε 0 s
At every point in the wave and any instant of time,
E and B are in phase with one another, with
E E0
= =c
B B0
E and B fields perpendicular to one another, and to
the direction of propagation (they are transverse):
Direction of propagation = Direction of E × B P28- 23
 Direction of Propagation

ˆ E sin(k ( p̂ ⋅ r ) − ω t); B = Bˆ B sin(k ( p̂ ⋅ r ) − ω t)

E=E

0 0

ˆ × Bˆ = pˆ
E E ˆ Bˆ pˆ ( pˆ ⋅ r )
ˆi ˆj kˆ z
ˆj kˆ ˆi x
kˆ ˆi ˆj y
ˆj ˆi −kˆ −z
kˆ ˆj −ˆi −x
ˆi kˆ −ˆj −y P28-24
 PRS Question:
Direction of Propagation

P28- 25
In Class Problem:
Plane EM Waves

P28- 26
Energy & the Poynting Vector

P28- 27
 Energy in EM Waves
1 1
Energy densities: uE = ε 0 E , uB =
2
B 2

2 2µ0
Consider cylinder:
1⎛ B 2
⎞
dU = (u E + u B ) Adz = ⎜ ε 0 E +
2
⎟ Acdt
2⎝ µ0 ⎠
What is rate of energy flow per unit area?
1 dU c ⎛ B 2
⎞ c⎛ EB ⎞
S= = ⎜ ε0 E +
2
⎟= ⎜ ε 0 cEB + ⎟
A dt 2⎝ µ0 ⎠ 2⎝ cµ0 ⎠
EB EB
=
2µ0
( 2
)
ε 0 µ0c + 1 =
µ0
P28- 28
 Poynting Vector and Intensity
Direction of energy flow = direction of wave propagation

E×B
S= : Poynting vector
µ0
units: Joules per square meter per sec

Intensity I: 2 2
E0 B0 E cB
I ≡<S >= = = 0 0

2µ0 2µ0c 2µ0

P28- 29
 Energy Flow: Resistor
E×B
S= On surface of resistor is INWARD
µ0

P28- 30
PRS Questions:
Poynting Vector

P28- 31
 Energy Flow: Inductor
E×B On surface of inductor with increasing
S=
µ0 current is INWARD

P28- 32
 Energy Flow: Inductor
E×B On surface of inductor with decreasing
S=
µ0 current is OUTWARD

P28- 33