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Example: The mean monthly cell phone bill of this city is = $52
population proportion
Ramesh Anbanandam ramesh@nitc.ac.in Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Calicut Kerala, India -673 601.
Example: The proportion of adults in this city with cell phones is = .68
It refers to the status quo Always contains = , or sign May or may not be rejected
Challenges the status quo Never contains the = , sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove
Sample
20 If it is unlikely that you would get a sample mean of this value ...
X = 50 If H0 is true ... if in fact this were the population mean ... then you reject the null hypothesis that = 50.
Critical Values
Level of Significance,
Claim: The population mean age is 50. H0: = 50 H1: 50 H0: 50 H1: > 50 H0: 50 H1: < 50
/2
Two-tail test
/2
For two tail test for the mean, known: Convert sample statistic ( X ) to test statistic
Z =
Upper-tail test
X n
0
Lower-tail test
Determine the critical Z values for a specified level of significance from a table or by using Excel Decision Rule: If the test statistic falls in the rejection region, reject H0 ; otherwise do not reject H0
H0: = 3 H1: 3 /2
3
Do not reject H0 Reject H0
X
+Z
-Z 0
State the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses H0 : = 3 H1: 3 (This is a two tailed test) Specify the desired level of significance Suppose that = .05 is chosen for this test Choose a sample size Suppose a sample of size n = 100 is selected
Reject H0
Do not reject H0
Reject H0
-Z= -1.96
+Z= +1.96
Here, Z = -2.0 < -1.96, so the test statistic is in the rejection region
/2 = .025 .0228
/2 = .025 .0228
Here: p-value = .0456 = .05 Since .0456 < .05, you reject the null hypothesis
/2 = .025 .0228
/2 = .025 .0228
2.6832 2.9968
Z
-1.96 -2.0
1.96 2.0
Since this interval does not contain the hypothesized mean (3.0), you reject the null hypothesis at = .05
Reject H0
-Z
Do not reject H0
Z X
Critical value
Z X
Do not reject H0
Reject H0
Critical value
.08
.09
1- = .90
= .10
.90
z
Do not reject H0
0 1.28
Critical Value = 1.28
Reject H0
= .10
1.28 Z = .88
1.28 Z = .88
Reject H0
t n -1 =
X S n
/2=.025
Reject H0
-t n-1,/2
Do not reject H0
t n-1,/2
Reject H0
-2.0639
-2.0639
2.0639
Do not reject H0: not sufficient evidence that true mean cost is different from $168
166.14 178.86
Since this interval contains the hypothesized mean (168), you do not reject the null hypothesis at = .05
p=
When both n and n(1-) are at least 5, p can be approximated by a normal distribution with mean and standard deviation
p =
p =
(1 )
n
Decision: Do not reject H0 at = .05 Conclusion: There isnt sufficient evidence to reject the companys claim of 8% response rate.
.025
0
.025
z
1.96
.025
-1.96 0 1.96
.025
-1.96
-1.646