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I.1.1
I.1.2
Discourse the way the story is told to the reader narration : how is the story told, who speaks? focalization : from which perspective are you made to perceive things? characterization : direct vs. indirect Time order : the relation between the order in which the events appear in the story (chronologically) and the order in which they are narrated duration : the relation between the supposed duration of the events in the story and the amount of time used to describe those events frequency : the relation between the number of times an event takes place in the story and the number of times it is narrated
I.1.3
story is the narrator a character in a story told by a different told by a different, higher narrator? extradiegetic : the narrator is not told by a narrator (standard) intradiegetic : the narrator is a character in another story (story-within-the story, told by one of the characters extradiegetic + heterodiegetic : narrator hovers over the story, has not experienced what he or
she is relating (like a God, talking about characters in third person) extradiegetic + homodiegetic : the narrator has no other narrator above him/her, he/she relates events experienced by him-/herself (talking about himself in the Iform) intradiegetic + heterodiegetic : an embedded narrator relates events which he/she has not experienced (e.g. : a character telling a fairytale in a story) intradiegetic + homodiegetic : an embedded narrator relates events in which he/she takes part
I.2.2
Focalization focalizer : who perceived the events in the story internal focalizer : focalizer belongs to the fictional world external focalizer : focalizer remains outside the fictional world (like a camera registering the action) stability fixed focalization : if the events are perceived by one single agent multiple focalization : if the events are perceived by various characters
I.2.3 Characterization
direct characterization : the narrator explicitly discusses the personality/appearance of a character indirect characterization : the narrator portrays a character through his habits, actions, speech and thought