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M. Fezari*, A. Khati** and M. S. Boumaza***
Laboratoire de Sigau et Automatique (ASA), Departement d'electronique
UniversiteBadi Mokhtar Annaba
Laboratoire de Physique des Rayonnements (LPR), Departement de physique
Departement de physique, Faculte des sciences, Universite Badi Mokhtar
Laboratoire de Physique de Guelma (LPG), Departement de Genie electrique
Universite 08 ?ai 1945 Guelma
Mohamed.
f
ezari@uwe.ac.uk, a.khati@yahoo.
f
r
Abstract-A hardware design and sofware simulation are
presented to control and monitoring greenhouse parameters
such as: air temperature, humidity provision and irrigation by
means of simultaneous ventilation and enrichment. A set of
smart wireless sensor modules to control and monitoring
system were designed and tested. The heart of the smart sensor
is a microcontroller that receives data on greenhouse
environment conditions from many sensors installed inside and
outside. The smart sensor transfers the data to and from a PC
via a wireless transmission system. Accordingly, it changes the
state of greenhouse command devices, heaters, fans and vapor
injectors to reach the desired condition. A friendly GUI using
high level language was developed to carry out the monitoring
tasks. The program implements the control algorithms
comparing the received data with set points, sending control
signals to the smart sensors in order to reach the desired
conditions. Performance of the designed system was tested by
installing it in the model greenhouse with a set of smart
sensors.
Keywords-component; Greenhouse control, node sensors, wireless
sensors network, microcontroller.
1. INTRODUCTION
Many research projects study possibilities for
improvement of existing greenhouses andor control
systems in these greenhouses. Ofen, it is necessary to
develop an enhanced measurement and control system to
facilitate these studies, since commercially available
systems do not provide the necessary fexibility for this type
of research. For example, it ofen happens that new control
laws cannot be implemented in the available sofware, or
that the number of measurements is limited. For instance, in
many advanced control studies it is necessary to have access
to the low-level manipulators directly [1 - 4].
Apart fom developing a completely new control system,
one way to handle the limitations of commercially available
systems is to connect a PC to the commercial climate
computer. This PC runs
advanced algorithms that generate set-points, which are
sent to the climate computer.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
One of the most important tasks of the measurement and
control system is to measure all data needed to study the
behavior of the greenhouse and to gain enough information for
modeling of the greenhouse climate and validation of these
models. The sensors installed in the greenhouse and
considerations to be taken into account when choosing these
sensors can be mentioned here:
Temperature is measured outside, in the greenhouse, in the
soil and in the water circuits at various locations. For comparable
data the same type of sensor is used at all locations. DS 1620
sensors were selected, since, at the same level of accuracy, these
sensors offer better reliability and long term stability than
alteratives like thermocouples and thermostats. Moisture
content can be measured very accurately with the principle of
wet/dry bulb temperatures. In our case however most R sensors
are difcult to reach, which complicates flling the water
container of the wet bulb sensor. Therefore electronic humidity
sensors were selected.
Afer calibration their accuracy is good enough for
greenhouse experiments and they are more reliable tha other
options since no fequent maintenance is required. Most
dominant drawback is that electronic R sensors do not fnction
when condensation occurs on the sensor. CO2 concentration is
measured with a commercially available CO2 sensor that works
according to the infa red measurement principle, see ref [5] and
[6]. These sensors are small, do not have a long response time
(as some centrally placed analyzers) and do not require fequent
maintenance.
Air velocity is measured both inside the heat exchanger as
well as outdoors (wind speed). The latter is easy to measure with
commercially available wind sensors (rotating turbine wheel) as
in fgure 1.
Moreover, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) generally
consist of a large number of low-cost, low-power,
multifnctional sensor nodes that are small in size and
communicate over short distances [1]. Their structure and
characteristics depend on their electronic, mechanical and
communication limitations but also on application-specifc
requirements. In WSNs, sensors are generally deployed
randomly in the feld of interest; however, there are some
applications which provide some guidelines and insights,
leading to the construction of an optimal architecture in
terms of network infastructure limitations and application
specifc requirements [10 - 13]. So fndamentals to the
success of modem agribusiness are efcient production
management, high productivity and improved product
quality. Nowadays, it is possible to implement sensors node
based on microcontroller, each node integrates some sensors
and possible actuators, by adding to these sensors nodes a
way to communicate, we will get a Sensors network.
In order to make a good decision on WSN, simulation is
carried out using fzzy control theory [16-18]. The basic
priciple of fzzy controls is: to compare ideal value of
controlling quantity with the measuring value t transient,
receive input parameter (deviation E), and calculate
declination variation rate IE, tum E and IE into fzzy
quantity e and le, and then make a decision by fzzy
control regular R and eO le, get fzzy control parameter H
fnally tum the fzzy control one into accurate quantity, act
on the target under controlled, circulate like this, and realize
the fzzy control of the target. The fzzier the fzzy target
that controls is, the more superiority this kind of control
method refects than the other methods they are. So that it is
very suitable for the control of the environmental system of
the greenhouse.
I
H1 I
+

Contr6leur pour

Actionneurs( Ventilation. irri2ation.lumiere)

` ` `
`
t
`
Figure 1. Overview of the greenhouse system controller
Pc

Simulati
on prog
III. GREENHOUSE CONTROL AND MONITORING SYSTEM
Concept of greenhouses for controlled environment
agriculture is gaining worldwide popularity; therefore
greenhouse automation at commercial level is experiencing
attention. Most of the modem automation devices use
computers and information technology as their basic
constituents. Therefore, automation builds a strong and
successfl foundation of mechanization ad is one of the
most welcomed aspects of advanced plant production
systems in controlled environments. Furthermore, the
production shifed to lower cost areas and this speeds up the
mechanization. The main purpose of a greenhouse is to
provide and maintain the environment that will result in
optimum crop production or maximum proft . This includes
an environment for work efciency as well as for crop
growth. There has been much research and design about
environment control using sophisticated technology (automated
and computerized), but those applications are mostly still in
industrial sectors. In the agricultural sector especially in
developing countries such as Algeria, the application of the
environment control technology is still limited, because it its
high cost. The designed concept is presented in fgure 2. Two
sensor nodes are installed inside the greenhouse, the inforation
concering temperature and humidity are sent to the main
computer via a wireless transmission system, and each node has
a processor ID and can control the motor of a ventilator or heat
and a vapor injectors (Humidity System) installed inside the
greenhouse. The desired control conditions are forwarded to the
nodes by wireless transmission.
_.....................................
|
I f1111MF fD1111D I
4
.

Vapour (air humidity
(rr, ______ ._d: __
___. ____: __ \
ventilation
d;I-
tv
l
l
Mil'rlll'llntrllllpr
-------
Figure 2. Overview of the greenhouse system controller
VI. MAN COMPONENTS ARTS of a SENSORS NODE
The controller was designed to maintain temperature, relative
humidity and water availability in a desired range.
The controller consisted of three temperature sensors and a
number of timers for irigation. The relative humidity was
measured using wet bulb temperature sensor. The outputs of
controller operate a sprayer pump to increase humidity, a dripper
for water supply, a fan with ventilation rate of 850 m
3
I to let air
in and two fans, each one with a ventilation rate of 280 m
3
I, to
ventilate air out. Mist and fog systems produce tiny water
droplets that evaporate, thereby cooling and humidifing the
greenhouse air. Each sensor node within the proposed design
wireless sensors network to control the greenouse is composed
of the following parts as shown in fgure 3:
A microcontroller fom microchip the PIC16f76 with
8 kilo instruction as program memory, a Ram of 64 bytes , 64
bytes of EEPROM, Three Parallel ports and one serial port
for communication and 3 timers [14].
A temperature sensor, the DS 1620 measures
temperature using a band-gap based temperature sensor. Te
temperature reading is provided in a 9-bit, two's
complement reading by issuing a read temperature
command. The data is transmitted serially through the 3-
wire serial interface, LSB frst. The DS1620 can measure
temperature over the range of -55 DC to + 125 DC in 0.5 DC
increments.
Temperature Control with the DS 1620, The thermostat
outputs of the DS 1620 allow it to directly control heating
and cooling devices. For example, the THIGH output could
be used with an exteral latch to tum on a fan as soon as the
measured temperature exceeds the TH threshold, as shown
in Figure 4. This is one possible use of the thermostat
outputs, but it isn't the most effcient way to control a fan,
since once the fan tued on, there is no way to tu it off
Conversely, the TLOW output could be used in a similar
fashion to tu on a heating device. Once again, however,
there is no way to t the heater off once the desired
temperature range is reached. Using a self-regulating heater
prevents overheating, while the DS 1620 assures that it
initially turs on only if the temperature is cold enough to
warant it.
Transm isior-
Antenn
Rf
TRANSMITE
SHTI
Humidity
Pic16f76
With
Quartz=
4Mhz
DSI620
Temperature
Power Supply 12 volts
DC.
Figure 3.a. Sensor node Component
-in
im
__ J
Figure 3.b. Temperature sensor DS1620 in control of
ventilation
A humidity sensor SHTll, When it comes to
precision temperature and humidity measurement, Sensirion
(ww.sensirion.com) has simplifed the process of their SHTI x
sensor series. Through a two-wire serial interface, both
temperature and humidity can be read with excellent response
time and accuracy. Parallax has simplifed the use of the SHTll
by mounting it in a user-fiendly 8-pin DIP module. The module
includes a data-line pull-up and series limiter making it possible
to connect directly to the BASIC Stamp or any other
microcontroller .
A wireless radio-fequency transmitter module is
added to the system in order to facilitate the communication.
Each sensor node control a circular area within the
greenhouse covered by the accuracy of sensors and FR
transmitters, the smart sensor can active vapor injectors electro
vane and/or a closer ventilation within the greenhouse.
A communication protocol is designed in order to facilitate
transmission of information among closer smart sensors creating
a wireless network of smart sensors.
The sensor node commands the action of a ventilation
through Motor V Ml and Humidity control though motor
V M2 . The communication protocol is mastered by a personal
computer via wireless components and a Graphique User
Interface as shown in fgure 4.
V. Fuzzy LOGIC CONTROLLERS
The crop-grow fzzy control system designed in this
paper is a kind of automatic control system, which based on the
knowledge of fzzy mathematics and fzzy language knowledge
expression. It also regards fzzy logic regular reasoning as the
theoretical foundation, and it is a numerical control system
adopting the computer numerical control technology of the
closes-ring structure form one of feedbacks passageway.
The fame diagram of fzzy control system is as Figure 4
shows.
A. Study on input and output parameter inJuzzy controler
Input parameter is an exteral variable of the fzzy
controller, and its numeric equals difference between
measurement T(t), H(t) and ideal TO, HO of moment t. That is
ET = T (t) - To Temperature deviation 1)
C
H
EH H(t) - Ho Humidity deviation
Quantitative temperature deviation set Xl
Xl={ -5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0, 1 ,2,3,4,5}. Quantization
. .

temperature deViatIOn K
e
T
=
-
=
5
,
1
2)
1 1 grade, then
factor of the
EH fzzy control area establishes less than 5%, Cj value as
{NB,NMNS,ZO, PS,PM PB}, Quantization is grade II,X_={-5, -
4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5}. Quantization factor of the t humidity
deviation K
T
=

=
5
.
e
1
In the temperature and humidity control, it does not merely
make temperature rise to the heating of the greenhouse, but also
can increase the greenhouse moisture evaporation. It makes the
humidity rise too. When arranged wetly at the same time, it will
make temperature change too. The coupling phenomenon is
named cross between the temperature and humidity. To
introduce solving coupling parameter a] ,a2, it receives
the equation of outputting.
V
r =,l-axCr +
a
2 xCH
V
H =,
1-a
2 xCH +
a
1 xCr
Where a] anda
2
are coefcients less tha 1
To
(ide pce

tdty f-
Figure 4.a. The frame diagram of fuzzy control system
B. Outputs quantit described
H
Output variable is endogenous variable of fzzy
controller for adjust temperature and wet machine it is input
variable. Because it is coupling output of the input
information, its variable classifcation corresponds to
variable of inputting grade.
Ur is temperature control exporting parameter. Its fzzy
subset E; value is {NB,NMNS,20,PS,PMPB}. Among
them PB (heat completely): The proportion valve is opened
maximum. PM (mild heat): proportion 1/2 valve tum on
degree, PS (little to heat). 1/3 of proportion valve is opened
degree. 20 (not rise or low the temperature): The proportion
valve closes and the skylight does not open. NS (the little
drop in the temperature): The skylight opened 1/3 degree.
NM (mild lowers the temperature): The skylight opened 1/2
degree. NB (lower the temperature completely): The
skylight is opened maximum.
UH is humidity control exporting parameter. Its fzzy
subset Fi value is {NB,NMNS,20,PS,PMPB}, among them
PB (the whole humidifcation): All hydrant open. PM (mild
humidifcation): hydrant open of half, PS (little
humidifcation): hydrant tum on 1/3. 20 (no increase or
lower humidifcation): hydrant close and skylight close. NS
(little lower temperature): 1/3 of skylight is opened. NM
(mild lowers the temperature): 1/2 of skylight is opened. NB
(lower the temperature completely): The skylight is opened
biggest. Quantifcation output amount 11 grade, so X6={ -5,-
4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5} .
Obviously, when a] and a2 are all 0, Ur = Cr, UH = CH,
equal to two single circuits control at this moment. When
they are all 1, Ur = CH, UH = Cr, then it is limit coupling at
this moment as in[20). The real a] and a2 are among O 1.
The concrete methods are to hypotesize a] and a2 to be
equal to and carry on the experiment to the greenhouse.
Whenever heat or eliminate damp, it will make the temperature
and humidity in the greenhouse have greater fuctuations. Then
gradually increase a] and a2, it makes the fuctuation reduce,
achieve the goal of solving coupling, thus get the optimum
value.
C. Membership Functions
Membership fnctions of temperature and humidity
controlled output are shown in Figure 4. b and Figure 4.c.
Stability is fne. The form of Membership fnction adopts the
triangle or bell has small infuence on control fnction. We
choose the triangle form of Membership fnction for the purpose
to achieve simplifed calculation [17-19). Temperature and
humidity deviation membership fnction, the Membership
fnctions of temperature and humidity controlled output are
showed in Figure 4.b and Figure 4.c.
ZO
j
I F F.\I F@
,
+ o 1 L 1 0 I ` l o +
Figure 4.b. The temperature and humidity deviation Membership fnctions
fCT)' p(CH
ZC
b o 1 , I , 1 o b
Figure 4.c. The Membership fnctions of temperature and humidity
controlled output
VI. SIMULATION AND VALIDATION
The model greenhouse has a foor of 10 by 20 m
2
, covered
with 200mm polyethylene flm. The set of experiments were
carried out during the autumn season at the university Badji
Mokhtar in the city of Annaba: frst of all, a simulation
technique based on fzzy logic controller were designed and
tested then in second part, a practical conception of two Nodes
were installed in the greenhouse and a communication protocol
is implemented with A PC based on the uncontrolled mode of
operation ( where the node sensors control the greenhouse
depending on reference values preregistered for temperature and
humidity levels) and the controlled mode ( where all the
information is provided to the PC and then the PC takes the
decisions and forward the control command to the node sensors).
The communication of the greenhouse parameters to the host is
presented by each node as a three byte inforation: the frst byte
constitute the sender address (JD) in frst four bits and the
destination address (the host) in four bits, the second byte is the
temperature information and the third byte is the humidity
information. The simulation results achieved for these cases for
the air temperature and relative humidity are shown in table 1.
Table 1. Initial results of the system
Set 10/10/08 15110108 20/10108 22110108
dates
T 25 28 27 27
Day
Temp
R. H. 48 50 60 55
%
Offset
Values
T I I I 1C
R.H. 2% 2% 2% 2%
The information taken fom sensors is simulated using
fzzy logic controller . The greenhouse si;ulator with fzzy
logic controller is illustrated in fgure 5.a and 5.b.
+~ ~= =_+
. . -
e

..
..
u
u
u
"
M

w
u
u
..
l
"
'
J
.
Figure 5.a: simulation of fuzzy logic temperature control
have a better control of the inside conditions. Through fzzily
controlling and regulating the crop growth environment of the
greenhouse, it will play a enormous role to improve the output
and quality of the crops. More experiments on special vegetation
are programmed in near fture.
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"
"

,-
w
J J j
"
Figure 5.b: Simulation of Fuzzy logic temperature Humidity and light
control
VII. CONCLUSION
From the experiments, it can be concluded that the
overall performance of the system to maintain the
temperature and R within the given range is satisfactory.
However, the time constant of mist fog system is rather long
, about 30mn , in reaching to the desired humidity level. A
R sensor with quicker response time as well as using a
better sprayer system could improve response time of the
system. For large greenhouse, more nodes are necessary to
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