Activity 4.4a Add a spatula measure of Mg powder to 10cm3 of 2M HCl in a boiling tube.

Add a spatula measure of sodium hydrogen carbonate to 10cm3 of 2M citric acid. Add a spatulas measure of ammonium nitrate to 10cm3 of water. Add a spatula measure of ammonium carbonate to 10cm3 of ethanoic acid. Grind separate samples of barium chloride and ammonium chloride using a pestle and mortar. Mix the solids in a boiling tube. Record the temperature rise in each case. Explain why both reactions are spontaneous. Task 4.4a Concentrated sulphuric acid and water form one layer and become very hot when mixed. Glucose dissolves spontaneously in water and feels cold when it has done so. Explain why these processes might be feasible reactions. Activity 4.4b Using students to represent molecules and pennies to represent quanta of energy arrange the students on your bench into low and high entropy states. T Task 4.4c.1 Draw diagrams with 6 circles for atoms and dots for energy quanta to show copper as (a) a perfect crystal at absolute zero, (b) a crystal at room temperature, (c) copper just below its melting point, (d) copper above its melting point but below its boiling point, (e) copper above its boiling point. Task 4.4c.2 Sketch a graph of entropy against temperature for copper showing any changes of state. Task 4.4b Draw diagrams to illustrate high and low entropy states Task 4.4d Draw diagrams using chemical symbols to show increasing complexity and hence entropy in hydrogen atoms, hydrogen molecules, water molecules, butane molecules and bromobutane molecules. Task 4.4e Write equations for reactions stating whether you expect the change to be to or from high entropy Answers: 1. +154.36J mol-1K-1 , 2.+54.96 J mol-1K-1 , 3 J mol-1K-1. , 4. J mol-1K-1 4.4h Answers 1. -90.3 Jmol-1K-1, 2. 3.3 Jmol-1K-1, 3. +9.8 Jmol-1K-1 _e Note that S has joules in the units, whereas H has kilojoules. Table 2.2 shows the standard entropy values of some substances. A more complete list can be found in the Edexcel data booklet that is used in the A2 exam. Table 2.2 shows a second trend, which is that entropy increases as the complexity of a substance increases. For example, the entropy of ethane is greater than that of methane; the entropy of calcium carbonate is greater than that of calcium oxide. Note the difference between this table and one of enthalpies of formation. The standard enthalpy of formation of an element in its standard state is defined

as zero. The same is not true about the standard entropy values of an element: H f of O2(g) = 0 kJ mol 1; S of O2(g) = 205JK 1 mol 1. Effect of temperature on entropy The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystalline substance at absolute zero (0 K or 273C) is zero. As the crystalline substance is heated, it gains in entropy until its melting temperature is reached. On melting there is a large jump in entropy, followed by a steady increase as the liquid is heated to its boiling temperature. There is another large jump in entropy as its physical state changes, followed by a gradual increase as the gas is heated. This is shown in Figure 2.1. The values in Table 2.2 are standard entropy values, which means that they are the values at a stated temperature, usually 298 K (25C), and 1 atm pressure. The entropy of liquid water at 100C is 80 JK 1 mol 1, which is 10 JK 1 mol 1 more than its value at 25C. Worked example Use data from Table 2.2 to calculate the standard entropy change of the system for the reaction between phosphorus and oxygen: P4(s) + 5O2(g) P4O10(s) Answer S system = nS(products) nS(reactants) = 229 (+164 + 5 205) = 960 JK1 mol1 Entropy S/ Entropy S/ Entropy S/ Gas JK1 mol1 Liquid JK1 mol Solid JK1 mol1 H2 131 C2H5OH 161 P4 164 O2 205 CCl4 216 P4O10 229 N2 192 C6H6 174 C 5.7 H2O(g) 189 H2O(l) 70 H2O(s) 43 CO2 214 CaO 40 NH3 192 CaCO3 93 CH4 186 C2H6 230 0 Melting point Boiling point Temperature/K Entropy