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Political
Powerful emperor. Strong central government. Strong alliances made through marriage.

Military

Economic

Well trained military Strategic location forces. of Constantinople. Well designed Control of sea weapons and routes between armour. Asia and Europe. Strong navy. Intelligent use of taxes.

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The Iconoclastic controversy

A huge debate between the defenders and the opponents of icons (religious images).

The Byzantines didnt recognise the authority of the Pope in Rome; their most powerful leader was the Patriarch of Constantinople.

Social improvements during Justinians reign

In 1056, the Christian Church ended up splitting into the Roman Catholic Church, in the West, ruled by the Pope in Rome, and the Eastern Orthodox Church, headed by the Patriarch of Constantinople.

Women gained greater benefits from divorce laws and could own property.

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Decline of the Byzantine Empire

Early 1000s, Sailing Turks capture most of Asia Minor.

Between 1096 and 1099, Western European armies recaptured Asia Minor.

Task: Download, print and paste this image on your scrapbook. Write your name and the name of two friends using the Cyrillic alphabet

1261: The Byzantines recapture Constantinople.

1024: Western Europeans capture Constantinople for themselves.

1463: The Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople.

The Byzantine Empire comes to an end.

Cause
Religious themes dominated Kievan culture.

Effect
The majority of Kievan literature was written to serve religious purposes.

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Pravda Russkaia
Pravda Russkaia

A legal code written by Yaroslav I, it combined elements of Slavic tribal customs with older laws and traditions and outlined lawful responses in cases of violence and other harmful activity.

Positive: built roads, improved methods of taxation and communication.

Mongol words became part of the Russian language. Mongols built roads and improved methods of taxation and communication.

Negative: taxed people heavily, prevented Slavs from keeping their own government and customs unless paid money.

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Characteristics
Moscows leader who cooperated with the Mongols. By 1480, no longer recognised the authority of the Mongol Khan.
Became Russias ruler at 3, in 1533. Considered himself the true heir of the Roman emperors.

Accomplishments
The Mongols awarded him the title of Great Prince in 1328. United many principalities and became the first ruler of Russia.
Took the title of Czar or Tsar (Russian for Caesar). Renewed trade with Europe. Created the Oprichniki. Laid the foundations for the Russian State.

Ivan I The first Russian Leaders Ivan III

Ivan IV

Homework: Download, print, answer and deliver the chapter test and the Geography activity for this chapter.

Remember the tasks and images for the scrapbook.