METRTC LET Review Specialist

APPENDIX

MATHEMATICS

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Factors and Multiples

FactorsandMultiples Given:5X7=35thenumbers5and7arethefactorsof
35.Since35isdivisibleby5and7,35iscalledamultipleofboth5and7.
Examples:
a.Listfourfactorsof25
Fourfactorsof25are:1X25and5X5
b.Listtwomultiplesof7
Twomultiplesof7are:2X7=14and8X7=56
PrimeNumbernumberwhosefactorsare1anditself.
Examples:
2,3,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,43,61,79,83,91...
CompositeNumbernumberwithmanyfactorsincluding1anditself.
Examples:
4,6,9,10,12,14,15,24,28,34,45,54,62,68,76,77...
TwinPrimes arepairsofprimenumberswhosedifferenceis2suchas7and513
and1119and17.
DivisibilityofNumbers isthepropertyofawholenumberthatcanbedivided
byanotherwholenumber,thequotientofwhichisawholenumberwith0asaremainder.
7
535
35
0

5
735
35
0
35isdivisibleby1,5,7

35
135
35
0

DIVISIBILITYTESTS
DIVISIBLEBY
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

CHARACTERISTICSOFTHENUMBERS
Even
Sumofthedigitsisdivisibleby3
Lasttwodigitsdivisibleby4
Numbersendin0or5
Evennumbersdivisibleby3
Differencebetweentwicethelastdigitandtheotherdigitsdivisibleby7
Last3digitsdivisibleby8
Sumofthedigitsdivisibleby9
Numbersendin0
Differencebetweensumsofalternatedigitsis0ormultiplesof11

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PrimeFactors anumbercanbereducedtoitsprimefactorsbyfactoring.
Example:
45=5X9

45=5X3X3

GreatestCommonFactor (GCF)isthebiggestwholenumberfromthesetsof
factorsoftwoormorenumbers.Itcandivideexactlyallthegivennumbers.
Examples:
a.FindtheGCFof18and24.
Factorsof18are:1,2,3,6,9,18
Factorsof24are:1,2,3,4,6,8,12,24
Thecommonfactorsare:1,2,3,6andtheGCFis6.
TofindtheGCF,expresseverynumberasaproductofprimefactors,thengetthe
primefactorcommontoallnumbersandobtaintheirproduct.
b.FindtheGCFof12,24,36
12
2

24
6

2 X3

36
6

2 X2 X2 X3

2X2X3X3

12=2X2X3
24=2X2X3X2
36=2X2X3X3
GCF=2X2X3
=12
LeastCommonMultiple(LCM)thesmallestnumberwhichisthemultipleof
2ormoregivennumbers.Itisthesmallestnumberthatcanbedividedbyallthegiven
numbers.TodeterminetheLCM,expresseachgivennumberasaproductofprimefac
tors.Then listeachfactoraccording tothenumberof timesitappearsand findtheir
products.
Example:
FindtheLCMof24,36,48
24=2X3X2X2
36=2X3X2X3
48=2X3X2X2X2
LCM=2X3X2X2X3X2=144
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Place Value
PlaceValuemeansthatthevalueorthenumberofthingsforwhichadigitstands,
dependsontheplaceitoccupies.Thedecimalnumeralsystemhasonlyninedigits(nu
merals)andzero(0).However,thenumberslargerthanninecanbeexpressedusingthese
numerals.Takethenumbertwentyfiveinusingthesystemofplacevalue,thedigits2and
5areneededtorepresentthenumber.Thefirstplaceontherightstandsforsinglethings
andthesecondplacetotheleftforgroupsoftenthings.Thus,thefirstontherightis
calledtheonesplaceorunitsplace.Itisforthenumeralsfrom1to9.Thesecondplace
totheleftiscalledthetensplace.Itisforthegroupsof10to90.
Whenyouwritelargenumeralslike8,504,971,351,setoffeverythreedigitswith
acommastartingattherightandcountingtotheleft.Thesegroupsofthreedigitssetoff
bycommasarecalledperiods.
a.WholeNumbers
hundredmillions
tenmillions
millions
hundredthousands
tenthousands
thousands
hundreds
tens
ones
805,694,357
b.Decimals
tenmillionths
millionths
hundredthousandths
tenthousands
thousandths
hundredths
tenths
.9753246

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c.Monetary(Peso)
thousandpeso
hundredpeso
tenpeso
onepeso
tencentavo
centavo
tenthofacentavo
hundredthofacentavo
P2,467.9853
Examples:
1.53,841
2.0.730
3.578.09
4..10945
5..78
6.P.2783
7.P.05M
8.P3.9M
9.P2.009M
10..35ctv.

Fiftythreethousand,eighthundredfortyone
Seventythreehundredthsorsevenhundredthirtythousandths
Fivehundredseventyeightandninehundredths
Tenthousandninehundredfortyfivehundredthousandths
Seventyeighthundredthofacentavo
Twentysevenandeightythreehundredthofacentavo
Fiftythousandpesos
Threemillion,ninehundredthousandpesos
Twomillion,ninethousandpesos
Thirtyfivehundredthofacentavo

Roundingoffnumbers
Rulesforroundingoffnumbers:
1.Ifthedigittobedroppedismorethan5,add1tothesignificantdigit.
2.Ifthedigittobedroppedislessthan5,leavethesignificantdigitunchanged.
3.Ifthedigittobedroppedis5:
a.Add1tothesignificantdigitifitisanoddnumber.
b.Leavethesignificantdigitunchangedifitisanevennumber.
3.Add1tothesignificantdigitifthereisadigit(except0)after5.
Examples:
1.Round7,881tothenearesthundreds
droppingdigit
significant digit
Ans:=7,900
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METRTC LET Review Specialist

2.Round0.636tothenearesttenths
droppingdigit
significant digit
Ans:=0.6
3.

a.Round835tothenearesttens
droppingdigit
significant digit
Ans:=840
b.Round0.9745tothenearestthousandths
droppingdigit
significant digit
Ans:=0.974
c.RoundP724.53tothenearestpeso
dropingdigit
significant digit

Ans:=P725.00
OperationsonDecimals
1.Addition
Examples:
.75
.478
.935
.00356
.8
2.96656

18.3
405.06
8.456
72.38
.008
504.204

2.Subtraction
Examples:
.8
.358
.442

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478.3
56.06
422.24

METRTC LET Review Specialist

3.Multiplication
Examples:
43.7
3.4
1748
+ 1311
148.58

5.341
1.9
48069
+ 5341
10.1479

4.Division
Examples:
a.Divide4.8by.02

b.Divide.84by4

240
.02 4.80.
4
8
8
0
0
X

.21
.84
8
4
4
X

Fractions
ConversionsInvolvingFractions:
1.ChangingInproperFractionstoMixedNumbers
Rule: Dividethenumeratorbythedenominatorandwritetheremainderasafrac
tion.
Examples:

28
5

=5

3
5

39
3
=6
6
6

=6

1
2

2.ChangingMixedNumberstoImproperFractions
Rule: Multiplythedenominatorbythewholenumberandaddtheproducttothe
numerator.Writethesumoverthesamedenominator.
Examples:

8 3
7

59 22 3
7
4

91
4

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3.ReducingFractionstoLowestTerms
Rule: Dividethenumeratoranddenominatorofthegivenfractionbytheirgreatest
commonfactor(GCF).
Examples:

21
39

7
13

GCF=3

220
365

44
73

GCF=5

4.RaisingFractionstoHigherTerms
Rule: Multiplythenumeratoranddenominatorofthegivenfractionbythesame
number.
Examples:

Raise 3 tothe24ths
8
3
8

9
24

5
9

N
54

5
30
=
9
54

OperationswithFractions
1.Addition
a.LikeFractions
Rule: Addthenumeratorsandcopythecommondenominator.
Example: 6
8
5 = 19
+
+
232323 23
b.UnlikeFractions
Rule: First,findtheleastcommondenominator(LCD),thendividetheLCD
bythedenominatorofeachfractionandmultiplytheresultbyitsnu
merator,apply(a).
Example: 1 + 2 + 3 = 3+16+18 = 37 or1 13
834
24
24
24
2.Subtraction
a.LikeFractions
Rule: Subtractthenumeratorsandcopythecommondenominator.
Example: 20 9 = 11
232323
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METRTC LET Review Specialist

b.UnlikeFractions
Rule: Findtheleastcommondenominator(LCD).DividetheLCDbythe
denominatorofeachfractionandmultiplytheresultbyitsnumerator,
thenapply(a).
Example: 4 1 = 1615
15460

1
60

3. Multiplication
Rule: a.Multiplythenumeratorsofthegivenfractionstogetthenumeratorofthe
productandmultiplytheirdenominatorstogetthedenominatoroftheprod
uct.Thensimplifytheresult.
Example:

3 X 412
or 4
=
5945 15

Rule: b.Anothermethodisbycancellation.Thatis,anumeratormaybecancelled
withanydenominatorinthegivenfractionsdividingeachbytheirGCF.Then
apply(a).
1
7
Example:14497
X =
215612
3 4
4.Division
Rule: Multiplythedividendbythereciprocal,ormultiplicativeinverse,ofthedivi
sor.
4
1
Example:16 : 416
7
X
= 4
=
35735
4
5
5
1

Percentages, Ratio and Proportion

Percent isanexpressionindicatingthenumberofpartstakenfromahundred.Literally,
"percent"meansby,or,onthehundred.Insteadofsaying"hundredths"weoftenusetheterm
percent.Forexample4/100or0.04maybewrittenas4%.
Ratio isarelationshipbetweentwonumbersorlikequantities.Itmaybeexpressedin
theformofafraction.Theratio36:27ofthenumberofgirlstothatofboys(readas36isto
27),maybewrittenas4:3orinthesimplestform4/3.

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Proportion isanexpressionoftwoequivalentratios.hence3:4=9:12isaproportion.
Intheexample,3and12,orthefirstandfourttermsarecalledextremes,while4and9,which
arethesecondandthirdterms,arecalledmeans.Therefore,ifasentenceisaproportion,the
productoftheextremesisequaltotheproductofthemeans.
ConversionTechniques
A.ChangingDecimaltoPercent
Tochangedecimaltopercent,multiplythedecimalnumberby100whichis
equivalenttomovingthedecimalpointtwoplacestotheright,andthenaffixthepercent
sign.
Examples:
.18=18=18%

.135=135=13.5%

.05=05=5%
B.ChangingPercenttoDecimal
To change per cent to decimal, divide the given number by 100, which is
equivalenttomovingthedecimalpointtwoplacestotheleft,andthendropthepercent
sign.
Examples:
15%=.15

12.5%=.125

8%=.08

41/2%=.045

C.ChangingFractionstoPercent
Tochangefractiontopercent,changethefractionfirsttoitsdecimalequiva
lent.Thenmovethedecimalpointtwoplacestotherightandaffixthepercentsign.
Examples:
5/8=.625=62.5%

4/5=.8=80%

1/7=.142/7=142/7%

5/6=.831/3=831/3%

D.ChangingPercenttoFraction
Tochangepercenttofraction,dropthepercentsignfirst,thenwritetheper
centasadecimalchangethedecimaltoafractionandchangetosimplestform.

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Examples:
20%=.20=20/100or1/5
180%=180/100=9/5or14/5
331/3%=331/3/100=100/3X1/100=1/3
.05%=.05/100=.05/100X100/100=5/1000or1/3000
TheThreeTypesofPercentageProblems
A.Findingapercentofanumber:Giventhebaseandtherate,tofindthepercentageusethe
formulaP=BXR,P=Percentage,B=Base,R=Rate
Examples:
1.Find25%ofP500.
B =
P500
R =
.25
P
=
BXR
=
P500X.25
=
P125.00
2.40%ofP500iswhatnumber?
B =
P500
R =
.40
P
=
BXR
=
P500X.40
=
P200.00
B.Findingwhatpercentonenumberisofanother.Giventhebaseandthepercentage,to
findtherate,usetheformula R=P/B
1.140iswhatpercentof280
P
B
R

=
=
=
=

140
280
P/B
140/280X100 =1/2X100=50%

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2.P600iswhatpercentofP4,000?
P
=
P600
B =
P4,000
R =
P/B
=
P600/PP4,000X100=.15X100=15%
C.Findinganumberwhenapercentofthatnumberisknown.Giventherateandthe
percentage,tofindthebase,usetheformulaB=P/R
1.8is2.5%ofwhatnumber?
P
=
8
R =
.025
B =
P/R
=
8/.025=300
2.2.5%ofwhatnumberequals75?
P
=
75
R =
.025
B =
P/R
=
75/.025=3,000
D.OthertypesofProblemsInvolvingFractionalandPercentRelationship
1.20iswhatpercentgreaterthan16?
2016=4
4/16X100=1/4X100=25%
2.36iswhatpercentsmallerthan40?
4036=4
4/40X100=10%
3.20increasedby15%ofitselfequalswhatnumber?
20+15%of20=thenumber
20=knownnumber
15%of20is3 =theincrease
23 =thenumber
4.30decreasedby25%ofitselfequalswhatnumber?
3025%of30 =thenumber
30=knownnumber
25%of30is7.5 =thedecrease
22.5=thenumber

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5.Whatnumberincreasedby10%ofitselfequals22?
100%Xthenumber =
thenumber
10%Xthenumber =
theincrease
110%Xthenumber =
thenmber+theincreaseor
=
22
thenumber =
22/110%
=
20
Check:

20+10%of20=20+2=22

FindingPercentofIncreaseorDecrease
1.Dividetheamountoftheincreasebytheinitialamount.
Formulaforthepercentofincrease.
PercentofIncrease

AmountofIncrease
InitialAmount

Example: AfterLawrencegraduatedfromcollege,hisearningsonhisfirstjobwere
P75,000ayear.AtpresenthisyearlysalaryisP105,000.Whatpercentofincreasehashe
received?
Difference=P105,000P75,000=P30,000
PercentofIncrease

=
=

P30,000/P75,000
.40or40%

2.Dividetheamountofthedecreasebytheinitialamount.
Formulaforthepercentofdecrease
PercentofDecrease
AmountofDecrease
=
InitialAmount
Example:Therewere140studentsenrolledinajudoclassduringthefirstsemester
atU.E.,P.E.Department.Inthesecondsemester,only110wereenrolledintheclass.
Whatwasthepercentofdecreaseintheenrollment?
Difference =

140110=30

PercentofDecrease

30/140=.2143=21.43%

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RatioandProportion
A ratio istherelationbetweentwosimilarquantities.Itisconsistoftwonumbers,the
antecedentwhichisthenumbermentionedandtheconsequent,thesecondnumber.Justlikea
fraction,aratioiswritteninfractionalformlike2/3orinthisform,2:3.Reduceratiostotheir
lowesttermsinthesamemannerthatfractionsarereduced.
Examples:
1.Whatistheratioof16ft.to6ft.?
16ft./6ft =
8/3
2.Whatistheratioof10yd.to2yd.?
10yd./2yd
=
5/1
3.Whatistheratioof2lb.to4oz.?
2lb/4oz =
32oz/4oz

8/1

Note:Iftheunitsaredifferent,applyconversion.
A proportion isastatementthattworatiosareequal.Theratios3/4and9/12aretwo
equalratiosandtherefore,constituteaproportion.Aproportioniswrittenas:3/4=9/12or
3:4::9:12.
RuleofProportion:Theproductofthemeanequalstheproductoftheextremes:In3:4::
9:12,themeansare4and9while3and12arecalledextremes.Thedouble::isread
equals.
Findinganunknownterminaproportion
1.Assumingthesecondtermisunknown,theproportionmaybewrittenas6:n=12:14.
Usingtherule,theproductofthemeansequalstheproductoftheextremes,
6Xn
12n
n
n

=
=
=
=

12X14
84
84/12
7

2.Amotoristdrove140milesin5hours.Atthesamerateofspeed,howfarcanhedrive
in7hours?

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Solution:

Nrepresentsthemissingdistance
N/140istheratioofthemissingdistancetotheknowntime
7/5istheratioofthemissingdistancetothelengthoftheknowntime
Equalratios: N/140
=
5XN
N
N

7/5
=
140X7
=
980/5
=
196miles

Interest
Interest isusuallyreferedtoasthesumpaidfortheuseofone'smoney.Personsinneed
ofcashorfinancialcreditavailthemselvesofloansfrombanksorindividualswithanagreement
topayacertainamountfortheuseoftheborrowedamountforagiventime.Interestiscom
putedonanagreedrateofinterestandtheformulausedis:
I
=
Prt
where
Iistheinterest
Pistheprincipalorfacevalue
ristherate
tisthenumberofyears,monthsordaysforwhichthemoneywillbeused
OrdinaryandExactInterest
Ordinaryinterest isinterestcomputedforagivennumberofdays,dividedby360,
assumingthatthereareonly360daysinayear.
Exactinterest isinterestcomputedforagivennumberofdays,dividedby365,which
istheactualorexactnumberofdaysinayear.
Incomputingboththeordinaryandexactinterests,theformulaisI=Prtwherethetime
variesdependingonwhichoneisbeingcalculated.:
IO

IE

Pr

days

(givenintheproblem)

360
Pr

days

(givenintheproblem)
360
Finalamountisthesumoftheprincipalandtheinterestascomputed.Itisalsocalled
maturityvalue.TheformulaisF=P+I,wherePistheprincipalandIistheinterest.

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Example:
1.FindtheinterestandthefinalamountonP4,200for3yearsat10%.
Given:
P
=
P4,200
r
=
10%
t
=
3years
I
=
?
F
=
?
Solution:
I

=
=
=

Prt
P4,200X.10X3
P1260

=
=
=

P+I
P4,200+P1260
P5,460

2.HowmuchinterestisdueonP3,500at6%for10months?
Given:
P
=
P3,500
r
=
6%
t
=
10/12
Solution:

=
=

Prt
10
P3,500X.06X
12

P175

3.SolvefortheordinaryinterestonP2,960for110daysat5%.
Given:
P
=
P2960
r
=
5%
t
=
110/360
Solution:

IO

=
=

Prt
110
P2960X.05X
360

P45.22

FindtheexactinterestonP2,400for90daysat4%.
Given:
P
=
P2400
r
=
4%
t
=
90/365

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METRTC LET Review Specialist

Solution:

IE

=
=

Prt
90
P2400X.04X
365

P23.67

RateofInterest
Tosolvefortherateofinterest,ifprincipal,timeandinterestaregivenintheproblem:
r
=
I/Pt
Example:
1.TheinterestonaloanofP2,500isP60.Iftheloanistobepaidafter180days,what
istherateofinterestcharged?
Given:
P
=
P2,500
I
=
P60

Solution:

=
=

180
360
I/Pt
P60
180
P2500 X
360
P60

1
2

P2500 X

P60X2
P2500

.048or4.8%

2.WhatistherateofinterestchargedonaloanofP3,400iftheinterestpaidisP150at
theendof8months?
Given:
P
=
P3,400
I
=
P150

Solution:

8
12

I/Pt

P150
P3400 X

8
12
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METRTC LET Review Specialist

P150

P3400 X

=
=

2
3

P150X3
P3400X2
.066or6.6%

FindingtheTime
Tosolvefortimeiftheprincipal,interest,andratearegiven,theformulais
t
=
I/Pr
Example:
1.TheinterestonaloanofP1,800isP20.Iftherateofinterestis5%,whenisthelaon
due?
Given:

P
I
r

=
=
=

P1,800
P20
5%

Solution:

I/Pr

=
=

P20
P1800X.05
0.22years

Multiplyquotientby12ifanswerisdesiredtobeexpressedinmonthsandmultiplyby
360ifanswerisdesiredtobeexpressedindays.
t

=
=

0.22yearsX12
0.22yearsX360

=
=

2.64months
79.2days

ActualTimeandApproximateTime
Twomethodsofdeterminingwithintwodates:
1.Approximatenumberofdays
2.Actualnumberofdays
Example:
1.SolvefortheactualandapproximatenumberofdaysfromMarch18,1992toNo
vember30,1992.

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1.Approximatenumberofdays.
Year
Month
1992
11
1992
3
8
sinceallmonthsareassumedtohaveonly30daysthen
8
X30
240
+12
252 approximateno.ofdays
2.Actualno.ofdays
March(31,18)
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November

Day
30
18
12

13
30
31
30
31
31
30
31
30
257

actualno.ofdays

Integers
Integer isawholenumberoranynumberwhichisnotafraction.
1.Thesetofintegersconsistsofpositive,negativenumbersandzero.
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 45
2.Theabsolutevalueofawholenumberisthedistanceofthatnumberfromzero.Using
thenotationforabsolutevalues:
[+5] =
5
[5] =
5
3.Additionofintegers:
a.Iftwopositiveintegersareadded,thesumispositive
5 +
9
=
14
19 +
17 =
b.Iftwonegativeintegersareadded,thesumisnegative
(15)+(14) =
29
(21)+(12) =

36
33

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METRTC LET Review Specialist

c.Ifapositiveandanegativeintegerareaddedthesumisobtainedbysubtracting
theirabsolutevalues.Thesignofthesumfollowsthatoftheaddendwiththegreaterabsolute
value.
(8) +(4)
=
4
(10)+(2) =
8
4.Subtractionofintegers:
Subtractinganintegeristhesameasaddingtheoppositeofthatinteger.
a.5(4)=
9
c.(8)(2) =
6
5.Multiplicationofintegers:
a.Theproductoftwopositiveortwonegativeintegerisapositiveinteger.
(4) X(5)
=
20
(4)X(5) =
20
b.Theproductofanegativeandapositiveintegersisalwaysanegativeinteger.
(4)X(5)
=
20
(4)X(5)
=
20
6.Divisionofintegers:
a.Thequotientoftwointegerswiththesamesignisalwaysapositiveinteger.

(8)
=
4
(90)(10)
=
20
(2)

b.Thequotientoftwointegerswithunlikesignsisanegativeinteger.

(16)
4
(24)(3)
=
8
(4) =

First Degree Equation Problems

1.Translations

ENGLISH
thesumofxandy
xincreasedbyy
xaddedtoy
xmorethany
xexceedsybyc
xexceedsyby6

15 0

ALGEBRA
x+y
x+y
y+x
y+x
x=y+c
x=y+6

LET Reviewer: Volume 2

ENGLISH
ALGEBRA
xy
thedifferencebet.xandy
xy
xdecreasedbyy
yx
xsubtractedtoy
yx
xlessthany
xand
twoquantitieswhose
(cx)
sumisc

METRTC LET Review Specialist

2. NumberProblems
Examples:
a.Therearethreenumberssuchthatthesecondis3timesthefirst,andthethirdis
2lessthanthefirst.Iftheirsumis18,findthethreenumbers.
Solution:

LetX
=
then3X =
andX2 =
X+3X+X2
=
5X
=
X =
3X =
X2
=

thefirstnumber
thesecondnumber
thethirdnumber
18
20
4firstnumber
3X4
=
12secondnumber
42
=
2thirdnumber

b.Separate22intotwopartssuchthatthelargerdividedbythesmallergivesa
quotientof3andaremainderof2.
Solution: LetX
then22X
DivisionLaw:
Larger
22X
4X
X
225

=
thesmallerpart
=
thelargerpart
Dividend=QuotientXDivisor+Remainder
=
3(smaller)+2
=
3X+2
=
20
=
5smallerpart
=
17largerpart

3.ConsecutiveInteger(WholeNumber)Problems
TOREPRESENT
ConsecutiveIntegers
ConsecutiveEvenIntegers
ConsecutiveOddIntegers

USE
x,x+1,x+2,x+3....
x,x+2,x+4,x+6....
x,x+2,x+4,x+6....

NUM.EXS.
E:5,6,7,8,....
E:4,6,8,10,....
E:3,5,7,9,....

Example:
a.Findthreeconsecutiveoddintegerssuchthatthesumofofthefirsttwois25
morethanthethird.
Solution: LetX
=
thefirstconsecutiveoddinteger
thenX+2
=
thesecond
X+4
=
thethird
toformtheequation,weuseFirst+second=third+25

=
X+4+25
X+X+2
X =
27(first)
X+2
=
29(second)
X+4
=
31(third)
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METRTC LET Review Specialist

4.TriangleProblems
Examples:
a.Thesecondangleofatriangleistwicethefirst.Thethirdangleexceedsthesum
ofthefirsttwoanglesby120.Findthethreeangles:
Solution:

LetX
=
degreesinfirstangle
then2X =
degreesinsecondangle
3X+12 =
degreesinthirdangle
thesumofthethreeanglesofanytriangleis1800.
X+2X+3X+12 =
1800
6X =
1680
X =
28degreesinfirstangle
2X =
56degreesinsecondangle
3X+12 =
96degreesinthirdangle
b.Thesecondsideofatriangleis5''morethanthefirst.Thethirdsideis3''less
thantwicethefirstside.Theperimeterofthetriangleis38''.Findthesides.
Solution:

LetX
=
firstsideininches
thenX+5
=
secondsideininches
2X3 =
thirdsideininches
Perimeterissumofthethreesides
X+X+5+2X3
=
38''
4X =
36''
X =
9''(firstside)
X+5
=
14''(secondside)
2X3 =
15''(thirdside)
5.RectangleProblems
Example:
a.Thelengthofarectangleexceeds3timesthewidthby5.Iftheperimeterequals
58,findthelengthandthewidth.
Solution:

LetX
=
width
then3X+5
=
length
Theperimeterequalsthesumofallfoursides
3X+5+X+3X+5+X
=
58
8X =
48
X =
6(width)
3X+5 =
23(length)

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6.AgeProblems
Example:
a.Mrs.Tuazonis24yearsolderthanherdaughter.In3years,shewillbe4times
asoldasherdaughter.Findtheirpresentages.
Solution:

LetX
andX+24
in3yrs,X+3
andX+27
Mrs.Tuazon'sagein3yrs
X+27
X+27
3X
X
X+24

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

daughter'sageinyears
Mrs.Tuazon'sageinyears
daughter'sage
Mrs.Tuazon'sage
4(daughter'sagein3yrs)
4(X+3)
4X+12
15
5yrs.(daughter'sage)
29yrs.(Mrs.Tuazon'sage)

7. CoinProblems
Example:
a.Apursecontains5cents,10centsand25cents.Thenumberof5centsis1/3
thenumberof10centsandthereare7more25centsthan10cents.Thetotalvalueofallthe
coinsisP8.35.Howmanyofeachkindarethere?
Solution:Toavoidfractions,let3X =
Totalvalueofallcoins =

numberof10cents
835cents

No.ofcentspercoinsXcoin=Valueincents

5cents
10cents
25cents

X
3X
3X+7

5X+30X+25(3X+7)
5X+30X+75X+175
110X
X
3X
3X+7

5
10
25
=
=
=
=
=
=

5X
30X
25(3X+7)
835
835
660
6(5cents)
18(10cents)
25(25cents)

8. InvestmentProblems
Example:
a.P6000istobeinvested,partat6%andtherestat3%,togiveatotalannual
incomeofP294.Howmuchshouldbeinvestedateachrate?
Solution:
Ifinterestiscomputedannually,theformulaI=PrtbecomesI=Pr(1),orI=Pr.
15 3

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METRTC LET Review Specialist

PrincipalinPesoXRateofInterest=InterestorIncomeinPeso

at6%
at3%

X
6000X

.06
.03

.06X
.03(6000X)

Incomeat6%+Incomeat3%
=
294
.06X+.03(6000X)
=
294
MultipliedbyLCD:100
6X+3(6000X) =
29400
6X+180003X =
29400
3X =
11400
X =
P3800at6%
6000X =
P2200at3%
9. MixtureProblems
Example:
a.Howmanypoundseachofnutsworth72centsalb.andnutsworth84centsa
lb.shouldbeusedtoobtaina40lb.mixtureworth75centsalb.?
Solution:

Valueoflessexpensivenuts+valueofmoreexpensivenuts=valueofmixture

LessExpensive
MoreExpensive
Mixture

No.oflb.Xcentsperlb.=valueincents
X
72
72X
40X
84
84(40X)
40
75
75(40)

72X+84(40X)
72X+336084X
12X
X
40X

=
=
=
=
=

75(40)
3000
360
30lb.ofthe72centsnuts
10lb.ofthe84centsnuts

10. MotionProblems
Examples:
a.AbusgoesfromSanTeodorotoRoxasattherateof80mphasecondbus
goesfromRoxastoSanTeodoroat60mph.Ifbothstartat11a.m.andthetwotownsare
455milesapart,atwhattimeshouldtheypasseachother?

SanTeodorotoRoxas
RoxastoSanTeodoro

R(mph)
80
60

T(hr)
X
X

Thetotaldistancetraveledbybothbusis455miles
15 4

LET Reviewer: Volume 2

D(mi)
80X
60X

METRTC LET Review Specialist

80X+60X
140X
X
Ans:

=
455
=
455
=
31/4hr.
2:15p.m.

b.Illissastartsfromhomeonherbicycleat15mph.Onehourlater,herfather
startsafterherinhiscargoing40mph.Howsoonwillheovertakeher?
Solution:(SinceIllissahada1hr.headstarthertravelingtimeis1hr.morethanher
father's)

Illissa
Father

R(mph)
15
40

Father'sdistance
40X
40X
25X
X
Ans:

T(hr)
X+1
X

D(mi)
15(X+1)
40X

=
Illissa'sdistance
=
15(X+1)
=
15X+15
=
15
=
3/5hr.
36minutes

c.Apatrolpilotcangoeastinhisplaneat150mph,andcanreturnat100mph.If
theplanehas5hrsofflyingtime,howfareastcanhego?
Solution:(Distancegoing
=
distancereturning)

Going
Returning

R(mph)
150
100

T(hr)
X/150
X/100

(TcolumnobtainedfromT =
TimeGoing+TimeReturning=
X/150+X/100
=
X =

D(mi)
X
X

D/R)
5hrs.
5
300mi

d.Tofindtherateofthewind,apilotwhoseplanehasanairspeedof220mph
goeswiththewindfor10min.andreturnsoverthesamedistancein12min.Whatistherate
ofthewind?
Solution: (Rateagainstwind
=
airspeedwindrate:
Ratewithwind
=
airspeed+windrate)

15 5

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METRTC LET Review Specialist

AgainstWind
WithWind

R(mph) X
220X
220+X

T(hr)
1/5
1/6

D(mi)
1/5(220X)
1/6(220+X)

(Convert12min.and10min.tohr)
Distancesareequal
1/5(220X) =
1/6(220+X)
X =
20mph.
11. WorkProblems
Example:
a.Lawrencecanmowalawnin36min.Rondoncanin30min.Ifbothboys
worktogether,howlongwillthejobtake?
No.ofmin.to
dojobalone

Partofjob X No.ofmin.
PartofJob
donein1min.
actuallyworked =
done

Lawrence
Rondon

36
1/36
X
X/36
30
1/30
X
X/30
PartofJobdonebyLawrence+partofjobdonebyRondon=wholeJob
(werepresentthewholejobby1)
X/36+X/30 =
1
(Multiplyby180etc.)
Ans: 164/11min.

Geometric Figures
Angle()planefigureformedbytworayswithacommonendpointanddonotlieona
straightline.Thetworaysarethesidesandthecommonendpointisthevertex.
B

BDG

A
A

1.InteriorandExteriorofanAngle:ApointXisintheinteriorofanangleifitisinthe
regionbetweenthesidesofanangle.ApointYisattheexteriorofanangleifitisin
theregionnotenclosedbyanangle.
Xistheinteriorof A

Yistheexteriorof B
Y

A
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METRTC LET Review Specialist

2.Measureofanangletheunitofmeasureofanangleiscalledtheangledegree(0).
750,900,1800
3.ClassificationofAngles:
a.Acuteangleitsmeasureisgreaterthan00 butlessthan900.

360

b.RightAngleitsmeasureis900.

900

c.ObtuseAngleitsmeasureisgreaterthan900 butlessthan1800.

1100

Polygons areclosedfiguresformedbyjoiningthreeormorelinesegments.

CLASSIFICATIONOFPOLYGONS
Polygon
Triangle
Quadrilateral
Pentagon
Hexagon
Heptagon

No.ofSides
3
4
5
6
7

Polygon
Octagon
Nonagon
Decagon
Undecagon
Dodecagon

No.ofSides
8
9
10
11
12

1.EquilateralPolygonapolygonwhosesidesareofthesamelength.
2.EquiangularPolygonapolygonwhoseanglesareallequal.
3.RegularPolygonapolygonwhichisbothequilateralandequiangular.
4.CongruentFigureafigurelikealineorpolygonwiththesamesizeandshape.
Angleswiththesamemeasurearecongruent.
Triangle(D)polygonwiththreesides,threeverticesandthreeangles.Thesumofthe
measuresofitsthreeanglesisequalto1800.

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PartsofTriangle
1.Altitude(h)istheperpendicular()linefromavertextotheoppositeside.
P
PFisthealtitudeof DAVP
A

V
F

2.Median linesegmentwhichconnectsthevertexwiththemidpointoftheoppositeside.
D
G

TGisthemedianof DDTY

Y
T
3.AngleBisectordividesanangleintotwoequalmeasures.
H
J

V
JVistheanglebisectorof DJHN

N
KindsofTriangle
1.Accordingtoanglesize:
a.acuteifeachangleislessthan900.

b.Righttrianglewith900angle.

c.Obtusetrianglewithananglemorethan900.

AccordingtoSides
a.Equilateralallthreesidesareequalorcongruent.

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METRTC LET Review Specialist

b.Isosceleshastwocongruentsides.

c.Scalenehasnoequalsides.

Quadrilaterals polygonwithfoursides,fouranglesandfourvertices.
1.KindsofQuadrilaterals
a.GeneralQuadrilateralshasnopairofoppositesidesparallel.
b.parallelogramhasbothpairsofoppositesidesparallel.Parallellinesarethose
thatlieonthesameplanebutdoesnotintersecteachother.
c.Trapezoidhasonlyonepairofoppositesidesparallel.
2.KindsofParallelograms:
a.Squareaparallelogramwithallsidesequalandallitsanglesarerightangles.
b.Rectangleaparallelogramwhoseanglesareallrightangles.
c.Rhombusaparallelogramwhosesidesareallequalinlengthandwhosean
glesarealloblique(acuteorobtuse).
3.PartsofaTrapezoid:
a.Basesthesidesthatareparallel.
b.Legsarethetwononparallelsides.
c.Mediansegmentconnectingthemidpointsofthetwolegs.
d.altitudesegmentdrawnfromthelowerbasetotheupperbase.
Circle thesetofallpointsinplanemwhosedistancefrompoint0isrunits.Point0isthe
centerofthecircle.
PartsofaCircle
m
1.Radiuslinesegmentfromthecentertoanypointonthecircle
0
r units
2.Chordlinesegmentjoininganytwopointsonthecircle.
3.Diameterachordthatpassesthroughthecenterofthecircle.
4.Circumferencethedistancearoundthecircle.
5.Semicircleanarcwhoseendpointsaretheendpointsofthediameterofacircle.
6.Arcapartofthecircumferenceofacircle.
7.MinorArcanarclessthanasemicircle.
8.MajorArcanarcgreaterthanasemicircle.
9.CentralAngleananglewhosevertexisthecenterofthecircleandwhosesidesare
theradii.
10.InterceptedArcofanAngleanarcwhoseendpointsareoneachsideoftheangle
andallotherpointsonthearcareintheinterioroftheangle.
15 9

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METRTC LET Review Specialist

Units of Measure
English

Metric
UnitsofLength
100cm
=
1m
1,000m =
1km

UnitsofWeight
100g
=
1kg
10hg
=
1kg
1000kg =
1metricton(mt)

12ins
3ft
5,280ft

=
=
=

1ft
1yd
1mile

16oz
=
2000lbs. =

1lb
1ton(t)

Counting
1doz
1quire
1gross
1gross
1ream

=
=
=
=
=

12units
24units
12dozens
144units
550sheets

1cuft
1cuyd

=
=

.02832cucm
76.46cucm

1cuft
1cuft

=
=

62.32liters
2.205lbs

UnitsofCapacity
1000cc=
1liter
1000L=
1kilometer=1cum
1gal
=
4qt
1gal
=
231cuin
Useful Equivalent
1kg
=
2.2lbs
1lb
=
454g
1liter
=
1057quarts
1gal
=
3785L.
1hectare =
10,000sqm

Useful Equivalents
1in
1ft
1yd
1m
1mi
1not
1sqin
1sqin
1sqyd
1sqmi
1sqmi
1cuin

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

2.54cm
.3048m
.9144m
38.37in
1.609km
1.152mi
6.452sqcm
.0929sqm
.8361sqm
2.590sqkm
640acres
16.39cucm

16 0

LET Reviewer: Volume 2

1kg
=
1gram
=
1gram
=
Sine1
=
1inmercury
1inmercury

15grains
.0002902
.0002909
.01745Rad.
=
1.133ftwater
=
.4912lbspersq.in

METRTC LET Review Specialist

1U.S.gal
1U.S.gal
1U.S.gal
1ftwater
1atmosphere
1B.T.U.
1H.P.
1H.P.
1mileperhour
sideofSquare

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

3.785liters
231cuin
8.345lbswater
.4335lbspersqin
14.7lbspersqin
778ftlbs
.707B.T.U.persec
.746kw
1.467ftpersec
.707Diagonalofsq

Logex
=
Circumference
ofacircle
=
Areaofcircle
=
Surfaceareaof
aSphere
=
Vol.ofaSphere =
1milligram(mg) =
29
=
1Radian
=

2.3026Logx
p D
p r2
pd2
.5236d3
1000micrograms
5.39
1800/p =57.30

16 1

Copyright 1999