Elanco Necropsy Guide

Practi cal Necropsy Gui de
Large Necropsy Binder for PDF 4/22/02 9:47 AM Page 2

I ntroducti on
This guide is intended to aid beef cattle veterinarians as they discuss
the value of performing necropsies with their clients. Beef cattle
veterinarians can use this guide with clients to increase their
understanding of proper necropsy techniques and resulting methods
of diagnosis.
This guide has three parts:
The first is a collection of images comparing normal organs with
common cattle health abnormalities.
The second is a review of practical necropsy procedures.
The third is a set of guidelines for proper tissue sampling techniques
and submission procedures.
This guide is not intended to be a fully comprehensive reference and
should only be used in conjunction with veterinary consultation.
1
Elanco Animal Health Practical Necropsy Guide
2
Eyes
Conjun ctivitis variety of causes, including:
IBR, mycoplasma, foreign bodies and other
irritants
Corneal lesion, diffuse corneal edema, starts at
periphery Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF)
Normal eye
Corneal lesion, central corneal ulcer with
neovascularization pinkeye
Oral cavity, ulcers BVD ( )
Muzzle, shallow ulcers typical of viral diseases
BVD, MCF, blue tongue and rinderpest
Oral cavity, ulcers, hard and soft palate BVD
Normal oral tissues
3
O ral Cavi ty
O ral Cavi ty
4
Tongue, extensive ulcers (ruptured vesicles)
vesicular disease
Oral cavity, raised proliferative lesions, often
with irregular edges, hard palate papular
stomatitis
Pharynx, retropharyngeal cellulitis (A )
caused by a penetrating wound (B ) balling
gun injury
Notes
A
B
5
Esophagus, trauma ( ) penetrating wound,
resulting purulent peri-esophageal abscess
Normal esophagus, normal postmortemchange
with mild anterior congestion and posterior
pallor resulting frompostmortembloat
Esophagus, bloat line at thoracic inlet; other
supportive evidence includes: history, pallor
and edema of hindlimb musculature
Esophagus
Esophagus
6
Esophagus, shallow erosions BVD
Esophagus, extensive linear ulcers BVD
Notes
Pharyngeal mucosa removed from underlying
structures, ulcers BVD
Upper Respi ratory Tract
7
Larynx, necrotic laryngitis ( ) calf diphthe-
ria
Larynx, laryngeal edema allergic reaction;
look for pulmonary edema or congestion
Larynx, chronic laryngitis, small ulcer on
epiglottis (circled)/laryngeal polyp ( )
Normal larynx
8
Normal trachea, congestion, with intact
mucosal lining can be normal postmortem
change
Trachea, tracheitis, adherent fibrinonecrotic
pseudomembrane IBR
Normal trachea
Nasal cavity (nasal septum removed),
fibrinopurulent rhinitis IBR
9
Trachea, tracheitis, adherent fibrinonecrotic
pseudomembrane IBR
Trachea (cross section), edema in dorsal
mucosa ( ) honker syndrome
Notes
10
Lungs
Sampling procedures for lungs
Include tissue as indicated by clinical signs or
gross lesions
Fresh sample size: 4 cm cubes of affected tissue
Fixed sample size: 1 cm thick or less of affected
tissue
Bronchopneumonia, acute (shipping fever, typical
of pneumonic pasteurellosis) ( )
Fibrinous pleuropneumonia; consolidated lung
( ) with pleural fluid (oval) and fibrinous pleuri-
tis; solid line denotes sternum
Normal lungs
Lungs
11
Subacute shipping fever with fibrinous pleuritis
( )
Fibrinous pleuropneumonia (cut section)
Bronchopneumonia, advanced, progressive,
early abscesses in older part of lesion ( )
Bronchopneumonia, chronic with abscesses
(1 ), emphysema (2) and atelectasis (3)
Lungs
12
Chronic pneumonia with atelectasis Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP); entire lung
overinflated; individual lobules slightly firm
Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) (cut section);
interlobular edema and emphysema commonly
seen with AIP
Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP)
Lungs
13
Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP); note
emphysema ( )
Embolic pneumonia (multifocal lesions through-
out lung) ( ) hematogenous spread of bac-
teria from lesions such as endocarditis and liver
abscesses
Aspiration pneumonia (gangrenous), necrotic
lesion ( )
Parasitic pneumonia note lung worms
(Dictyocaulus viviparus) in opened bronchi ( )
Lungs
14
Pulmonary granuloma tuberculosis ( ) Lymph node, granuloma tuberculosis
Notes
15
Normal heart Normal heart
Heart, endocarditis ( ) blackleg Heart, pericarditis blackleg
Heart
16
Heart
Heart, fibrinous pericarditis (pericardial sac
reflected) Haemophilus somnus and other
bacteria
Heart, dilated right ventricle, rounded
appearance right heart failure
Heart, eosinophilic myositis (note pale areas in
endocardium and myocardium)
Heart (cross section), beef measles, tapeworm
cysts of Taenia bovis ( )
Heart
Heart (cross section), myocarditis
Haemophilus somnus
17
Notes
Heart, myocarditis Haemophilus somnus,
lesions most frequently located in papillary
muscle ( )
18
Li ver
Normal liver Normal liver, postmortemchanges; superficial
discoloration is common; incise lesion to
determine significance
Liver, abscesses Liver, nutmeg liver/accentuated lobular pattern
commonly associated with chronic congestion,
often due to heart failure
Li ver
19
Liver (cross section), thrombophlebitis, sec-
ondary to liver abscesses
Liver, focal hemorrhage or necrosis; bacillary
hemoglobinuria; necrotic lesion extends deep
into tissue
Liver, distended, thickened bile ducts liver
flukes ( )
Liver (dark pigmented tracts) liver flukes
20
Uri nary System
Kidney, acute pyelonephritis ascending bac-
terial infections
Kidney, renal infarcts ( )
Normal kidney
Uri nary System
21
Kidney, pale moist cortex tubular necrosis,
usually due to toxins such as aminoglycosides
Kidney, hemoglobin stained due to hemolysis
Bladder, urethral calculus
22
Uri nary System
Normal bladder
Bladder, urinary calculi and cystitis Penile urethra, calculus
Kidney, early hydronephrosis
Gastroi ntesti nal
23
Normal rumen; postmortemchanges, loosening
of rumen lining
Rumen chronic rumenitis; note shortened
papilli and scarring ( )
Rumen, inflammation rumenitis, mycotic;
may be secondary to acidosis
24
Gastroi ntesti nal
Rumen, ulcers on rumen pillar Rumen, erosions BVD
Abomasum, chronic ulcer ( ) Omasum, mycotic lesion may be secondary to
acidosis
Gastroi ntesti nal
25
Abomasum, small ulcers (BVD) Abomasum, parasites Ostertagia spp.
Notes
Gastroi ntesti nal
26
Normal small intestine, typically thin-walled
and pale
Small intestine, hemorrhagic enteritis
Salmonellosis; note thickened mucosa and
bloody contents
Small intestine, inflammation Salmonellosis;
note enlarged lymph nodes ( )
Normal mesenteric lymph nodes
27
Gastroi ntesti nal
Gall bladder and small intestine, fibrinous casts
( ) Salmonellosis
Small intestine, acute enteritis
Small intestine, Peyers patch necrosis BVD Small intestine, Peyers patch necrosis BVD
Gastroi ntesti nal
28
Small intestine, parasites nodular worm,
Oesophagostomum ( )
Small intestine, proliferative enteritis (J ohnes),
not seen in animals less than two years of age
Notes
29
Normal mesenteric lymph nodes
Gastroi ntesti nal
Normal large intestines
Spiral colon, hemorrhagic mucosa
coccidiosis
Large intestine, inflammation coccidiosis
30
Gastroi ntesti nal
Large intestine, inflammation coccidiosis
Notes
31
Musculoskeletal
Hindlimb blackleg ( )
Normal hindlimb musculature
Hindlimb muscle blackleg ( ); normal on
right
32
Musculoskeletal
Hindlimb muscle, myodegeneration with
cavitation injection site
Hindlimb muscle, severe myodegeneration
injection site; walled off area can retain signifi-
cant antimicrobial levels for prolonged periods
( )
Muscle, scar injection site; muscle tissue is
replaced by scar tissue and fat
Notes
33
Musculoskeletal
Normal joint; note clear, tenacious joint fluid ( )
Hock joint, acute synovitis; note excess cloudy
fluid with fibrin ( )
Stifle joint, synovitis with large fibrin clots
Brai n
34
Normal brain
Brain, meningitis with congested vessels and
cloudy meninges
Brain, polioencephalomalacia with flattened
cerebral gyri and cerebellar coning ( )
35
Brai n
Brain, laminar cortical necrosis ( )
polioencephalomalacia (formalin-fixed tissue)
Brain, brain stem hemorrhage ( ),
Haemophilus somnus (fresh tissue)
Brain, laminar cortical necrosis ( )
polioencephalomalacia (fresh tissue)
Brain, brain stem hemorrhage ( ),
Haemophilus somnus (formalin-fixed tissue)
Brai n
36
Brain, abscess ( )
Notes
37
Practical Necropsy Procedures
This section is intended to illustrate a set of practical procedures for
performing necropsies on feedlot cattle.
Understand and follow the requirements of your animal disposal
service, especially regarding the proper technique used in opening
the animals hide for thorough examination, as well as the specific
policy for picking up animals whose cranium has been opened.
Procedures
Procedures
38
Examine conjunctiva and cornea.
Note inflammation, opacity and ulceration.
Examine oral cavity.
Note lesions, such as ulceration.
Start with the calfs left side down.
Do an overall external examination.
Record animal I.D.
1
3
2
4
Reflect both right legs. Thoroughly expose
pelvis to mandible. Make cut on ventral midline
to maximize hide value.
Note hemorrhages, inflammation and injection
sites.
Reflect abdominal wall and omentum.
Note fluid, fibrin, inflammation and location
of viscera.
5 6
Cut near the sternum (A ) and several inches
below the spine (B ) with the cuts ending just
dorsal and ventral to the trachea.
Alternative methods include the careful use of a
sharp axe.
Knife method for rib reflection.
Cut through costochondral junction and
through intercostal muscles to reflect two
ribs at a time by twisting and breaking
(works best in younger animals).
7 8
Procedures
39
A
B
Procedures
40
Cut diaphragm and reflect rib cage.
Examine pericardial sac in situ.
Note presence of exudation, adhesions and extent
of involvement.
9
Free tongue, esophagus, larynx and trachea.
Examine pharyngeal area.
Cut ventral to the spine and dorsal to the
sternum to free thoracic organs.
Open entire length of esophagus. Open larynx and trachea.
Note mucosal integrity and differentiate inflamma-
tory changes fromagonal and postmortemchanges
(see page 8-9 for differential diagnosis photos).
10
11 12
Palpate and cut through lung tissue.
See pages 10-14 for differential diagnosis.
Insert knife at the base of the heart, cutting to
the apex, exposing both ventricles.
Note alteration in chamber size, discoloration,
inflammation and hemorrhage.
Incise papillary muscles.
Note myocardial and valvular changes.
13 14
15
Incise and palpate liver.
Note evidence of discoloration, enlargement,
changes to bile ducts and consistency (see
pages 18-19).
16
Procedures
41
Procedures
42
Incise right kidney (caudal to liver).
Locate and incise left kidney. Avoid cutting
intestines.
Note areas of discoloration.
Examine mucosa of several segments of small
intestine.
Note mucosal thickening, discoloration and
exudation (see pages 26-28).
17 18
Incise mesenteric lymph nodes.
Note enlargement.
Incise spiral colon and cecum.
Note mucosal thickening, discoloration and
exudation.
19 20
Incise reticulum (A), omasum (B) and
abomasum (C).
Note inflammation, ulceration and contents.
21
Determine rumen pH.
Note inflammation and contents.
Examine rumen lining. Incise various muscles, depending on case
history and other observations. Evaluate
injection sites.
22
23 24
Procedures
43
Procedures
44
Expose stifle and other joints as deemed
necessary.
Note fluid amount and type.
Brain removal.*
Make first cut A, 1/3 of the distance between
the eye and the poll. Cut Blaterally from first
cut to the foramen magnum. Cut Cimmediately
posterior to the foramen magnum.
Pry open cranium and cut through meninges.
25
26 27
* Understand and follow the requirements
* of your animal disposal service regard-
* ing the proper technique used in
* opening the animals craniumfor
* thorough examination.
Remove andexamine brainonly whenindications of
Central Nervous System(CNS) disorders are indicated
or there are no other significant necropsy findings.
*Use appropriate care in brain
examination in areas where rabies
is a possibility.
Cut spinal nerves and remove brain.
28
Cut brain into longitudinal halves and cross-
section as appropriate.
See pages 34-36 for differential diagnosis.
Replace organs into body cavity and close.
29
30
Procedures
45
Sampli ng
46
If in doubt regarding sampling procedures, contact your diagnostic
laboratory
Take samples from regions of tissue that include lesion margins
It is better to submit too many samples to your diagnostician than
too few
Communicate directly with your animal
disposal services to provide themwith the
information they require for each animal to
be picked up*:
Age of animal
Cause of death
Time and date of death
*Some animal disposal services will not pick up an animal if the brain has been examined and/or
removed for diagnosis.
Guidelines for gaining the most information froma necropsy:
Intestinal sections
Size: 10-20 cm sections
Best, but not required, to tie off/close ends
Other tissues
Size: 4 cm cubes
Sample affected tissues
Sample tissues from other appropriate
organs
Brain*
If indicated by history, place 1/2 brain in
WhirlPak
TM
or other sealable container
Rumen content
If indicated by history
pH can be determined on site with pH strips
Shipping guidelines
Properly label and seal WhirlPaks
Use insulated container protected by
cardboard box
Include multiple frozen packs
Only freeze samples if necessary for
extended storage beyond 3 to 4 days
47
Whi rl Pak i s a t rademark of Nasco, Inc.
Sampli ng
Fresh Samples
*Some animal disposal services will not pick up an animal if the brain has been examined and/or removed for diagnosis.
18
Sampli ng
48
Intestinal sections
Size: multiple 2 to 3 cm sections
Do not tie off/close ends
Major organs and other tissues
Size: 1 cm thick or less
Include tissues as indicated by clinical
signs or gross lesions
Brain
If indicated by history, place 1/2 brain* in
WhirlPak or other sealable container
Proper packaging
Properly label each container
10% buffered formalin solution
Formalin volume must be 10X tissue
volume
In most instances, multiple tissue
samples can be combined in a
single container
Shipping guidelines
Seal in unbreakable containers
Double-bag the package contents with
absorbent material to ensure fluid containment
Include completed submission form for lab
(seal in separate plastic bag to keep dry)
Include complete case history
Include contact and billing information
(contact name, address, phone, fax,
account number)
If not shipping immediately, hold for two or
more days. Pour off majority of formalin prior
to shipping.
Fixed Samples
*Some animal disposal services will not pick up an animal if the brain has been examined and/or removed for diagnosis.
15
Acknowledgements
49
Elanco Animal Health respectfully thanks the following individuals
for their professional contributions to this project:
Bob Glock, DVM, PhD
Roger Panciera, DVM, PhD
Dan Scruggs, DVM, PhD
Ted Clark, DVM, MVSc, Canada
50
This practical necropsy guide is brought to you by Elanco Animal Health.
Elanco and the diagonal color bar are trademarks of Eli Lilly and Company. Micotil
is a trademark for Elancos brand of tilmicosin. Tylan
is a trademark for Elancos brand

of tylosin. Rumensin
is a trademark for Elancos brand of monensin sodium.

TM TM
TM TM

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Practi cal Necropsy Gui de

Large Necropsy Binder for PDF 4/22/02 9:47 AM Page 2

is a trademark for Elancos brand of tilmicosin. Tylan

is a trademark for Elancos brand

is a trademark for Elancos brand of monensin sodium.

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