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Spherical Mirrors
1
It is a part of a hollow sphere, whose one side is reflecting and other side is
opaque.
Concave mirror
Convex mirror
Concave Mirror
Concave mirror whose reflecting surface is towards the centre of the sphere
of which the mirror is a part.
Convex Mirror
Convex mirror is one whose reflecting surface is away from the centre of the
sphere of which the mirror is a part.
2
In the above diagram,
Definitions
Principal Focus
F is a point on the principal axis of the mirror at which, rays incident on the
mirror in a direction parallel to the axis actually meet or appear to diverge
3
from, after reflection from the mirror. F is a real point in case of concave
mirror and F is a virtual point in case of convex mirror.
Focal Length
The distance of principal focus from the pole of the spherical mirror is called
focal length (f) of the mirror.
i.e., PF = f
Radius of Curvature
i.e., PC = R
4
Concave Mirror
Concave Mirror
5
Convex Mirror
Concave Mirror
6
Convex Mirror
7
Consider a ray of light AB, parallel to the principal axis, incident on
a spherical mirror at point B. The normal to the surface at point B is
CB and CP = CB = R, is the radius of curvature. The ray AB, after
reflection from mirror will pass through F (concave mirror) or will
appear to diverge from F (convex mirror) and obeys law of reflection,
BF = PF
or FC = FP = PF
or PC = PF + FC = PF + PF
or R = 2 PF = 2f
or
Similar relation holds good for convex mirror also. In deriving this
relation, we have assumed that the aperture of the mirror is small.
Concave Mirror
8
Object at Infinity
Object at 2F or C
Object at F
9
Object beyond C
Table depicting the position and nature of the object and image
10
of Image
Object
Image is
At Real, inverted and small in
1 formed at
infinity size
focus
Image is
2 At C Real, inverted and same size
formed at 'C'
Image is
Between Real, inverted and large in
3 formed beyond
C and F size
C
Image is at Real, inverted and large in
4 At F
infinity size
Image is
Between Virtual, erect and large in
5 behind the
F and P size
mirror
Image between Real, inverted and
6 Beyond C
F and C diminished
11
Depending on the position of the object, the image formed may be
real or virtual.
When the object is placed beyond 'C', the image is formed between
'C' and 'F'. Since the reflected rays actually meet at A', the image is
said to be real.
Again
CB = PB - PC
CBl = PC - PBl
Therefore,
12
Using the sign convention,
PB = - u (object distance)
PC = -R
On substitution,
+uR - uv = uv - vR
uR + vR = 2uv
Note:
The above mirror formula is same for convex mirror for which image
is always virtual.
13
Linear Magnification of Spherical Mirror
Linear magnification is ratio of the size of the image to the size of the
object.
We know,
Concave Mirror
PBl = -v, PB = - u
AlBl = +h2 ; AB = h1
PBl = +v ; PB = -u
14
Convex Mirror
PBl = +v ; PB = -u
Note:
or
15
A convex mirror is used as a rear view mirror in vehicles as
../content/CB12P1/content/topic/ch599/images are small, erect. This
gives us a wider view of the traffic behind.
Convex mirrors are also used in reflecting telescopes.
They are also used as reflectors in street lamps, as a result the light
from the lamp diverge over a large area.
A concave mirror is used as a reflector in search light, head light of
motor vehicles, telescopes, solar cookers, shaving mirrors,
microscopes.
Concave mirror is used in ophthalmoscope, for reflecting light on to
the retina of the eye.
Multiple Images
Question
=4-1=3
Refraction of Light
Light not only bounces off surfaces but also goes through some of them
often slowing down and changing direction in the process called refraction.
It occurs at the point where light travels from one medium to another of
different density. Refraction produces mirages and rainbows.
16
When a ray of light (i.e., the incident ray) goes from rarer to denser medium,
the ray (refracted ray) bends towards the normal in the denser medium.
If ray of light travels from denser to rarer medium the refracted ray bends
away from the normal.
17
The incident ray, refracted ray and the normal, all lie in one plane.
Snell's Law: The ratio of the sine of angle of incidence to the sine of
angle of refraction is constant for the pair of media in contact. This is
denoted by 1 2 and is refractive index of medium 2 with respect to
medium 1.
i.e.,
Where 2 and 1 are the absolute refractive indices of the media with
respect to free space. This is Snell's law. The refractive index is
characteristic of the pair of media and does not depend on the angle of
incidence. If the refractive index is >1, then r<1, the medium 2 in which
refracted rays travels is optically denser than 1.
a
g represents refractive index of glass with respect to air, then
18
Similarly if refraction occurs from denser to rarer medium,
or
Note:
Principle of reversibility
19
Let light travel from air to medium 1. If c and V1 are the velocities of light in
these media, the refractive index of medium 1 with respect to air, or the
absolute refractive index of medium 1 is given by
Thus the relative refractive index between a pair of media is the ratio of their
absolute refractive indices. While the absolute refractive index of any
material medium is always greater than unity, its relative refractive index
may be greater or lesser than unity.
20
Apparent depth for nearly normal viewing
Consider a ray of light incident on XY, normally along OA, it passes straight
along OAAl. Consider another ray from O (the object) incident at an angle
on XY, along OB. This ray gets refracted and passes along BC. On
producing this ray BC backwards, it appears to come from the point I and
hence AI represents the apparent depth, which is less than the real depth AO.
In
In
21
Now, the apparent shift in the position of the object
IO = AO - AI
Its due to this reason that water tank appears shallower on account of
refraction of light.
Sun is visible to us before actual sunrise and after actual sunset due
to atmospheric refraction of light.
Rays from sun (S) entering the earth's atmosphere travel from rarer to
denser medium. This results in the rays bending towards the normal
and appears to come from S1, the apparent position. Therefore sun
22
appears above the horizon. It is for the same reason it continues to be
seen a few minutes after it actually sets. Hence the day becomes
longer by about 4 minutes due to refraction effect.
The twinkling effect of a star is due to atmospheric refraction. As the
refracting media are not steady, the rays bend through fluctuating
masses of air in motion and this causes fluctuations in the apparent
position of the star and hence gives the twinkling effect.
When i > C, the ray goes along A4B4 i.e., the ray is reflected into the denser
medium itself. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection.
23
Relation between Refractive Index and Critical Angle
When i = C, r = 90o
Or
Or
Note:
24
image of tree creates an optical illusion of reflection from a pond of
water.
Right angled isosceles prism can turn light through 90o or 180o. This
is based on total internal reflection. Since for glass-air is 1.5, the
value of 'C' is 42o. In such a prism, the angle of incidence in the
denser medium is 45o(>C) and hence light suffers total internal
reflection.
25
The brilliance of diamond is due to total internal reflection. Now
for diamond is 2.42 and C (the critical angle) is 24.4o for diamond-air
interface. The faces of the diamond are so cut that a ray of light
entering the diamond fall at angle greater than 24.4o. This results in
multiple, total internal reflections at various angles and remains
within the diamond. Hence
diamond sparkles.
Optical Fibres
26
The word total means that reflection in the above case occurs with no
loss of intensity. This phenomenon enables doctors to inspect many
internal body sites.
Fibre optics finds its use in the medical field too. Endoscopes use
fibre optics technique. A patient can swallow a tube containing a fine
glass fibre through which a doctor can examine the internal stomach
parts and hence unnecessary surgeries can be avoided. 'Fibre optics'
is used to destroy tumors. If a fibre optic cable is passed into the
organ, laser light can be directed along it. The laser is directed at the
tumor cells and kills them.
The red plastic reflector on the back of a bicycle uses total internal
reflection.
27
XY is the refracting surface.
Real Image
28
Consider a spherical surface XY convex to the incident ray OA. The point O
is a point object and I is the image of the point object where the refracted
rays actually meet.
In
29
In triangle OAC, i = +
PO = -u, PI = +v, PC = R
OR
Note:
For the virtual image, the point lies close to the pole of refracting surface. In
this case the refracted rays PC and AB do not meet actually at any point but
appear to come from a point I as shown below.
30
Refraction from Denser to Rarer Medium at a Concave Spherical
Refracting Surface
Let the point object lie on the principal axis. A ray of light meets the
spherical surface concave to the incident ray at A. The refracted ray bends
away from the normal C A N and moves along AI.
Since the two refracted rays AI and PI actually meet, I represent a real
image.
31
(Since refraction occurs from denser to rarer)
or 2 sin i = 1 sin r
In OAC
i=-
In AIC
r=+
Or
PO = -u, PI = +v, PC = -R
32
We have
or
Lenses
Convex lenses are thin at the edges and thick at the centre.
Concave lenses are thick at the edges and thin at the centre.
33
Important Terms
Principal Axis
It is a point lying on the principal axis of the lens so that a ray of light whose
refracted path passes through this point will have its emergent path parallel
to the direction of the incident ray.
Focal Length
The distance between the optical centre and the principal focus is known as
focal length of a lens.
Convex Lens
In case of a convex lens, the rays after refraction actually come to a focus
and hence a real focus is obtained at F.
34
Concave Lens
In case of a concave lens, the rays after refraction, appear to come from F
and hence F is a virtual focus.
Lens Formula
This gives the relation between focal length, object distance and image
distance from the optical centre of the lens.
35
Consider an object AB held perpendicular to the principal axis at distance
beyond the focal length of the lens. A real, inverted and enlarged image is
formed as shown.
Also
But CD=AB
It follows
BC = -u
CF = +f
FBl = CBl- CF = v - f
36
vf = -uv + uf
uv = uf - vf
Note:
(1) The above formula is applicable for a convex lens even when a virtual
image is formed. For this the following ray diagram is to be considered.
Convex Lens
Real Image
37
Virtual Image
Concave Lens
The lens is thin, so that distances measured from the poles of its
surfaces can be taken as equal to the distances from the optical centre
of the lens.
The aperture of the lens is small.
Point object is considered which lies on the principal axis.
Incident and refracted rays make small angles with the principal axis.
38
Consider a convex lens (or concave lens) of absolute refractive index 2 to
be placed in a rarer medium of absolute refractive index 1.
Considering the refraction of a point object on the surface XP1Y, the image
is formed at I1 which is at a distance of v1.
CC1 = P1C1 = R1
CO = P1O = u
The refracted ray from A suffers a second refraction on the surface XP2Y
and emerges along BI. Therefore 'I' is the final real image of O.
39
Adding (1) & (2)
But
Note:
The lens maker's formula can be derived for a concave lens in the same way.
The ray diagram is as follows:
Note:
The lens maker's formula indicates that a convex lens can behave like a
diverging one if 1 > 2 i.e., if the lens is placed in a medium whose is
greater than the of lens. Similarly a concave lens can be made convergent.
40
Magnification (m) produced by a lens is defined as the ratio of the size of the
image to that of the object. That is
On applying sign convention, for erect and virtual image formed by lenses m
is positive, while for an inverted and real image, m is negative.
Ray diagrams for convex lens showing the formation and nature of image for
different positions of the object
Convex Lens
Object at Infinity
Object Beyond 2F
Object at 2F
41
Object at F
42
Real, inverted and
3) At 2F Image is also at 2F
same size
4) Between F Real, inverted and
Image beyond 2F
and 2F large in size
Highly magnified
5) At F Image is at infinity
(real, inverted)
6) Between F Image on the same Virtual, erect and
and O side of the object magnified
Power of a Lens
Power of a lens is the extent to which lenses converge or diverge when light
rays falls on it.
The power of lens is positive for convex lens and negative for concave lens.
Let two thin lenses L1 and L2 of focal lengths f1 and f2 be placed in contact
so as to have a common principal axis. It is required to find the effective
focal length of this combination. Let O be a point object on the principal
axis. The refractions through the two lenses are considered separately and
the results are combined. While dealing with the individual lenses, the
distances are to be measured from the respective optic centers; since the
lenses are thin, these distances can also be measured from the center of the
43
lens system (point of contact in the case of two lenses). Let u be the distance
of O from the center of the lens system. Assuming that the lens L1 alone
produces the refraction. Let the image be formed at I' at a distance v'.
Writing the lens equation in this case, we get
The image I' due to the first lens acts as the virtual object for the second lens.
Let the final image be formed at I, at a distance v from the center of the lens
system. Writing the lens equation in this case, we get
i.e.,
44
Let the two lenses be replaced by a single lens which can produce the same
effect as the two lenses put together i.e., for an object O placed at a distance
u from it, the image I must be formed at a distance v. Such a lens is called an
equivalent lens and its focal length is called the equivalent focal length.
Writing the lens equation in this case, we get
Hence, when thin lenses are combined, the reciprocal of their effective focal
length will be equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the individual focal
lengths.
Since the reciprocal of focal length represents the power, the above equation,
in terms of power, may be written as
P = P1 + P2
45
In above figure,
EB - Refracting edge
Angle A between the two refracting surfaces is called the angle of prism.
i.e.,
Relation between Refractive index () Angle of Prism (A) and angle of
deviation ()
Extend to meet at O.
46
Draw LO and MO at L and M respectively. Extend KL and MN to meet at P.
In the
= i1 + i2 - (r1+ r2)
In
47
Now (From Snell's law)
As the angle of incidence is increased, angle of deviation ' ' decreases and
reaches minimum value. If the angle of incidence is further increased, the
angle of deviation is increased. Let m be the angle of minimum deviation.
The refracted ray in the prism in that case will be parallel to the base.
i- curve
For minimum deviation position the incident ray and emergent rays are
symmetrical with respect to the refracting surface and LM is parallel to BC.
i1 = i2 = i
and r1 = r2 = r
m = 2i1 - 2r1
m = 2i1 - A
or 2i1 = m + A
48
From Snell's Law
This is the Prism formula when the prism is in the minimum deviation
position.
For a thin prism A is very small and if the light is incident at a small angle
then i1, r1, r2, i2 are small.
Similarly
49
i.e., thin prism does not deviate light much.
Dispersion by a Prism
This confirmed that the first prism splits the white light into its components,
while the inverted (second) prism recombines them to give back white light.
Note:
50
Thick lenses (having a shorter focal length) are assumed to be made of many
prisms and so the formation of coloured image, a defect in thick lenses is due
to dispersion of light.
Cause of Dispersion
The Rainbow
51
When the sunlight enters in to a water droplet, it undergoes refraction. The
longer wavelength of light (red) is refracted least, while the shorter
wavelength (violet) is refracted (bent) most. This refracted wavelength of
different colour undergoes total internal reflection inside the droplets. The
reflected light is refracted again as it comes out of the drop. Thus, the
observer can see a rainbow with red colour on the top and violet on the
bottom. This is called primary rainbow (figure b). The primary rainbow is a
result of three step process: Refraction, Reflection and Refraction.
When light rays under go two internal reflections inside a drop, then the
rainbow formed is called secondary rainbow (figure c). The intensity of light
is reduced in the second reflection, hence the secondary rainbow is fainter
than the primary rainbow. Also, the order of the colour is reversed in the
secondary rainbow as compared to the primary.
Scattering of Light
When light passes through a substance or gas, a part of it is absorbed and the
rest scattered away by atoms or molecules of substance or gases. The basic
process in scattering is absorption of light by the molecules followed by re-
emission in different directions. The strength of scattering can be measured
by the loss of energy in the light beam as it passes through the medium. In
absorption, the light energy is converted into the internal energy of the
medium and in scattering the light energy is radiated in other directions. The
strength of scattering depends on the size of the particle causing the
scattering and the wavelength of light. The intensity of scattered light is
52
Among the scattered wavelengths the colour with shorter wavelength, blue is
present in the larger proportion in sunlight. This explains why the sky
appears blue. When we look at the sky we see it blue because, blue is
scattered the most. Another natural phenomenon related to the scattering of
light is the appearance of the sun at the sunset and sunrise as a red ball of
light. At these times sunlight has to travel a large distance through the
atmosphere. The blue and the neighboring colors are scattered away and the
red light reaches our eye. All these scattering is done by the atmospheric
particles. Hence, if the earth had no atmosphere the sky would appear black.
Not only the air molecules, but also the water particles and dust particles also
scatter the sunlight. The change in the quality of color of sky is due to the
various sizes of the scattering medium namely the water or the dust particles.
Optical Instruments
A number of optical devices and instruments have been designed for specific
purposes which utilise the property of reflection, refraction of mirrors, lenses
and prism. This is done to magnify the object, to view distant object clearly,
to analyse the spectrum of light from a distant source etc. The human eye is a
marvellous organ which has the ability to interpret the incoming waves. It is
through the eye that we perceive objects around us.
Human Eye
One of the most complicated optical devices is the human eye. Let us see the
construction of the human eye and then the mechanism of image formation.
53
Human Eye
Human eye is spherical in shape and diameter of about 2.5 cm. Sclerotic is a
tough, opaque and white substance forming the outermost coating of the eye.
The front portion is sharply curved and covered by a transparent protective
membrane called the 'cornea'. Inner to the sclerotic there is a layer of black
tissue called choroids consisting of a mass of blood vessels, which nourishes
the eye. The black color does not reflect the light and hence rules out the
blurring of image by reflection within the eyeball.
Behind the cornea, the space is filled with a liquid called the aqueous humor
and behind that a crystalline lens. 'Iris' is a muscular diaphragm lying
between the aqueous humor and the crystalline lens. Iris has an adjustable
opening in the middle called the pupil of the eye. The pupil appears black
because all the light entering is absorbed by the 'retina', which covers the
inside of the rear part of the ball. Iris controls the amount of light that enters
because the retina absorbs nearly all the light, which falls upon it. This is
done by varying the aperture of the pupil with the help of the iris. In dim
light the iris dilates the pupil and so that more light can enter in. when the
light is bright the pupil contracts.
The crystalline lens divides the eyeball into two chambers. The chamber
between the cornea and the lens is called the anterior chamber filled with a
fluid called aqueous humour while the chamber between the lens and the
retina is called the posterior chamber which is filled with a transparent
gelatinous substance called vitreous humour.
The refractive indices of the cornea, pupil lens and fluid portion of the eye
are quite similar. So, when a ray of light enters the eye it is refracted at the
cornea. This refraction produce a real inverted and diminished image of
distant objects on the retina.
When the object is kept at different distances then we may expect the image
to be formed at different distances from the lens. It means it may not form on
the retina always. But in reality it is not so. Image is always formed on the
retina. This is possible because the curvature of the crystalline lens is altered
by ciliary muscles. When the eye is focused on infinity the muscles are
relaxed and the eye lens remains thin. If the object is brought nearby the
curvature increases so that the image can be formed on the retina. This
property of the eye lens is called accommodation.
Then the question comes that how long does the image persist on the retina.
It is as long as the eye focuses the object or does it linger on after that also?
It is very surprising to find that the image persists on the retina even after the
object is removed. This is called 'the persistence of vision'. The persistence
of vision is approximately one eighth of a second.
54
Even though human eye has the property of accommodation, the muscles
cannot be strained beyond a limit and hence if the object is very close to the
eye, clear image is not formed on the retina. Thus, there is a minimum
distance for the clear vision of an object. This distance is called 'least
distance of distinct vision'. For a normal eye, this distance happens to be 25
cms.
The ciliary muscles contract and expand in order to change the focal length
of eye-lens so that a sharp image of object always falls on the retina. This is
accommodation of eye. Since the distance between the eye lens and retina is
fixed, to see objects at different positions from eye lens, the focal length of
the lens has to be changed.
For a normal eye, to view distant object, the focal length of lens should
increase and so the ciliary muscles have to stretch. In this way the image is
formed on the Retina.
55
For a normal eye, if objects are close to the eye, the focal length should
decrease and so the ciliary muscles have to contact. In this way the image is
formed on the Retina.
Near Point:
The nearest point from an eye at which an object can be placed so that its
sharp image is formed on the Retina. For a normal eye, this is 25 cm.
Far Point:
The farthest point from an eye at which an object can be placed so that its
sharp image is formed on the Retina. For a normal eye, this is infinity.
Due to various changes, like age or biological changes, the eye lens is not
able to accommodate for clear vision of objects either near by or far off.
Common defects of vision are
Hypermetropia or Long-sightedness
Myopia or Short-Sightedness
Presbyopia
Astigmatism
Hypermetropia or Long-sightedness
An eye which can see far off objects but unable see the near by objects is
said to suffer from Long-Sightedness or Hypermetropia. This could be due to
increase in focal length of eye-lens or size of eyeball becoming too small for
light rays from near by point.
The image of an object at normal near point (i.e., 25 cm) is formed behind
the Retina as shown below.
56
Defect
The above defect can be corrected by using convex lens of suitable focal
length. This convex lens converges rays entering the eye and focuses the
rays on the Retina.
Correction
Myopia or Short-Sightedness
An eye which can see the near by objects clearly but is unable to see far off
objects or distant objects clearly. The image of a distant point is formed in
front of the Retina of the eye as shown below. This defect arises due to
elongation of the eyeball or excessive curvature of the eyeball.
57
Defect
The above defect can be corrected by using concave lens of suitable focal
length. The concave lens diverges the rays of light entering the eye from
infinity as shown below.
Correction
Presbyopia
An eye which can neither see near by objects nor far off objects clearly is
said to suffer from presbyopia. This is due to ageing as the ciliary muscles
are weakened. The defect be corrected by using bi-focal lenses which consist
of concave lens which forms upper surface and convex lens which forms
lower surface of the bi focal lens.
Astigmatism
Defect Correction
This arises when the Cornea of the eye has different curvature in different
direction. This can be corrected by using glasses with cylindrical lens.
58
Magnifying Lens
O = optic centre
AB = object
A1B1 = image
Let
59
For small angles
Note:
As f decreases, m increases.
Let us see what is the magnification when the image is formed at infinity.
Let be the height of object AB. When kept at a distance D (i.e., u=D),
for an unaided eye as shown below
also
60
Then (this is because angle subtended by object and image
is same at the lens)
This is one less than that obtained when image is formed at least distance of
distinct vision. In practice the magnifying lens can have a maximum
magnification as the decreasing focal length would only increase the
defects in lens.
Compound Microscope
For increasing magnification, one uses two lenses, objective and eye piece.
The objective is convex lens placed near the object, which forms real
inverted magnified image of the object. The eye piece, that is, the second
lens acts a simple microscope and enlarges this first image.
61
A Laboratory Model of Compound Microscope
O1 - Objective
O2 - Eyepiece
AB - Object
62
A"B" - Final image
Now
(-ve sign shows that final image is inverted with respect to the object)
Note:
63
If the object is very close to Fo, the focus of lens O then
and as AlBl is very close to the eye lens Vo =
OlBl ; O1O2 = L = length of tube;
Telescope
Astronomical Telescope
Refracting Telescope
It employs two convex lenses which act as objective and eye piece.
Magnifying power is the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final
image to the angle subtended at the eye by the object directly, when both the
final image and the object lie at infinite distance from the eye.
64
When the final image is formed at 'D'
In this case the final image is at the least distance of distinct vision.
Now
65
Negative sign implies the final image inverted. When the image is formed at
infinity as shown.
Reflecting Telescope
66
Refraction Telescope
67
portion of incident light is obstructed which reduces the brightness of the
image.
Summary
Ray optics, infact, is the limiting case of wave optics. This means for
most practical purposes, we can ignore the deviation from straight-
line path as postulated by wave theory.
68
Where, u is the distance of the object and v is the distance of the
image from the pole of the mirror.
It is found that
69
If i is the angle of incidence, r is the angle of refraction and is the
refractive index of denser medium with respect to rarer medium, then
according to Snell's law,
70
Some of the important applications of total internal reflection are
brilliance of diamond, totally reflecting glass prisms, optical fibres,
mirage (false appearance of water in deserts in hot summer season or
optical illusion) etc.
Or
The lens maker's formula for both convex and concave lenses is
71
(where, R1 and R2 are radii of curvature of the two surfaces of the
lens and is refractive index of material of lens with respect to
medium in which lens is placed).
72
P = P1 + P2
and m= m1 x m2
= ( - 1) A
r1= r2
From i1 + i2 = A + m,
i+i=A+m
2i = A + m
Or
From
73
That is why violet colour is at the lower end of the spectrum.
74
and magnified image seen by the eye held close to the eye lens.
Magnifying power of a compound microscope is given by
Where u and v are distances of object and image from optical centre
of objective lens, fe is focal length of eye lens.
The objective lens forms a real, inverted and smaller image of distant
object in its focal plane. This image serves as the object for eye lens,
which forms a virtual, erect and magnified image seen by the eye
held close to the eye lens. In normal adjustment, final image as seen
by the eye is at infinity. In normal adjustment, magnifying power of
astronomical telescope is given by
When final image is at the least distance of distinct vision from the
eye, the magnifying power is given by
For this, we have to use an erecting lens between objective lens and
eye lens. Expressions for magnifying power remains the same. But
the length of telescope tube increases by 4f, where, f is the focal
length of erecting lens. To overcome this difficulty, Gatile, a
telescope is used, in which eye lens is concave. In normal adjustment,
length of the tube becomes (fo - fe) but field of view is much smaller
because of concave lens.
75
Numericals
Numerical 01
Suggested Solution:
On simplification, v = +6.7 cm
The +ve sign indicates that the image is formed behind the mirror.
Again,
= 2.5 cm
The positive sign indicates that the image is erect and virtual.
As the needle is moved farther from the mirror, the image moves towards the
focus (but never beyond). Moreover, it gets progressively diminished in size.
76
Numerical 02
Suggested Solution:
On simplification, v = -16.67 cm
Magnification,
Numerical 03
A small pin fixed on a table top is viewed from above from a distance of 50
cm. By what distance would the pin appear to be raised if it is viewed from
the same point through a 15 cm thick glass slab held parallel to the table?
Refractive index of glass = 1.5. Does the answer depend on the location of
the slab?
Suggested solution:
If y is the distance through which the pin would appear to be raised, then y =
Real thickness (of slab) - Apparent thickness (of slab)
or
77
Where, is the refraction index of the material of the slab.
The location of the slab will not affect the answer in any way.
Numerical 04
Suggested Solution:
or
Again,
78
Numerical 05
Suggested Solution:
On simplification, v = -8.4 cm
The image is erect, virtual and located 8.4 cm from the lens on the same side
as the object.
Now,
As the object is moved away from the lens, the virtual image moves towards
the focus of the lens but never beyond the focus. The image progressively
diminishes in size.
Numerical 06
Suggested solution:
79
We know that
or
R = 40 x 0.55 cm = 22 cm
Numerical 07
A glass lens has a focal length of 5 cm in air. What will be its focal length in
water? Refractive index of glass is 1.51 and that of water is 1.33.
Suggested Solution:
or
80
Numerical 08
(a) A screen is placed 90 cm from an object. The image of the object on the
screen is formed by a convex lens at two different locations separated by 20
cm. Determine the focal length of the lens.
(b) Suppose the object in (a) above is an illuminated slit in a collimator tube
so that it is hard to measure slit size and its distance from the screen. Using a
convex lens, one obtains a sharp image of the slit on a screen. The image
size is measured to be 4.6 cm. The lens is displaced away from the slit and at
a certain location, another sharp image of size 1.7 cm is obtained. Determine
the size of the slit.
Suggested Solution:
Now, D = u + v = 90 cm; d = u v = 20 cm
u = 55 cm or 35 cm and v = 35 cm or 55 cm
Multiplying
or
81
Numerical 09
For a given source of light, the angle of minimum deviation of a 600 prism is
560. What is its refractive index?
Suggested Solution:
Numerical 10
Suggested Solution:
or
82
Numerical 11
Calculate the angle of dispersion between red and violet colours produced by
a filter glass prism of refracting angle of 600.
Suggested Solution:
or
Similarly,
or
or
83
Numerical 12
Calculate the dispersive power for crown and flint glass from the following
data:
Suggested solution:
Numerical 13
Suggested Solution:
(i) Reflected light travels in the same medium (air) as the incident light.
Hence, speed of reflected light c = 3 x 108 ms-1. The wavelength ( ) of
reflected light is 600 nm. The frequency f is
(ii) The refracted rays are in water. Therefore, speed of refracted rays
84
The frequency of refracted light remains constant when it goes from one
medium to other. Hence, f of refracted light is 5 x 1014 Hz. Let 1 be wave
length of refracted light. Then,
Numerical 14
The critical angle of incidence of water for total internal reflection is 480 for
a certain wavelength. What is the polarizing angle and the angle of refraction
for light on water at this angle?
Suggested Solution:
Let be the refractive index of water with respect to air and ic the critical
angle. Then,
tan ip = = 1.345
or
Numerical 15
85
A glass plate ( = 1.5) is used as a polarizer. Obtain the polarizing angle of
incidence. What is the angle of refraction when the reflected light is plane
polarised?
Suggested Solution:
ip = tan-1(1.5) = 56.30
ip + r = 900
Numerical 16
(i) What type of lens is used to correct the defect of the eye of a person if the
far point of this eye is 2 m?
(ii) If the near point of the eye is 25 cm, then what will be the position of the
near point of the eye with the given lens?
Suggested Solution:
(i)
86
Therefore a concave lens is used to correct this defect.
= -28.6 cm
Numerical 17
A man with normal near point 25 cm reads a book with small print using a
magnifying glass, a thin convex lens of focal length 5 cm. What is the closest
and the farthest distance at which he can read the book while viewing
through the magnifying glass?
Suggested Solution:
; f= 5 cm; u = ?
87
U = -5 cm
Numerical 18
Suggested Solution:
u = -5 cm
88
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