MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

NATIONAL AEROSPACE UNIVERSITY

KHAI











Home Task #1
The course: Strength of Airplanes and Helicopters
Determination of Design Airspeeds and Load Factor.
Plotting Design Envelopes.








Done By: Rajesh N. Muneshwar
Group: 10E3-2
Checked By: Mr.Anatoly.Kirpikin.










KHARKOV 2010

DETERMINATION OF DESIGN AIRSPEEDS AND LOAD FACTOR.
PLOTTING DESIGN ENVELOPES.
For a strength calculation it is necessary to know design airspeeds and load factors.
Initial conditions for determination of these values are:
-Take-off weight,

= 15328.21kg
-Wing span,

= 8.22m
-Wing area,

= 32.3

-Cruising airspeed,

= 890km/h
- Wing sweep till 0.25 of chord
0.5
= 45
0
-Maximum cruising speed,

= 1300km/h

Calculation is only for altitude H=0.Equivalent airspeeds

is calculated under the

formula;
V
EAS
=V A =V
H
0

,
0
H

= = 0.099

-air density on flight altitude

-air density on altitude

H = 0

= 890/3.6 = 77.78m/s 280.03km/h

V
EAS
=

= 113.62m/s 409.03km/h


Choice of Wing Airfoil.
The wing airfoil is chosen according to the speed of the speed of the plane (vika-1).Since
the flying speed of the plane is between 700-950km/h it has recommended relative thickness
is between 8-12%.The chosen airfoil is -1.
For the chosen airfoil the diagram

=f(o), is plotted where the angle of attack is in

degrees.Upon the diagram we find the maximal value of lift coefficient for airfoil


and

and on these sizes we expect

and

.








Dependence lift coefficient C
y
fromo

Series 1
-0.25 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
x
y

y max af
= 0.805

= 3.12

The maximum value of a lift coefficient for an airplane C
y max p
is equal to:
C
y max p
= 0.95 C
ymax af,
where C
y max af
is the maximum value of a lift coefficient for an airfoil
C
y max p
= 0.95 3.12 =
= 2.964







Maximum limit load factor (

)
According to MR maximum load factor doesnt depend on an altitude and en-route
weight.

=8.5


=-4.2

Maximum dive airspeed (

= 1.5

=
= 1.5 280.03 = 420km/h

Mach number is calculated upon formula:
a
V
M = ,
Where a is sound speed on altitude H=0 from table of standard atmosphere, V plane
airspeed.
M
C
=

=
M
C
= 0.23

Calculation of minimum airspeed (

)
The minimum airspeed of flight

is flight on

with load factor

= 1.

=
=

= 97.12km/h

Calculation of Airspeed

This is the minimum airspeed on which maneuver with maximum maneuvering limit
load factor

is possible. It is calculated under the formula;

VA = VS1
l
man max y
n =
= 97.12 = 152.57km/h

Calculation of airspeed maximum intensity, (

)
For calculation of airspeed maximum intensity of vertical gusts we need to find the
load factor from gusts on a cruising airspeed

.
For H=0 and cruising airspeed

value of the vertical airspeed of the gust

is equal
to 15.2m/s.
The gust load factor

is determined by;
S G
V U C K
n
de y g
g
/ * 16
* * *
1
o
=
,
Where Kg - is the gust damping factor, determined by the following formulas: -
K
u
u
g
g
g
=
+
0 88
5 3
. *
.
,
g * C * * b
S / G * 2
u

y
W
g
= ,
Where; V-equivalent airspeeds of the airplane(VIKA-1),m/s

-derivative of the lift factor of the airplane on an angle of attack(1/radian)

G-design maximum take-off weight in kilograms of force.
=0.125- the density of the air, kgf second ** 2 / m ** 4;
S
W
- is wing area in m
2
;
b - is mean aerodynamic cord in m - b=S
w
/L
w
;
g =9.81 m/s
2
- an acceleration of the free fall, meters / second ** 2.

Angular rate of attack the lift coefficient of the plane.
o o
y p y
C C = is approximately equal:
25 . 0
2 2
af
p
cos M - 1
95 . 0
_
o
o o y
y y
C
C C ~ =
=

= 3.04


8 . 9 * 12 . 3 * 125 . 0 * 92 . 3
3 . 32 / 21 . 15328 * 2
=
g
u
= 63.35

35 . 63 3 . 5
35 . 63 * 88 . 0
+
=
g
K = 0.81

Therefore,
3 . 32 / 21 . 15328 * 16
78 . 77 * 2 . 15 * 04 . 3 * 812 . 0
1+ =
g
n

M is the Mach number for VB, VC and VD airspeed, _
0.25
- is the wing sweep till 0.25 of
chord .
The value of this load factor in AR is meant n
g
. On this value we can calculate VB
1
:
VB
1
=VS1*
g
n


=97.12 x 38 . 1

=114.1km/h

According to AR airspeed VB must be:
VBsVC- 81 (km/h)

=280.03 -80
= 200.03km/h
By aerodynamic characteristic airspeed VB
2
is equal:

A 2
Ap 4 B B
VB
2
2
+ +
= ,
where VB
2
in m/s, S G p= - is specific wing load, G is plane weight in kgf, S wing
area in m
2
, = 0.0625
max p
, =1.256
g
o

C
,
max p
maximum lift coefficient of the
airplane, K
g
gust damping factor

y
C - derivative of the lift factor on the angle of attack
from formula (8)- this value we can take for speed VB
1
.
So,
B = 1.256 x 0.81x 3.12
= 3.17
A = 0.0625 x 2.964
= 0.185

Therefore VB
2
=

=59.93m/s ; 215.76km/h
This value VB must meet the requirement VBsVC- 81 (km/h) .
If this value VB does not meet the requirement then you must take VB upon formula
VBsVC- 81 (km/h) .
Further under the formula
S G
V U C K
n
de y g
g
/ * 16
* * *
1
o
=
we calculate the values of load
factors n
l
g max
, n
l
g min
, from positive and negative gusts on airspeeds VD, VB and VC. On
airspeed VA load factor from gusts are not determined, as they cannot be more than
n
l
y max man
. It is explained to that the maneuvers go on C
y max p
and greater aerodynamic force
cannot be.
As we carry out analysis only on height H=0 than for VB we have Ude=20.1
m/s, for VC Ude=15.2 m/s and for VD Ude=7.6 m/s.

For, VD


o
y
=

=3.1


8 . 9 * 1 . 3 * 125 . 0 * 92 . 3
3 . 32 / 21 . 15328 * 2
=
g
u
= 63.76

76 . 63 3 . 5
76 . 63 * 88 . 0
+
=
g
K = 0.94



3 . 32 / 21 . 15328 * 16
22 . 97 * 6 . 7 * 1 . 3 * 94 . 0
1+ =
g
n

For, VB

M
B
= 215.7 / 1224

M
B
=0.176


o
y
=

= 3



8 . 9 * 3 * 125 . 0 * 92 . 3
3 . 32 / 21 . 15328 * 2
=
g
u
= 65.88

88 . 65 3 . 5
88 . 65 * 88 . 0
+
=
g
K = 0.94

3 . 32 / 21 . 15328 * 16
93 . 59 * 1 . 20 * 3 * 94 . 0
1+ =
g
n

Data of calculations is brought in the table #1 and you should plot a design envelops of flight
modes (fig. 2, 3).
Till envelopes V-n we discover the most dangerous critical load condition - case with a
maximum limit load factor. For transport airplanes common it is flight on VB with load
factor from gusts, as shown in fig. 3. This load factor and airspeed undertake for calculation
of loads at design calculation of an airplane on strength.



Table #1

VS VA VB VC VD
V(km/h) 97 152 215 280 420
n
l
y max man
1 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5
n
l
y min man
-4.2 -4.2 -4.2 -4.2
n
l
g max
1.45 1.38 1.28
n
l
g min
0.55 0.61 0.72





The design envelope for maneuvering load factors.

Series 1
Series 2
-50 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
-8
-6
-4
-2
2
4
6
8
10
12
x
y





The design envelope for the gust load factors.