1.

Relative Molecular Mass

[ Relative atomic mass: H, 1 ; C, 12 ; N, 14; O, 16 ; S, 32 ; Cl, 35.5; Cu, 64;
Co, 59; Pb, 207]
1. Determine the relative molecular mass of the following
(a) NO
2
(b) PbSO
4
(c) Cu(OH)
2
(d)CoCl
2
.6H
2
O
2. A compound has the formula NaXO
3
. The relative molecular mass of the
compound is 151. Find the relative atomic mass of X.
3. Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal gland. Adrenaline has the formula
C
9
H
13
NO
x
and relative molecular mass of 183. Calculate the value of x.
4. Relative molecular mass of hexene is 84. Calculate the number of carbon
atoms in one hexene molecule.

2. Number of moles




No of mol =
MV
1000


[ Relative atomic mass: H, 1 ; C, 12 ; N, 14; O, 16 ; Ne, 20; S, 32 ;
Cl, 35.5; Cu, 64; Co, 59; Pb, 207;
Avogadro constant, N
A
=6.0 x 10
23
;
1 mol gas occupies 22.4 dm
3
at standard temperature and pressure]
1. Find the number of mol in
(a) 45 g ethane gas, C
2
H
6

(b) 3.6 dm
3
ammonia gas, NH
3


(c) 1.5 x 10
23
molecules of chlorine gas, Cl
2

2. Calculate the number of particles in
(a) 372.6 g lead, Pb (b) 1.2 dm
3
methane gas, CH
4

3. Calculate the mass of the following
(a) 0.125 mol of CO
2

(b) 224 cm
3
dinitrogen oxide, N
2
O
4. Calculate the volume occupied by the following gases at s.t.p.:

(a) 0.5 g neon gas, Ne (b) 1.5 mol carbon dioxide, CO
2


3. Concentration/volume of solution
1. The concentration of a solution is the mass in grams of the dissolved
substance in 1 dm
3
solution. Its unit is g dm
-3
.
Concentration =
3
mass of solute, g
volumeof solution, dm


2. Molarity is defined as the amount in mole of dissolved substance in 1 dm
3
of
solution. The unit for molarity is mol dm
-3
or the symbol M.
Molarity =
3
Moles of solute, mol
volumeof solution, dm





4. No of moleof solute=
MV
1000
,
5. Dilution of a solution refers to theaddition of thesolvent to a moreconcentrated
solution to obtain a less concentrated solution.
M
1
V
1
=M
2
V
2

M
1
Concentration of solution beforedilution
V
1
Volumeof solution beforedilution
M
2
Concentration of solution after dilution
V
2
Volumeof solution after dilution
1. Calculate the molarity of the solution obtained when 15 g of sodium
hydroxide is dissolved in 500 cm
3
water.
2. Find the mass of sodiumbicarbonate (NaHCO
3
) that is required to prepare
500 cm
3
of a 2 mol dm
-3
sodiumbicarbonate solution
3. How much of sodiumhydroxide in grams should be dissolved in water to
prepare a 250 cm
3
of solution containing 50 g dm
-3
?
4. 10 g of potassiumhydroxide is dissolved in water and made up to 500 cm
3

solution. What is its concentration in g dm
-3
?
5. Calculate the molarity of 0.4 mol sulphuric acid, H
2
SO
4
in 250 cm
3
solution.
6. If 200 cm
3
of water is added to 250 cm
3
sulphuric acid, 2 mol dm
-3
, what is
the resulting molarity of the solution?
7. What volume of HNO
3
, 2 mol dm
-3
, is needed to be diluted by distilled water
to obtain 100 cm
3
of HNO
3
, 0.1 mol dm
-3
?
8. Find the volume of distilled water that is added to 100 cm
3
of hydrochloric
acid, 0.5 mol dm
-3
, to obtain an acid solution of strength 0.2 mol dm
-3
.
9. Find the resulting molarity of hydrochloric acid if 200 cm
3
of HCl 2 mol dm
-3
,
is added to 600 cm
3
of HCl, 0.5 mol dm
-3
.
10. Calculate the number of mol of H
+
ions which are present in 250 cm
3
of
2 mol dm
-3
sulphuric acid.
11. Calculate the number of moles of metal R ion in 5.0 cm
3
R(NO
3
)
2
of
0.5 mol dm
-3
solution.
12. Calculate the number of moles of hydroxide ion in 25.0 cm
3
of

0.5 mol dm
-3
Bariumhydroxide, Ba(OH)
2
solution ?
Molar mass =RAM/RMM
Molar volume=24 dm
3
(rtp)
=22.4 dm
3
(stp)
NA =Avogadro constant
=6.02 x 10
23
mol
-1

mass of
compound
Volumeof
gases
No. of
particle
Molar
mass
Molar
volume
N
A
x

x
x
No. of mol

molar mass
of solute
x
Concentration
of solution in
g dm
-3
Concentration
of solution in
mol dm
-3
/ M
M =molarity
V =volume, cm
3

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4. Calculation of Empirical Formulae
The following steps should be followed to obtain the empirical
formula of a compound:
Step 1: Find the mass or percentage of elements in compound
Step 2: Divide mass or percentage by relative atomic mass (RAM) to find
number of moles.
Step 3: Find smallest ratio by dividing the number of moles obtained in Step 2 by
the smallest number of moles of all.
Step 4: Write empirical formula.
Element X Y
Mass / percentage a b
Number of Moles a/x b/y
Smallest ratio of number
of moles
p q
Empirical formula X
p
Y
q
[Relativeatomic mass: H =1; C =12; O =16; M =27]
1. Thefollowing results wereobtained in an experiment conducted by a student to
reducean oxideof K with hydrogen in thelaboratory.
Mass of crucible =15.4g
Mass of crucible+metallic oxide =19.4 g
Mass of crucible+metal =18.6 g
If therelativeatomic mass of themetal K is 64, find theempirical formula of
themetallic oxide.
2. In an experiment, a metal Y combines with 4.32 g oxygen to form13.66 g of a
metallic oxideof Y Find theempirical formula of themetallic oxide. [RAM: Y
=52]
3. A compound C
x
H
y
O
z
contains 40% carbon and 53.3% oxygen. If therelative
molecular mass of thecompound is 180, find its
(i) empirical formula
(ii) molecular formula
4. A metallic oxide, XO
2
, contains 63.22% of themetal X by mass. Calculatethe
relativeatommass of themetal X.
5. A metallic oxide, M
2
O
3
is formed when 5.4 g of themetal M combines with m
gramof oxygen. Find thevalueof m.
[RAM; M =27]
Molarity or volumeof an acid /alkali solution used in a neutralisation reaction,
a A +b B c C +d D can bedetermineby thefollowing formula,
a a
b b
M V a
=
M V b
Ma =Molarity of acid M
b
=Molarity of alkali
Va

=Volumeof acid V
b
=Volumeof alkali
a =Number of moles of acid shown in chemical equation
b =Number of moles of alkali shown in chemical equation
5. Calculation involving chemical reactions
Step 1 : Calculate no. of mol of compound given its
mass/volume of gas/volume and concentration of solution






Step 2 : Find the no. of mol of compound being ask fromstoichiometry
of equations (mol ratio of compounds)
a A +b B c C +d D a : b : c : d
Step 3 : Calculate the mass/volume of gas/volume and concentration
of solution of compound being ask.

1. 2.3 g of sodiumis reacting with chlorinegas at roomtemperature. Calculatethe
mass of sodiumchlorideproduced.
2. If 8 g of copper(II) oxideis produced fromheating copper(II) nitrate, calculate
thevolumeof nitrogen dioxideobtained fromthis reaction under room
conditions.
3. Writea chemical equation showing thedecomposition of Hydrogen peroxide. If
1.7 g of hydrogen peroxidedecomposes, calculatethenumber of molecules of
oxygen produced in the reaction.
4. Methane, CH
4
can burn in limited oxygen to producecarbon and steam. If 28.8
dm
3
methanegas is burnt at roomconditions, calculatethemass of carbon
produced.
5. Find themolarity of bariumhydroxidesolution, Ba(OH)
2
when 25 cm
3
of
Ba(OH)
2
is used to neutralise20 cm
3
nitric acid of 0.1 mol dm
-3
.
6. 15 cm
3
of aqueous NaOH, 0.2 mol dm
-3
is neutralised by 20 cm
3
of hydrochloric
acid. Find theconcentration of theacid in g dm
-3
.
7. Find thevolumeof sulphuric acid, 1.0 mol dm
-3
, that is needed to neutralise20
cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
-3
potassiumhydroxide.
8. If 5.3 g of sodiumcarbonatereacts with HCl, 2 mol dm
-3
, to producea salt,
carbon dioxideand water, calculatethevolumeof theacid that is used.
9. 20.0 cm
3
of 0.80 mol dm
-3
ethanoic acid is mixed with 40.0 cm
3
of 10.0 g dm
-
3
sodiumhydroxidesolution. Theproducts still contain excess ethanoic acid.
What is thevolumeof sodiumhydroxidestill needed to exactly neutralisethe
products of themixture?
10. 4.0 g of solid magnesiumhydroxideis added to 50 cm
3
of 1.5 mol dm
-3
nitric acid.
Themixtureis stirred until no further change. Calculate themass of solid
magnesiumhydroxideleft unreacted at theend of thereaction.
Number of moles
mass molar mass
volume molar volume
( MV ) 1000
Number of particles N
A

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6. Rate of Reaction
1.















(a) Determine the average rate of reaction
(i) in the first five minutes (ii) between 3 to 5 minutes.
(iii) in the second minute. (iv) overall reaction
(b) What is the rate of reaction at 3
th
minutes?

2. 1 g of calcium carbonate powder in excess is
added to 50 cm
3
of 0.1 mol dm
-3
hydrochloric
acid. The volume of gas produced is recorded at
fixed points of time. A graph showing volume
(cm
3
) against time (s) as given in figure above is
obtained. The experiment is repeated, using the
same quantity of calciumcarbonate and 50 cm
3
,
0.3 mol dm
-3
, hydrochloric acid.
(a) Calculate the maximumvolume of gas that is produced for experiment II.
(b) Draw the graph of volume against time on the same axes for experiment II.

2. When 0.39 g potassiumreacts with water, thereaction is completed in 15 seconds.
[RAM: K =39; 1 mol gas occupies 24 dm
3
at roomconditions]
(a) Writethechemical reaction taking placebetween potassiumand water.
(b) Calculatetherateof reaction between potassiumand water in
(i) g s
-1
(ii) mol s
-1
.
(c) What happens when the solution is tested with litmus after the reaction is
completed? Explain.
(d) Calculatethemaximumamount of gas formed. Namethegas.
(e) Find therateof reaction in cm
3
s
-1
.
7. Thermochemistry
1. 2 ZnS(s) +3 O
2
(g) 2 ZnO(s) +2SO
2
(g) H =-441 kJ
The thermochemical equation for the combustion of zinc sulphide is shown
above. If 26.5 kJ of heat energy are released in this reaction, what is the mass
of zinc oxide produced?
[Relative atomic mass: O, 16; Zn, 65]
2. 50.0 cm
3
of 1.0 mol dm
-3
silver nitrate solution is added to 50.0 cm
3
of 0.5
mol dm
-3
sodiumchloride in a dry plastic cup. The experimental results are as
follow:
Initial temperature of silver nitrate solution =30 C
Highest temperature reached =31.5 C
Calculate the heat of Precipitation of silver chloride, AgCl.
[Specific heat capacity of solution =4.2 J g
-1
C
-1
;
Density of water =1 g cm
-3
]
3. The equation below shows a displacement reaction and its heat of reaction.
Zn +CuSO
4
ZnSO
4
+Cu H =-210 kJ mol
-1

What is the change in heat energy if 2.56 g of copper is displaced?
[Relative atomic mass of copper: 64]
4. An experiment is carried out by adding excess iron powder to 50 cm
3
of 0.50
mol dm
-3
copper(II) chloride solution. The thermochemical equation is as
follow.
Fe +Cu
2+
Cu +Fe
2+
H =-210 kJ mol
-1

If the initial temperature of the solution is 30 C, what is the maximum
temperature reached in this experiment?
[specific heat capacity of water =4.2 J g
-1
C
-1
]
5. When 100 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
-3
metal nitrate solution, M(NO
3
)
2
, reacts with
100 cm
3
of 1.0 mol dm
-3
potassiumchloride solution, the temperature of the
reaction mixture increases by 10 C.
M(NO
3
)
2
(aq) +2 KCl(aq) MCl
2
(aq) +2 KNO
3
(aq)
What is the effect (if any) on the temperature change if the experiment is
repeated using
(a) 200 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
-3
M(NO
2
)
2
solution and 200 cm
3
of 1.0 mol dm
-3

KCl solution.
(b) 100 cm
3
of 1.0 mol dm
-3
M(NO
2
)
2
solution and 100 cm
3
of 2.0 mol dm
-3

KCl solution.
6. The thermochemical equation for the combustion of heptane is shown below.
C
7
H
16

+11O
2
7CO
2
+8H
2
O H =-5520 kJ mol
-1
The combustion of heptane in excess oxygen releases 1104 kJ of heat energy.
What is the mass of heptane used?
(Relative atomic mass: C, 1 2; H, 1 )
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time(min)
V
o
l
u
m
e

o
f

h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n

g
a
s

(
c
m
3
)
time(s)
Volume/ cm
3

60
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