ECE 274 - Digital Logic Lecture 1 Summary

ECE 274 - Digital Logic
Lecture 1
Lecture 1

What is digital logic? Digital Hardware Implementing a Digital System Moores Law Design Process of Digital Hardware
What is Digital Logic?

Digital vs. Analog
Digital signal

Discrete Signal that can have one of a finite set of possible values
Counting fingers Fingers = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Analog signal Continuous Signal that can have one of an infinite number of possible values
Temperature Infinite possibilities

What is a Digital System?
Digital system
System that takes in digital inputs and generates digital outputs Example: Computer

Digital inputs (letters and numbers from keyboard) Digital output (new numbers or letters stored to a file or display on screen) Cell phones, automobile control engines, TV set top boxes, musical instruments, DVD players, digital cameras, finger print recognition,
Many other digital systems exist

Digital Circuits and Binary
Digital circuits
Connection of digital components that together compose the digital systems

Digital components
Digital signal with only two possible values -Binary

Typically represented as 0 and 1 One binary digit is a - bit Well only consider binary digital signals
Digital circuit
Digital system

Digitization
World is mostly analog

Many digital systems convert analog signals to digital signals Many applications changing over to digital implementations (cassette tapes -> MP3s, VHS -> DVD, )
DVD Video Musical Satellites players recorders Portable instruments music players Cell phones Cameras TVs ??? 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
More and more analog products are becoming digital.

5

How Do We Encode Data as Binary for Our Digital System
Some inputs inherently binary
Button: not pressed (0), pressed (1)
button

Some inputs just need encoding in binary
e.g., multi-button input: encode red=001, blue=010, ...
red
blue
green
black
0 0 0
red
blue
green
black
0 0 1
Outputs
Outputs
red blue green black
0 1 0

Some inputs are analog and need analog-to-digital conversion
Converts electrical signal into binary encoding

analog phenomena Sensors and other inputs electric signal A2D digital data Digital System digital data D2A electric signal
Converts bits back into electrical signal
Actuators and other outputs
digital data
digital data
Measures analog physical phenomena
Converts electrical signal into physical phenomenon

Example converting an analog signal to a digital signal and viceversa

Encoding Text: ASCII, Unicode
ASCII: 7- (or 8-) bit encoding of each letter, number, or symbol Unicode: Increasingly popular 16-bit bit encoding
Symbol R S T L N E 0
En coding 1010010 1010011 1010100 1001100 1001110 1000101 0110000 0101110 0001001
S ymbol r s t l n e 9
En coding 1110010 1110011 1110100 1101100 1101110 1100101 0111001 0100001 0100000
Encodes characters from various world languages
.
<tab>
!
<spa ce>
Question: What does this ASCII bit sequence represent? 1010010 1000101 1010011 1010100
R E S
10

How to Encode Numbers: Binary Numbers
Each position represents a quantity; symbol in position means how many of that quantity
Base ten (decimal)

Ten symbols: 0, 1, 2, ..., 8, and 9 More than 9 -- next position
So each position power of 10
104 103 102 101 100
Base two (binary)

Two symbols: 0 and 1 More than 1 -- next position
So each position power of 2

1 24 23 22 0 21 1 20
Other number representations also exists
Octal, Hexadecimal
Well cover this in Chapter 5
11

Digitization Benefits
Volts
Analog signal (e.g., audio) may lose quality
lengthy transmission (e.g, cell phone)
3 2 1 0
3 2
Volts
Voltage levels not saved/copied/transmitted perfectly Digitized version enables nearperfect save/cpy/trn. Sample voltage at particular rate, save sample using bit encoding Voltage levels still not kept perfectly But we can distinguish 0s from 1s
original signal
time
01 10 11 10 11
Let bit encoding be: 1 V: 01 2 V: 10 3 V: 11
1 received signal 0 time How fix -- higher, lower, ?
a2d
1 0 time
01 10 11 10 11
digitized signal
1 0 time Can fix -- easily distinguish 0s and 1s, restore
d2a
3 Volts 2 1 0 time
Digitized signal not perfect re-creation, but higher sampling rate and more bits per encoding brings closer.
12

Digitization Benefits
Digitized audio can be compressed

e.g., MP3s CD can hold about 20 songs uncompressed, but about 200 compressed
Example compression scheme: 00 --> 0000000000 01 --> 1111111111 1X --> X

0000000000 0000000000 0000001111 1111111111
Compression also done on digitized pictures (jpeg), movies (mpeg), and more Digitization has many other benefits too
00 00 10000001111 01
13
Digital Hardware
Standard Chips
How do we implement these systems? (Digital Hardware)
Standard Chips

Commonly used circuits Small amount of circuitry Performs simple function ICs interconnected to realize larger functionality
Part Number 7400 7402 7432 7447 7485
Description Quad 2-Input NAND Gate Quad 2-Input NOR Gate Quad 2-Input OR Gate BCD to 7-Segment Decoder/Driver 4-Bit Magnitude Comparator 4-Bit Binary Ripple Counter D-Type Flip-Flop with Reset
Assortment of 7400series ICs
7493 74273
14
Digital Hardware
Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)
Programmable Logic Devices
Very general underlying structure that can be configured to perform a variety of tasks Most can be programmed multiple times Programmed by the end user rather than when manufactured Common type of PLD -- FPGAs

Spartan 3 Die Photo
Field-Programmable Gate Array Work with these in the lab
Spartan 3 FPGA Board

15
Digital Hardware
Custom-Designed Chips
Custom-Designed Chips
Created specifically to implement a certain task Very expensive millions of dollars Time consuming - months
Custom IC Design
Silicon Wafer
16
Digital Hardware
Microprocessors
Microprocessor

Programmable digital device End user writes a program/software to specify its functionality
Silicon Wafer
Individual IC (die)
Pentium processor
Pentium processor Die Photo

17
Digital Hardware
Many other choices exist
Other choices exist

Variety of processors exist ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Circuits) CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Devices) PLA (Programmable Logic Arrays) GAL (Generic Array Logic) System-on-a-chip
8051 ($1-10)
PIC ($1-5)
Pentium (>$100)
18
Implementing a Digital System

Programming Microprocessors vs. Designing Digital Circuits
Build a system to detect motion at night

Build system using microprocessor Build system using a custom digital circuit
Desired motion-at-night detector
Programmed microprocessor
Custom designed digital circuit
19

Microprocessor: Software Implementation Circuit Description: using a microprocessor Inputs: 2 sensors (one light, one motion) Outputs: 1 signal to lamp Functional Description: Lamp illuminated when it is dark and motion is detected.
motion sensor
microprocessor a f
lamp
void main() { while(1) { f = a && !b; } }
b light sensor
20

Custom Circuit: Hardware Implementation Circuit Description: digital design Inputs: 2 sensors (one light, one motion) Outputs: 1 signal to lamp Functional Description: Lamp illuminated when it is dark and motion is detected.
motion sensor a f lamp
b light sensor
custom circuit
21

Microprocessors: Trouble in Paradise With microprocessors so readily available, why would anyone ever need to design new digital circuits?
When analyzing needs for a particular system: Software may be too slow May be too much circuitry than needed Can be costly for simple circuits Power hungry
22

Process Analysis: Microprocessor vs. Digital Circuit
Sample digital camera task execution times (in seconds) on a microprocessor versus a digital circuit.
Digital Camera Task Read Compress Store
Microprocessor 5 8 1
Custom digital circuit 0.1 0.5 0.8
23

Partitioning: Possible Digital Camera Implementations
Design Partitioning
Deciding which tasks to implement on the microprocessor and which to implement as a custom digital circuit
Digital camera implemented with: (a) a microprocessor (b) custom circuits (c) a combination of custom circuits and a microprocessor
24

Partitioning: Possible Digital Camera Implementations
Image Sensor Image Sensor Image Sensor Microprocessor (Read, Compress, and Store) Read circuit Compress circuit Read circuit Compress circuit
Memory
Memory (b) custom circuits
Store circuit
Memory
Microprocessor (Store)
(a) a microprocessor
(c) a combination of custom circuits and a microprocessor
=5+8+11 =24 sec
=.1+.5+.8 =1.4 sec
=.1+.5+1 =1.6 sec
Good compromise
Sample digital camera task execution times (in seconds) on a microprocessor versus a digital circuit
Task Read Compress Store 5 8 1 Microprocessor Custom Digital Circuit 0.1 0.5 0.8
Q: How long for each implementation option?
25
Moores Law
The prediction
Interesting trend in digital design

Gordon Moore: co-founder of Intel. Predicted that number of transistors per chip would grow exponentially (double every 18 months). Exponential improvement in technology is a natural trend: steam engines, dynamos, automobiles.
26
Moores Law
The trend follows the prediction
Courtesy of Intel
27
Moores Law
Example
To perform function X, we require this much area 18 months later, this much area 18 months later, this much area 18 months later, this much area 18 months later, this much area 18 months later, this much area 18 months later, this much area 18 months later, this much area 18 months later, this much area 18 months later, this much area 18 months later, this much area 18 months later, this much area 18 months later, this much area
This trend observed in 1970s continues today. Expected to continue for several more decades
28
Digital Design
Shrinking area requirement
~20 years
One view point -- same functionality requires less area
29
Moores Law
Supercomputer in a pencil tip
Cray 1A Supercomputer

Cray 1A
Fastest computer in the world in 1976 Cost - $10 million dollars (1976 $s) Used for atmospheric research, physical simulations, etc. ~1 million transistors
Today - approaching 1 billion transistors per square centimeter (65 nm)

1 million transistors (Cray 1) Modern chip 1 billion transistors

1 cm
1 million transistors (Cray 1): 0.1 mm2 Cost - $1s
1 cm
30
Moores Law
Enabling advances in technology
Smart Dust

Millimeter scale Includes sensors, microprocessors, wireless communication, power supply Costs dollars, even just cents, each Electronically tracked and instructed to deliver medicine to specific location Swallowing the pill and the instrument Pump controls amount of medicine based on body temperature and pH
http://www.templehealth.org/capsule/a pril_22_05/april2205_news03.htm
Courtesy of Joe Kahn
Smart Pills
iPills micropump, sensors, and medicine
Other uses of tiny computers in 10 years?
Image: "Smart dust" particles self-assembled on drops of oil in water. The microscopic particles are nanostructured flakes of porous silicon that spontaneously assemble, orient, sense, and report on their local environment. UCSD, 2003.
31
Moores Law
Same size, more functionality
~20 years
Another view point -- same area more functionality ~ 4000x more
Available today
Pentium 4 Extreme Edition (178 million) Xilinx FPGA (1 billion) Geforce 6800 Ultra (222 million)
32
Moores Law
Lots of transistors need help
Available today

Pentium 4 Extreme Edition (178 million) Xilinx FPGA (1 billion) Geforce 6800 Ultra (222 million)
Need CAD (Computer-Aided Design) Tools to help developers
33
Design Process of Digital Hardware

High-level view
Basic design loop
Iterative process
Design concept
Initial design
Simulation
Redesign
Design correct? Yes Successful design
No
34
Design Process of Digital Hardware

Digital Hardware Design
More complex design loop
Design concept
Digital hardware products usually involve multiple chips or components Digital camera is a simplified example
Design one block
Partition B Design one block C Design interconnection between blocks Functional simulation of complete system No D
Correct? Yes Physical mapping Timing simulation
Correct? Yes Implementation
No
35
Summary
Digital systems surround us

Inside computers Inside huge variety of other electronic devices (embedded systems) Encoding analog signals to digital can provide many benefits
Digital systems use 0s and 1s
e.g., audio -- higher-quality storage/transmission, compression, etc.
Encoding integers as 0s and 1s: Binary numbers
Microprocessors (themselves digital) can implement many digital systems easily and inexpensively
But often not good enough -- need custom digital circuits
Design process is iterative
36

ECE 274 - Digital Logic Lecture 1 Summary

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ECE 274 - Digital Logic

What is Digital Logic?

Counting fingers Fingers = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

What is Digital Logic?

Many other digital systems exist

What is Digital Logic?

Connection of digital components that together compose the digital systems

Digital signal with only two possible values -Binary

What is Digital Logic?

World is mostly analog

More and more analog products are becoming digital.

What is Digital Logic?

Some inputs inherently binary

Button: not pressed (0), pressed (1)

What is Digital Logic?

Some inputs just need encoding in binary

e.g., multi-button input: encode red=001, blue=010, ...

What is Digital Logic?

Some inputs are analog and need analog-to-digital conversion

Converts electrical signal into binary encoding

Converts bits back into electrical signal

Actuators and other outputs

Measures analog physical phenomena

Converts electrical signal into physical phenomenon

What is Digital Logic?

Example converting an analog signal to a digital signal and viceversa

What is Digital Logic?

Encodes characters from various world languages

What is Digital Logic?

Base ten (decimal)

Ten symbols: 0, 1, 2, ..., 8, and 9 More than 9 -- next position

So each position power of 10

104 103 102 101 100

Base two (binary)

Two symbols: 0 and 1 More than 1 -- next position

So each position power of 2

Other number representations also exists

Well cover this in Chapter 5

What is Digital Logic?

Analog signal (e.g., audio) may lose quality

lengthy transmission (e.g, cell phone)

Let bit encoding be: 1 V: 01 2 V: 10 3 V: 11

1 received signal 0 time How fix -- higher, lower, ?

1 0 time Can fix -- easily distinguish 0s and 1s, restore

What is Digital Logic?

Digitized audio can be compressed

Example compression scheme: 00 --> 0000000000 01 --> 1111111111 1X --> X

How do we implement these systems? (Digital Hardware)

Part Number 7400 7402 7432 7447 7485

Assortment of 7400series ICs

Programmable Logic Devices

Spartan 3 Die Photo

Field-Programmable Gate Array Work with these in the lab

Spartan 3 FPGA Board

Pentium processor Die Photo

Other choices exist

Implementing a Digital System

Build a system to detect motion at night

Desired motion-at-night detector

Custom designed digital circuit

Implementing a Digital System

void main() { while(1) { f = a && !b; } }