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Introduction :
Integration of the IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs (WLANs) and 3G networks, such
recently due to their complementary characteristics. The 3GPP has been continuously
evolving to support multimedia services which require high data rates in cellular
networks. Nowadays, a UMTS network can support services with maximum data rate of
2Mbps while a 2.5G cellular network, such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), can
only provide 100-200 kbps. UMTS networks are gaining popularities and being deployed
globally in countries such as UK, Japan and USA. To further increase the data rate at the
downlink side, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) was introduced by the
networks has been commercially launched, but network operators may be reluctant to
completely replacing existing legacy networks which are fully functional as it would
require an extremely high installation cost. Meanwhile, the commercial success of the
IEEE 802.11 protocol makes the access point-based WLAN networks widely deployed in
hot-spot areas such as offices, airports and coffee shops. The IEEE 802.11b can provide
data rate up to 11Mb/s in 2.4 GHz. The IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11g can provide up
to 54 Mb/s in 5GHz and 2.4GHz bands, respectively. But WLANs have disadvantages of
several hundred meters in radius and a cell covered by a UMTS Node B is usually several
have stimulated research efforts to integrate UMTS and WLAN networks so that mobile
stations can choose the network that has better network quality when they are covered by
1
both networks. The hardware requirement for integrating UMTS and WLAN networks is
mainly to build dual-mode user equipment (UE) which has the capability of accessing
either network. After such a dual-mode UE is available and software’s at each network’s
operational components are updated, a ubiquitous wireless environment with high data
rate enabled in hot spot areas can be set up. The integrated WLAN/UMTS systems, the
access control problem arises to decide which network it should be admitted to and when
it should switch from one network it should be admitted to and when it should switch
from one network to the other through vertical handover. The decision can be made by a
new software layer named as IP Switch layer which resides in the UE and keeps
monitoring the situation of current cell. Once the traffic in one network becomes higher
and the network efficiency gets impaired, the IP switch layer delivers the packets from
the upper layer to the other network’s interface. In this paper, we propose a network
access decision algorithm based on the utility-based access control framework. Utility
function is a concept borrowed from economics and has been used for scheduling and
admission control and vertical handover decisions are made through evaluating some
utility functions implemented in UMTS’s Node B, RNC and WLAN’s AP. The utility
functions are designed so that each network’s capacity is considered to achieve load
2
1.1 EXISTING SYSTEM:
WLAN/UMTS systems, the access control problem arises to decide which network it
should be admitted to and when it should switch from one network to the other through
vertical handover. The decision can be made by a new software layer named as IP Switch
layer which resides in the UE and keeps monitoring the situation of current cell. Once the
traffic in one network becomes higher and the network efficiency gets impaired, the IP
switch layer delivers the packets from the upper layer to the other network’s interface.
PROPOSED SYSTEM:
control framework. Utility function is a concept borrowed from economics and has been
used for scheduling and allocating resources in wireless communication systems. In our
proposed framework, admission control and vertical handover decisions are made
through evaluating some utility functions implemented in UMTS's Node B, RNC, and
WLAN's AP. The utility functions are designed so that each network's capacity is
3
CHAPTER 2
UMTS:
mobile communications, offering data rates up to 2 Mbps. NS2 UMTS Specialized Model
allows you to model UMTS networks to evaluate end-to-end service quality, throughput,
drop rate, end-to-end delay, and delay jitter through the radio access network and core
packet network. It can also be used to evaluate the feasibility of offering a mix of service
Based on WCDMA
• Support for UE, Repeater, Node B, RNC, SGSN, GGSN with ATM and IP
Network connectivity
4
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the third-
into a 4G technology. Currently, the most common form of UMTS uses W-CDMA as the
underlying air interface. UMTS and its use of W-CDMA is standardized by the 3GPP, and
is the European answer to the ITU IMT-2000 requirements for 3G cellular radio systems.
(with HSDPA), although at the moment users in deployed networks can expect a transfer
rate of up to 384 kbit/s for R99 handsets, and 7.2 Mbit/s for HSDPA handsets in the
downlink connection. This is still much greater than the 9.6 kbit/s of a single GSM error-
corrected circuit switched data channel or multiple 9.6 kbit/s channels in HSCSD (14.4
CDMA2000, PHS or WLAN---offers access to the World Wide Web and other data
CDMA PHS and other 2g technologies deployed in different countries. In the case of
GSM, there is an evolution path from 2G, to GPRS, also known as 2.5G. GPRS supports
a much better data rate (up to a theoretical maximum of 140.8 kbit/s, though typical rates
are closer to 56 kbit/s) and is packet switched). It is deployed in many places where GSM
is used. E-GPRS, or EDGE, is a further evolution of GPRS and is based on more modern
coding schemes. With EDGE the actual packet data rates can reach around 180 kbit/s
5
Since 2006, UMTS networks in many countries have been or are in the process of
being upgraded with High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), some things known
also progressing on improving the uplink transfer speed with the High-Speed Uplink
Packet Access (HSUPA). Longer term, the 3GPP Long Term Evolution project plans to
move UMTS to 4G speeds of 100 Mbit/s down and 50 Mbit/s up, using a next generation
The first national consumer UMTS networks launched in 2002 with a heavy
The high data speeds of UMTS are now most often utilized for Internet access:
experience in Japan and elsewhere has shown that user demand for video calls is not
high, and telco-provided audio/video content has declined in popularity in favour of high-
speed access to the World Wide Web – either directly on a handset or connected to a
6
CHAPTER 3
3GPP, is the 3G mobile communication technology successor to GSM and GPRS. UMTS
Application Part (MAP) core, and the GSM family of speech codecs.
W-CDMA is the most popular cellular mobile telephone variant of UMTS in use.
UMTS, using W-CDMA, supports up to 14.0 Mbit/s data transfer rates in theory with
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), although the performance in deployed
networks could be much lower for both uplink and downlink connections.
networks like the Internet, ISDN, GSM or to a UMTS network. GeRAN includes the
three lowest layers of OSI model. The network layer (OSI 3) protocols form the Radio
Resource Management protocol (RRM). They manage the bearer channels between the
The UMTS standard is an extension of existing networks based on the GSM and
GPRS technologies. In UMTS release 1, a new radio access network UMTS terrestrial
radio access network (UTRAN) is introduced. UTRAN, the UMTS radio access network
(RAN), is connected via the Iu to the GSM Phase 2+ core network (CN). The Iu is the
UTRAN interface between the radio network controller (RNC) and CN; the UTRAN
7
interface between RNC and the packet-switched domain of the CN (Iu-PS) is used for PS
data and the UTRAN interface between RNC and the circuit-switched domain fo the CN
3.2 UTRAN
UTRAN is subdivided into individual radio network systems (RNSs), where each
RNS is controlled by an RNC. The RNC is connected to a set of Node B elements, each
of which can serve one or several cells. Two new network elements, namely RNC and
performs the same functions as the GSM BSC, providing central control for the RNS
Node B is the physical unit for radio transmission/reception with cells. Node B
connects with the UE via the W-CDMA Uu radio interface and with the RNC via the Iub
point.
8
UMTS Network Architecture: From the Radio Access to Core Network
exercised between the network and a mobile station (MS) to save the
the inactivity timer threshold tI and the DRX cycle tD. Queueing analytic
output measures including the expected queue length, the expected packet
9
• Main achievements and outcomes
To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first one to model
vacations.
A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a wireless local area network that links two or more
enable communication between devices in a limited area. This gives users the mobility to
move around within a broad coverage area and still be connected to the network.
3.4 Benefits
cost efficiency, and ease of integration with other networks and network components. The
majority of computers sold to consumers today come pre-equipped with all necessary
10
Convenience
The wireless nature of such networks allows users to access network resources
from nearly any convenient location within their primary networking environment (home
relevant.
Mobility
With the emergence of public wireless networks, users can access the internet
even outside their normal work environment. Most chain coffee shops, for example, offer
Productivity
with their desired network as they move from place to place. For a business, this implies
that an employee can potentially be more productive as his or her work can be
accomplished from any convenient location. For example, a hospital or warehouse may
implement Voice over WLAN applications that enable mobility and cost savings.
Deployment
single access point. Wired networks, on the other hand, have the additional cost and
complexity of actual physical cables being run to numerous locations (which can even be
11
Expandability
wiring.
Cost
counterparts. This potentially increased cost is almost always more than outweighed by
Disadvantages
Wireless LAN technology, while replete with the conveniences and advantages
described above, has its share of downfalls. For a given networking situation, wireless
LANs may not be desirable for a number of reasons. Most of these have to do with the
Security
with uninterrupted service using radio frequencies. Because of space and cost, the
antennas typically present on wireless networking cards in the end computers are
generally relatively poor. In order to properly receive signals using such limited antennas
throughout even a modest area, the wireless LAN transceiver utilizes a fairly
considerable amount of power. What this means is that not only can the wireless packets
user willing to spend a small amount of money on a good quality antenna can pick up
12
packets at a remarkable distance; perhaps hundreds of times the radius as the typical user.
In fact, there are even computer users dedicated to locating and sometimes even cracking
into wireless networks, known as wardrivers. On a wired network, any adversary would
first have to overcome the physical limitation of tapping into the actual wires, but this is
not an issue with wireless packets. To combat this consideration, wireless networks users
Protected Access (WPA). Some of the older encryption methods, such as WEP are known
to have weaknesses that a dedicated adversary can compromise. (See main article:
Wireless security.)
Range
the order of tens of meters. While sufficient for a typical home, it will be insufficient in a
larger structure. To obtain additional range, repeaters or additional access points will have
to be purchased. Costs for these items can add up quickly. Other technologies are in the
development phase, however, which feature increased range, hoping to render this
disadvantage irrelevant
Reliability
Like any radio frequency transmission, wireless networking signals are subject to
or especially in this case Rician fading) that are beyond the control of the network
administrator. One of the most insidious problems that can affect the stability and
reliability of a wireless LAN is the microwave oven. In the case of typical networks,
13
amplitude modulation (QAM), making interference and propagation effects all the more
disturbing. As a result, important network resources such as servers are rarely connected
wirelessly.
Speed
The speed on most wireless networks (typically 1-108 Mbit/s) is reasonably slow
compared to the slowest common wired networks (100 Mbit/s up to several Gbit/s).
There are also performance issues caused by TCP and its built-in congestion avoidance.
For most users, however, this observation is irrelevant since the speed bottleneck is not in
the wireless routing but rather in the outside network connectivity itself. For example, the
companies to general-purpose customers is already far slower than the slowest wireless
wireless network running at its slowest speed is still faster than the internet connection
through a wired network might be necessary. Newer standards such as 802.11n are
addressing this limitation and will support peak throughput in the range of 100-200
Mbit/s.
(P2P). There is no base and no one gives permission to talk. This is accomplished using
14
A peer-to-peer (P2P) network allows wireless devices to directly communicate
with each other. Wireless devices within range of each other can discover and
communicate directly without involving central access points. This method is typically
used by two computers so that they can connect to each other to form a network.
If a signal strength meter is used in this situation, it may not read the strength
accurately and can be misleading , because it registers the strength of the strongest signal,
802.11 specs define the physical layer (PHY) and MAC (Media Access Control)
layers. However, unlike most other IEEE specs, 802.11 includes three alternative PHY
speciation includes provisions designed to minimize collision. Because two mobile units
may both be in range of a common access point, but not in range of each other. The
802.11 has two basic modes of operation; Ad hoc mode enables peer-to-peer transmission
between mobile units. Infrastructure mode in which mobile units communicate through
an access point that serves as a bridge to a wired network infrastructure is the more
common wireless LAN application the one being covered. Since wireless communication
used a more open medium for communication in comparison to wired LANs, the 802.11
(WEP) Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA, WPA2), to secure wireless computer networks.
15
Bridge :
wireless network. The bridge acts as the connection point to the Wireless LAN.
to be expanded using multiple access points without the need for wired back bone to
link them, as is traditionally required. The notable advantage of WDS over other
solutions is that it preserves the MAC addresses of client packets across links between
An access point can be either a main, relay or remote base station. A main base
station is typically connected to the wired Ethernet. A relay base station relays data
between remote base stations, wireless clients or other relay stations to either a main or
another relay base station. A remote base station accepts connection from wireless clients
and passes them to relay or main stations. Connection between “clients” are made using
All base stations in a Wireless Distribution System must be configured to use the
same radio channel, and share WEP keys or WPA keys if they are used. They can be
configured to different services set identifiers. WDS also requires that every base stations
16
WDS may also be referred to as repeater mode it appears to bridge and accept
wireless clients at the same time (unlike traditional bridging). It should be noted,
however, that throughput in this method is haved for all clients connected wirelessly.
3.6 Roaming:
Internal Roaming (1): The Mobile Stations (MS) moves from one access point (AP) to
another AP within a home network because the signal strength is too weak. An
authentication of MS via 802.1 x (e.g. with PEAP). The billing of QoS is in the home
network. A Mobile Station roaming from one access point to another often interrupts the
flow of data between the Mobile Station and an application connected to the network.
The Mobile Station, for instance, periodically monitors the presence of alternatives
access points (ones that will provide a better connection). At some point, based upon
proprietary mechanism, the Mobile Station decides to re-associate with an access point
having a stronger wireless signal. The Mobile Station, however, may lose a connection
with an access point before associating with another access point. In order to provide
reliable connection with applications, the Mobile Stations must generally include
17
External Roaming (2): The MS (client) moves into a WLAN of another Wireless
Internet Services Provider (WISP) and takes their services (Hotspot). The user can
independently of his home network use another foreign network, if this is open for
visitors. There must be special authentication and billing systems for mobile services in a
foreign network.
proposed. The proposed architectures can be grouped into two categories based on the
independence between the two networks [(14)], tight coupling and loose coupling. In the
loose coupling architecture, two networks are integrated beyond the Core Network (CN)
of UMTS. They are connected through gateways of the Internet. Communication between
the two networks are realized through standard IP protocols and the mobility of mobile
stations is managed through protocols such as Mobile IP. The loose coupling architecture
enables the two networks deployed independently but results in longer delay for signaling
and vertical handovers. In the tight coupling architecture, two networks are integrated at
UMTS’s CN, which has lower delay for signaling and vertical handover but has higher
scenarios are desired. A policy based access control framework for cellular/WLAN
systems was proposed where policies are designed to archive load balancing, but details
18
CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM MODEL
(DMUE) which can switch between UMTS and WLAN networks. Our DMUE is
different from the DMT in which our DMUE can be adopted in loose coupling
interworking systems where the UMTS and WLAN networks are connected by a router,
whereas DMT is only applicable in tight coupling interworking systems. The protocols in
UMTS and WLAN are independent. Packets arriving at the router are routed according to
the subnet address of each network. Once packets are delivered to the UMTS or WLAN
network, communication protocols of the corresponding network are then applied. The
main difference of UMTS and WLAN mobile stations is in the MAC and the physical
layers. In the DMUE, we created a new software layer, called IP switch layer, below the
IP layer and above UMTS’s GPRS Mobility Management (GMM) layer and WLAN’s
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) layer. In the protocol stack of the DMUE, a network
access decision is made at the IP switch layer. Each DMUE has multiple pre-assigned IP
addresses with different subnets, and one IP address is called the primary IP address,
others are called the subordinate IP addresses. The primary IP address is the one and only
one IP address which is recognizable to the layers above IP switch layer. All the IP
addresses should be registered first such that each individual IP address has a unique
MAC address. Otherwise, an invalid IP address can cause packets to be discarded during
the packet transmission. Each AP of WLAN or Node B of UMTS has a unique IP subnet.
the DMUE’s, this Node B or AP becomes a connection candidate. When the IP switch
19
layer receives a PDU from the upper layer, the primary IP address in the packet header is
some specific network selection algorithm. When the IP switch layer receives a PDU
from the lower layer, the IP address is reinstated to the primary IP address. By this
method, the network access decision is completely transparent to the layers above the IP
switch layer. A network access decision can be made by either the DMUE itself or the
server. If the decision is made by the server, another entity is needed to act as a Common
the load and average packet delay of each base station and finds a best solution for the
system overall load balancing. Decisions are then broadcasted to all DMUEs through
base stations. In this paper, our focus is on the first method, i.e., the network access
directly to DMUEs, each base station broadcasts “virtual prices” to the neighboring
DMUEs. Since all DMUEs are independent entities, they may use different network
access decision algorithms based on the “virtual price” to choose an appropriate network.
In Figure 3, when a DMUE gets a “virtual price” packet from the lower layer, it will pass
In the UMTS networks, the admission control procedure is started when a new
service is requested. The request includes traffic’s QoS requirement such as data rate,
delay requirement, etc. After the UTRAN (RNC and Node B) of the UMTS network
receives the request, it will decide whether to grant the request based on the network
condition. The network condition is evaluated by the UTRAN through computing load
20
factors for uplink and downlink .In UMTS systems, load factors are always controlled to
be below than a threshold, say max ç ( max ç < 1). In most UMTS systems, 0.75 is a
value commonly used for both uplink and downlink threshold of max ç . In this paper, we
assume the uplink and downlink load factors have the same value of max ç . When a
service request comes, the UTRAN estimates the new resulting load factors of both
A WLAN network has more bandwidth than a UMTS network does. A desirable
scenario in the integrated WLAN/UMTS networks would be that in a hotspot area, i.e.,
covered by WLAN, most of the stations are connected to the WLAN to enjoy the high
data rate of WLAN, while in the area outside hotspots, i.e., only covered by UMTS, static
or mobile stations are connected to UMTS to enjoy the large coverage of UMTS.
However, WLAN does not have explicit QoS control. When the WLAN is heavily
loaded, some QoS metric such as delay cannot be guaranteed. Moreover, as pointed out in
WLAN achieves less throughput when the network is saturated than that when the
network is not saturated. As the traffic load (number of stations) increases, severe
collisions occur, which results in that the stations can barely transmit a packet
successfully. Thus, the WLAN network should be closely monitored such that the
literature is busyness ratio which is defined as the ratio of the time that the network is
sensed busy. So stations are admitted/handovered to a WLAN network only when its
busyness ratio b R is less than a threshold Given the current busyness ratio b R and its
21
upper bound th R , the utility function for WLAN indicating the available bandwidth to
Each AP of WLAN and Node-B of UMTS calculates its own utility function
(either periodically or triggered by events). The computed utilities are then broadcasted.
Once a station receives the utility from either UMTS or WLAN network, it will compare
the received utility with the utility of the host network to decide whether to switch
Network k. Notice that to avoid unnecessary oscillation, i.e., a station keeps switching
back and forth between two networks, a variable, utility_gap, is introduced such that only
when the utility of a candidate network is larger than the utility of host network by
utility_gap, the station changes the network. Secondly, as the network utility is
broadcasted, all stations will receive it almost at the same time as the transmission time in
the media is negligible. Then, all the stations will try to switch to the network that has
higher utility. As a result, the network that has higher utility before will be loaded very
quickly (i.e., low utility) and the network that has lower utility before will be depleted
(i.e., high utility), which leads the stations to switch the network again. To avoid this
undesirable network trembling, each station keeps a random number stay T . Each station
has to stay in a network for at least stay T seconds before switching to another network.
22
CHAPTER 5
The algorithm is based on both UMTS and WLAN utility functions like current
busy ratio, data packet size and current uplink and downlink load factors and bandwidth.
The busy ratio of is associated by the above factors. The notations are Rb is the Busy
When the WLAN is heavily loaded, some QoS metric such as delay cannot be
guaranteed. Moreover, as pointed out in [11], WLAN achieves fewer throughputs when
the network is saturated than that when the network is not saturated. As the traffic load
(number of stations) increases, severe collisions occur, which results in that the stations
can barely transmit a packet successfully. Thus, the WLAN network should be closely
monitored such that the network is not overbusy. An indicator reflecting the WLAN
utilization adopted in the literature is busyness ratio, which is defined as the ratio of the
Each AP of WLAN and Node-B of UMTS calculates its own utility function
(either periodically or triggered by events). The computed utilities are then broadcasted.
Once a station receives the utility from either UMTS or WLAN network, it will compare
the received utility with the utility of the host network to decide whether to switch
network.
23
1. Algorithm NetworkAccessDecision ()
2. {
4. new_utility = f UMTS ;
5. else
6. new_utility = f WLAN ;
7. endif
11. else
new_network_id;
14. endif
15. endif
16. }
24
CHAPTER 6
Third Generation (3G) is a generic name for technologies that support high-
quality voice, high-speed data and video in wireless cellular networks. In Europe, W-
CDMA/3G services are called the Universal Mobile Telephony System (UMTS). An
overview of the UMTS wireless network UTRAN (Terrestrial Radio Access Network) is
shown below.
The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) includes the Radio
Network Controller (RNC), the 3G Base stations (Node Bs) and the air interface (Tower)
3G Network Functions
MSC The Mobile Switching Center (MSC) switch, including the Visitor Location
Register (VLR), is a switch that serves the Mobile Equipment (ME) in its
the Media Gateway (MGW), which performs the actual switching for user data
25
GGSN The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) connects the Packet-Switched (PS)
managing the multiple base stations (Node Bs) including the utilization of radio
network services.
The Radio Network Controller (RNC) is responsible for controlling and managing
the multiple base stations (Node Bs). The RNC also performs user data processing to
manage soft handoff and the utilization of radio network services. This processing
protocols. The density of the selector function is a major factor determining the capacity
of an RNC.
The rising cost of the infrastructure needed to provide sufficient capacity for
advanced mobile Internet services is a key challenge facing cellular operators and other
able to add more flexibility and processing power to line cards without inflating system
26
Specific design challenges for RNC include:
• Market demands for more data services, requiring modular and reusable hardware
• Move from feature-based to cost-driven systems cost per channel and MIPS per
27
6.2 Overview of GPRS and UMTS
GPRS and UMTS are evolutions of the global system for mobile communication
predominantly in Europe and Asia. GSM is the world’s leading standard in digital
wireless communications.
service providers to offer their mobile subscribers packet-based data services over GSM
division multiple access (CDMA) radio technology. The CDMA technology offers higher
throughput, real-time services, and end-to-end quality of service (QoS), and delivers
voice and data to mobile wireless subscribers. UMTS is standardized by the 3GPP.
*Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)—a gateway that provides mobile cell
phone users access to a public Data network (PDN) or specified private IP networks. The
GGSN function is implemented via Cisco IOS software on the Cisco 7200 series router or
6500 series switch or Cisco 7600 series Internet router. Cisco IOS GGSN Release 4.0 and
later provides both the 2.5G GPRS and 3G UMTS GGSN functions.
28
*Serving GPRS support node (SGSN)—connects the radio access network
(RAN) to the GPRS/UMTS core and tunnels user sessions to the GGSN. The SGSN
sends data to and receives data from mobile stations, and maintains information about the
location of a mobile station (MS). The SGSN communicates directly with the MS and the
6.3 Benefits
• Enables the use of a packet-based air interface over the existing circuit-switched
GSM network, which allows greater efficiency in the radio spectrum because the
• Supports minimal upgrades to the existing GSM network infrastructure for network
service providers who want to add GPRS services on top of GSM, which is currently
widely deployed
data service
VPN/Internet service provider (ISP) corporate site access and Wireless Application
Protocol (WAP).
29
• 2048 kbps—Indoor and low-range outdoor
• Supports connection-oriented Radio Access Bearers with specified Qos enabling end-
to-end Qos
GGSN Release 5.0 and later is a fully-compliant 2.5G and 3.5G GGSN that provides
• Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) switching for GTPv0 and GTPv1, and for IP
• Virtual APN
• VPN support
• Security features
30
• Duplicate IP address protection
• Anti-spoofing
• Mobile-to-mobile redirection
• Delay QoS
• Canonical Qos
• Per-PDP policing
• Local pools
• Anonymous access
• Accounting
• Wait accounting
• Per-PDP accounting
31
• Authentication and accounting using RADIUS server groups mapped to APNs
• Class attribute
• Interim updates
• 2.5G to 3G SGSN
• 3G to 3G SGSN
• 3G to 2.5G SGSN
• Charging
• Time trigger
• Charging profiles
• Maintenance mode
32
• GGSN-IOS SLB messaging
• Session timeout
33
CHAPTER 7
ABOUT NS2:
and some others. The NS2 was built using three languages. TCL script, C++, C.
Here, TCL used for control, C++ for data and most of the header files were created
by C.
In NS2 Scripting, we can simulate a wired, wireless and Satellite networks using
ns script. And the ns scripted files are saved with the extension of *.tcl.
Ns Goals –
1. It supports the application for network research and education eg: Protocol design,
2. Provide a collaborative environment with freely distributed, open source and allow
Ns Functionalities:
34
Wire world :
In wired Network, we can create connection between two nodes through TCP as
well as UDP protocols and generating traffic using protocols like FTP ( File Transfer
And we can specify the queuing discipline also, the no of queuing disciplines
are
Wireless World:
In Wireless Network also , we can create connection between two nodes through
TCP as well as UDP protocols and generating traffic using protocols like FTP ( File
And we need to import some Wireless Supported classes for creating wireless
network.
35
Ns2 provides various utilities like Tracing and visualization.
7.1 Ns programming :
Turn on tracing
Create network
Setup routing
Insert errors
Create traffic
Schedule events
$ns at <time><event>
Start scheduler
36
$ns run
37
Tracing and Monitoring I
o Packet tracing:
<Event> <time> <from> <to> <pkt> <size> -- <fid> <src> <dst> <seq> <attr>
• Queue monitor
Flow monitor
38
$fmon set pdrops_
Nodes
<link_type>:duplex-link, simplex-link
39
<queue_type>: DropTail, RED, CBQ, FQ, SFQ, DRR, diffserv RED queues
<mac_type> <channel_type>
<II_type>:LL
<mac_type>: MAC/802_3
<channel_type>: Channel
Setup Routing
Unicast
Multicast
UDP
40
$ns attach-aget $n0 $udp
CBR
TCP
FTP
Telnet
41
$telnet attach-agent $tcp
Color
Node manipulation
Link manipulation
Topology layout
Protocol state
Color mapping
color
42
$node shape box ;#circle,box,hexagon
Color
Label
43
Add textual explanation to your simulation
44
CHAPTER 8
Simulation Results
In the simulation scenario, we create a UMTS network with one Node B and a
WLAN with one AP DMUEs in the intersection coverage area of the two networks. Each
DMUE has two IP address, one is in the UMTS subnet 192.168.6.0, the other is in the
WLAN subnet 192.168.5.0. An application of UDP video uploading from each DMUE to
the server is applied. Each video frame has size 17280 bytes, and a constant inter-arrival
time 4 seconds. All DMUEs enter the network between 0 and 200 seconds. The total
connection. Admission to the UMTS cell is done based on the load factor as implemented
in OPNET UMTS module. There is no specific admission control in WLAN, and any
user can try to share the bandwidth as specified in the 802.11 protocol. No switching
In Case 2, each DMUE randomly select either UMTS or WLAN and initiates a
performed based on the utility values as discussed. As a result, some of the DMUEs
that vertical handovers are done from UMTS to WLAN network since the utility value of
the latter is larger than that of the former,i.e., the WLAN has a larger remaining
45
bandwidth. From the simulation result shown in Figure 5, we see that the overall
throughput measured at the server with utility based approach in Case 2 is much larger
than Case 1. At the end of the simulation, in Case 1, all five UEs still reside in the WLAN
network but only one UE resides in the UMTS network, other four are all dropped
because UMTS has a relatively small capacity, and it is not able to accommodate all five
UEs. In Case 2, nine DMUEs reside in the WLAN network, and none resides in the
UMTS network. Among the previous five DMUEs assigned to the UMTS network, four
successfully switch to the WLAN network and the other one was not admitted by the
UMTS network, four successfully switch to the WLAN network and the other one was
not admitted by the UMTS network in the initiation due to insufficient capacity. One may
argue that the WLAN-first algorithm, i.e., try to connect to WLAN if available, should
work even better. Whenthe total capacity of UMTS cells sharing the coverage area with
the WLAN is relatively small as in our simulation scenario, it may be true. But in reality,
multiple UMTS cells have overlapping area and the total capacity can be close to the
capacity of WLAN. In this case, it is not obvious whether the WLAN-first algorithm
performs well. Finally, in Case 1 of our simulation, either of the networks is selected with
59% resulting in very poor performance due to the unbalanced capacities of the two
46
47
48
WLAN / UMTS Interlink
49
CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
In this paper, we designed a dual-mode mobile station module DMUE which works
utility-based access control frame work for integrated WLAN/UMTS system. In our
frame work, the UMTS’s UTRAN and the WLAN’s AP measure their respective network
utilities. Each network’s utility is broadcasted to all DMUEs. DMUE’s network access
decision is made by comparing the received utilities. The simulation results using NS-2
show that our proposed scheme performs significantly better than the reference one. Our
developed models are not yet available NS-2 community, but will be made available after
50
CHAPTER 10
FEATURE IMPLEMENTATION
Overview:
Demand for wireless LAN hardware has experienced phenomenal growth during
the past several years, evolving quickly from novelty into necessity. As a measure of this
more than tenfold increase from 2001 shipments of less than 10 million units.
Thus far, demand has been driven primarily by users connecting notebook
computers to networks at work and to the Internet at home as well as at coffee shops,
airports, hotels, and other mobile gathering places. As a result, Wi-Fi® technology is
most commonly found in notebook computers and Internet access devices such as routers
and DSL or cable modems. In fact, more than 90 percent of all notebook computers now
PC and into consumer electronics applications like Internet telephony, music streaming,
gaming, and even photo viewing and in-home video transmission. Personal video
recorders and other A/V storage appliances that collect content in one spot for enjoyment
51
Wi-Fi® Standards Comparison:
The first WLAN standard to become accepted in the market was 802.11b, which
specifies encoding techniques that provide for raw data rates up to 11 Mbps using a
modulation technique called Complementary Code Keying, or CCK, and also supports
Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum, or DSSS, from the original 802.11 specification. The
802.11a standard, defined at about the same time as 802.11b, uses a more efficient
OFDM, as implemented in 802.11a, enabled raw data rates up to 54 Mbps. Despite its
higher data rates, 802.11a never caught on as the successor to 802.11b because it resides
on an incompatible radio frequency band: 5 GHz versus 2.4 GHz for 802.11b.
Note: All of the WLAN standards provide for multiple transmission options,
so that the network can drop to lower (albeit easier to maintain) data rates as
circumstances, 802.11a and 802.11b support data rates up to 54 Mbps and 11 Mbps
respectively.)
In June 2003, the IEEE ratified 802.11g, which applied OFDM modulation to the
2.4-GHz band. This combined the best of both worlds: raw data rates up to 54 Mbps on
the same radio frequency as the already popular 802.11b. WLAN hardware built around
802.11g was quickly embraced by consumers and businesses seeking higher bandwidth.
In fact, consumers were so eager for a higher-performing alternative to 802.11b that they
began buying WLAN client and access-point hardware nearly a year before the standard
was finalized.
52
Today, the vast majority of computer network hardware shipping supports
802.11g. Increasingly, as technology improves and it becomes easier and less costly
tosupport both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz in the same chipset, dual-band hardware is becoming
more commonplace. Much of the WLAN client hardware available today, in fact,
802.11n. The industry came to a substantive agreement with regard to the features to be
included in the high-speed 802.11n standard in early 2006. And though it will likely be
2007 before the standard is ratified, the specification is stable enough for draft-n Wi-Fi
53
Table 1. Major Components of Draft 802.11n
Specification
Feature Definition
Status
Supports wider bandwidth &
Better OFDM higher code rate to bring Mandatory
maximum data rate to 65 mbps
Improves performance by Optional for
Space-
parsing data into multiple streams up to four
Division
transmitted through multiple spatial
Multiplexing
antennas streams
Exploits the existence of multiple
antennas to improve range and
reliability. Typically employed Optional for
Diversity when the number up to four
of antennas on the receiving end is antennas
higher than the number of streams
being transmitted.
Limits power consumption penalty
MIMO Power of MIMO by utilizing
Required
Save multiple antennas only on
as-needed basis
Effectively doubles data rates by
40 MHz
doubling channel width from 20 Optional
Channels
MHz to 40 MHz
Improves efficiency by allowing
transmission bursts of multiple
Aggregation Required
data packets between overhead
communication
One of several draft-n features
Reduced
designed to improve efficiency.
Inter-frame
Provides Required
Spacing
a shorter delay between OFDM
(RIFS)
transmissions than in 802.11a or g.
Improves efficiency by eliminating
Greenfield Currently
support for 802.11a/b/g devices in
Mode optional
an all draft-n network
54
Table 2. Primary IEEE 802.11 Specifications
Standard
July 1999 July 1999 June 2003 Not yet ratified
Approved
Maximum Data
54 Mbps 11 Mbps 54 Mbps 600 Mbps
Rate
Number of
Spatial 1 1 1 1, 2, 3, or 4
Streams
55
REFERENCES:
2. IEEE 802.11 WG, Part 11:Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and
3. IEEE 802.11b WG, Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and
Physical Layer (PHY) specification: High-speed Physical Layer Extension in the 2.4
4. IEEE 802.11a WG, Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and
5. IEEE 802.11g, Further Higher-Speed Physical Layer Extension in the 2.4 GHz Band,
2003.
7. 3GPP TK 22.934, Feasibility study on 3GPP system to wireless local area network
56
8. 3GPP, Group Services and System Aspects; 3GPP Systems to Wireless Local Area
Sept. 2004.
11. H. Zhai, X. Chen, and Y. Fang, How Well Can the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN
Support Quality of Service, IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun, vol. 4, no. 6, Nov. 2005,
pp. 3084C94.
12. R. Agrawal, V. Subramanian and R. Berry, Joint Scheduling and Resource Allocation
Ad Hoc, and Wireless Networks WiOpt 04), Cambridge, UK, March 24-26, 2004.
57
15. F. Siddiqui,S. Zeadally and S. Fowler, A Novel Architecture for Roaming between 3G
16. H. Holma, A. Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS Radio Access for Third Generation
58
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO
ABSTRACT iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES vii
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS viii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Existing System and Proposed System 3
2 UMTS 4
2.1 Features 5
3 3G WIRELESS NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 7
3.1 Radio Access Core Network 7
3.2 UTRN 8
3.3 Wireless LAN 10
3.4 Benefits 10
3.5 Types of Wireless LAN 14
3.6 Roaming 17
3.7 Related Works 18
4 SYSTEM MODEL 19
4.1 Utility function for UMTS/WLAN 20
4.2 Network Access Decision 22
5 UTILITY FUNCTION ALGORITHM 23
6 3G RADIO NETWORK CONTROLLER 25
6.3 Benefits 29
59
7 ABOUT NS2 33
8 SIMULATION RESULTS 42
9 CONCLUSIONS 47
10 FUTURE WORK 48
REFERENCES 53
60
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
61
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS:
SM Session Management
62
63