Admixture Reference Notes 3:

Properties of concrete influenced by use of Calcium Chloride admixture:

Property Setting Compressive strength Tensile strength Flexural strength Heat of hydration Resistance to sulfate attack AAR Corrosion Shrinkage and Creep Volume change Resistance to damage due to freezing and thawing Water tightness Modulus of elasticity Bleeding Effect Reduces both initial and final setting times Increase in the first three days is significant (30% to 100%) Slight decrease at 28 days Decrease of about 10% at 7 days An increase of about 30% in 24 hrs. Reduced Aggravated No problems if dosage doesnt exceed 1.5% of CaCl2 Increased Increase up to 15% Early resistance improved Improved at early stages Increased at early stages Reduced Remarks Preferable that these settings occur at least 1 hr before those of reference concrete. About 125% improvements are preferred.

Can be overcome using Type V cement with adequate air entrainment Can be controlled by using low alkali cement or by pozzolana. Should not be used in pre-stressing concrete or RCC containing dissimilar metals.

At later stages almost equivalent to the reference concrete.

Classification, composition, and particle characteristics of mineral admixtures for concrete: Classification
Cementitious and Pozzolanic
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) High Calcium Fly Ash Mostly silicate glass containing mainly calcium, magnesium, aluminum, and silica. Crystalline compounds of melilite group may be present in small quantities. Mostly silicate glass containing mainly calcium, magnesium, aluminum, and alkalis. Crystalline compounds of quartz and C3A may be present in little quantities. CS and C4A3S may be present in high sulfur coals with un-burnt carbon less than 2%. Consist essentially of pure silica in non-crystalline form. Consist essentially of pure silica in non-crystalline form. Mostly silicate glass containing mainly aluminum, iron and alkalis. Crystalline compounds of quartz, mullite, sillimanite, hematite and magnetite may be present in little quantities. In addition to aluminosilicate glass, natural pozzolana contains quartz, feldspar and mica. Consists essentially crystalline silicate materials and small qty of noncrystallaine matter. Un-processed material of sand contains 10-15% moisture. Before use, its dried and ground to less than 45m particles. Powder corresponding to 10-15% of particles less than 45m (mostly less than 20 m. Generally smooth but not as clean as low calcium fly ashes.

Chemical and mineralogical composition

Particle characteristics

Highly Active Pozzolana Condensed Silica Fume Rice Husk Ash Normal Pozzolana Low Calcium Fly Ash

Extremely fine powder consisting of solid spheres of 0.10 m average diameter. Particles of size less than 45m. Powder corresponding to 10-15% of particles less than 45m (mostly less than 20 m. Cenospheres and plerospeheres may be present. Particles are ground to less than 45 m and rough in texture. Pulverized materials to attain pozzolanic activity. Grounded particles are rough in texture.

Natural Minerals Weak pozzalona Slowly cooled blast furnace slag, Bottom ash, boiler slag, field burnt rice husk ash

Commonly used concrete admixtures:

Primary function Water reducing Normal Principal active ingredient Salts, modifications and derivatives of lignosulfonic acid, hydroxylated carboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds. (Type A) Sulfonated naphthalene or melamine formaldehyde condensates (Type F) Calcium chloride, calcium formate and triethanolamine (Type C) Type A compounds with phosphates present. (type B) Same as Type A (Type D) Mixtures of Type A and Type C (Type E) Same as Type F with lignosulfonates added (Type G) Water reducing agents Water reducing agents (Type A) with finely divided minerals. Water reducing agents (Type A) with Airentraining surfactants. Type A, D, F and G Finely divided minerals Side effects Lignosulfonates may cause air entrainment and strength loss. Type A might set retarding if in high dosages. Early slump loss. Difficulty in controlling void spaces. when air-entrained. Accelerators containing chloride increase the risk of corrosion of the reinforcements.

High range Set-controlling Accelerating Retarding Water reducing and set controlling Water reducing and retarding Water reducing and accelerating High range water reducing and retarding Workability improving Increase in consistency Reduction in segregation

Same as Type A Same as Type C Same as Type F

Same as Type A Loss of early strength when used as cement replacements. Loss of strength.

Strength increasing Strength increasing with water reducing admixtures Strength increasing with pozzolanic and cementitious admixtures Durability Improving Under Frost action Amidst Thermal cracking, alkaliaggregate expansion, sulfate and acidic solutions.

Same as Type A and Type F. Workability and durability may be improved.

Wood resins, proteinaceous materials, and synthetic detergents Fly ashes, raw and calcinated natural pozzolanas, granulated and grounded iron blast furnace slag, fly ash, condensed silica fume and rice husk ash

Strength loss. Loss of strength at early ages except when highly pozzolanic admixtures are used with superpalsticizing agents.