make use of multiple control loops that involve multiple signals for one manipulated variable.

Capacitance level sensors are used for wide variety of solids, aqueous and organic liquids, and slurries. The technique is frequently referred as RF as radio frequency signals applied to the capacitance circuit. The sensors can be designed to sense material with dielectric constants as low as 1.1 (coke and fly ash) and as high as 88 (water) or more. Sludges and slurries such as dehydrated cake and sewage slurry (dielectric constant approx. 50) and liquid chemicals such as quicklime (dielectric constant approx. 90) can also be sensed A thermocouple consists of two dissimilar conductors in contact, which produce a voltage when heated. The voltage produced is dependent on the difference of temperature of the junction to other parts of the circuit. A flow sensor is a device for sensing the rate of fluid flow. Typically a flow sensor is the sensing element used in a flow meter, or flow logger, to record the flow of fluids.
Hand Tools Screwdrivers Precision Screwdrivers Cutters Precision Pliers, Long Nose Pliers Strippers, Crimpers Crimping Tool Dies Combination and Adjustable Wrenches Hex and Torx Keys Knives, Needles, Scissors Tape Measures, Calipers Soldering Tools Vices Tweezers

is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat. Excitation establishes the field, so that when the turbine rotates the rotor through the field you have generator action. Without an established magnetic field, you have no generator action. AVR is the working principle of strengthening the current set on the exciter. If the generator output voltage below the nominal voltage of the generator voltage, the AVR will improve the flow of reinforcement on the exciter. And vice versa if thegenerator output voltage exceeds the nominal voltage generator AVR will reduce the flow of reinforcement on the exciter. Thus, if the generator output voltage changes can be stabilized by the AVR will automatically due equipped with equipment such as tools used for the minimum or maximum limitation of the amplifier that works automatically. The principle aim of proportional control is to control the process as the conditions change The larger the proportional band, the more stable the control, but the greater the offset. The narrower the proportional band, the less stable the process, but the smaller the offset. eliminate offset by continuously and automatically modifying the controller output in accordance with the control deviation integrated over time. The Integral Action Time (IAT) is defined as the time taken for the controller output to change due to the integral action to equal the output change due to the proportional action. Integral action gives a steadily increasing corrective action as long as an error continues to exist. Such corrective action will increase with time and must therefore, at some time, be sufficient to eliminate the steady state error altogether, providing sufficient time elapses before another change occurs. measures and responds to the rate of change of process signal, and adjusts the output of the controller to minimise overshoot. It will minimise the deviation from the set point when there is a change in the process condition. It is interesting to note that derivative action will only apply itself when there is a change in process signal. If the value is steady, whatever the offset, then derivative action does not occur. manipulations of binary variables, basis of all digital systems. It described propositions whose outcome would be either true or false. In computer work it is used in addition to describe circuits whose state can be either 1 (true)or 0 (false).Using the relations defined in the AND, OR and NOT operation.

When the pressure increases beyond setpoint in range of with 0-50% controller output, PV-B shall close from fully open to fully close. - When the pressure increases beyond setpoint in range of with 50-100% controller output, PV-A shall open from fully close to fully open. the controller adjusts the opening of one of the valves when its output is in the range of 0 to 50% and the other valve when its output is in the range of 50% to 100%.

Tachometers can be used to measure speeds (of linear or rotary movement), rates (per minute or per hour), or rates of flow (volumetric, etc.). Pulses are fed to the tachometer at the frequency to be measured. A scale factor is applied to produce readings of the desired type (linear speeds, flow rates, etc.). A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure pressure, acceleration, strain or force by converting them to anelectrical charge. is a device that measures the differential pressure between two inputs, the signal is often wired to an indicator that reads out locally, or remotely in a control room, and/or as a control (or feedback) signal to a valve, pump, or other control element to maintain a set pressure, or limit a maximum pressure. Typically, the signal is 4-20 mA DC loop current,[2] where, usually, 4mA represents the minimum differential pressure and 20mA represents the maximum differential pressure. Alternatlively, the signal may be a variable voltage, or digital information stream. A flowmeter is an instrument used to measure linear, nonlinear, mass or volumetric flow rate of a liquid or a gas. A flow sensor is a device for sensing the rate of fluid flow. Typically a flow sensor is the sensing element used in a flow meter, or flow logger, to record the flow of fluids. As is true for all sensors, absolute accuracy of a measurement requires a functionality for calibration. There are various kinds of flow sensors and flow meters, including some that have a vane that is pushed by the fluid, and can drive a rotary potentiometer, or similar devices. Other flow sensors are based on sensors which measure the transfer of heat caused by the moving medium. This principle is common for microsensors to measure flow. Transducer convert it to electrical signal. Electric shock is caused by a difference in conduction of electricity across different surfaces. Electricity will always find the path to ground (or the completion of a circuit) that offers the least amount of resistance. When any object providing less resistance than the normal circuit enters the path of the electrons, the current will leave the circuit and travel through the new path to ground. This principle is why birds can stand on electrical wires and be safe, yet a downed electrical wire can be deadly for several

hundred feet in all directions. Electricity dissipates in various and unpredictable ways. If you have a difference in voltage from one place to another, and there is a circuit completion (a wire, a finger) in between, current will jump across. Electric shock is not the state of being electrically energized, that can be totally harmless if controlled; it is the state of completing a circuit, or bridging the gap between conductors.